Presbytis Melalophos Research Articles

Kehadiran Mamalia pada Sesapan (Salt lick) di Hutan Lindung Taratak, Kabupaten Pesisir Selatan, Sumatera Barat

The study of mammals visitation on salt licks in protected forest of Taratak, SoutheraCoast of West Sumatra was conducted from June to September 2005 (in total 6840hours.camera). Three camera traps were deployed separately on three salt lick areas.Nine species of mammals were recorded during the study. Tapirus indicus was thespecies most often photographed (13.5%), followed by Presbytis melalophos (11.3%) andSus scrofa (9.8%). This study also records the activity of human on salt licks areas. Thenumbers of visitation of mammals on three salt licks area differed, both in the numberof species and the number of individual. The differences of mammal visitation on saltlicks were not affected by size, altitude, and distances from village. The results alsoshowed that there was time segregation when entering the salt licks area, both interrestrial mammals and primates.

Keragaman vektor Plasmodium knowlesi

Plasmodium knowlesi was the fifth Plasmodium which can infect malaria into human. Even though it has already been identified since 1931, the first case of natural human infection was known in 1965. Knowlesi malaria spread among South East Asia where population of monkeys Macaca fascicularis, M. nemestrina, or Presbytis melalophos existed along with malaria vector Anopheles from leucosphyrus group. This review aimed to describe the diversity of P. knowlesi vector. We have done profound literature review on 6 articles from 219 articles related to P. knowlesi published within 2008 to 2015. Our study found that P. knowlesi was recorded only in two countries; Malaysia and Vietnam. In Malaysia, Anopheles cracens, An. introlatus, An. latens, and An. balabacensis were found in Kuala Kapis Pahang, Hulu Selangor, Kapit Serawak, and Kudat Sabah, respectively. While in Vietnam, only a single species An. dirus found to be P. knowlesi vector. This review conclude that positive leucosphyrus mosquitoes most likely to be different among different region. The more abundance, the higher chance of mosquito species to become vector.

Demography Population of Sumatran Surili (Presbytis melalophos ssp. mitrata Eschsholtz, 1821) and The Diversity of Vegetation as Their Habitat in Riparian Site of Geopark Mengkarang Purba, Merangin Regency

Surili Sumatera (Presbytis melalophos ssp. mitrata Eschsholtz, 1821) is a primate species commonly found in Sumatra and Kalimantan. The subspecies of mitrata are known to be found along the Batanghari River, to the Geopark Mengkarang Purba area. However, data on the number of species in their habitat in Geopark Mengkarang Purba is not yet available. Thus, research on the demographics of riparian populations in riparian areas and the diversity of tree species as a residential habitat in the region is required. The data of this study were collected for ± 3 months in the Merangin Geopark area, West Bangko district in Bedeng Rejo and Rengas Ulu Villages. Geographically this location is located at 02 10'43.9 LS, 102 o o 10'47,5 BT with wavy topography. All aspects of population demographics were observed with transect strip technique on the 1.000 x 100 meter line for 10 repetitions per day. The number of paths observed was 3 lines representing the sampling intensity of 0,48% of the total area of the study site. The results showed that the total population of Sumatran Surili found in Geopark Mengkarang Purba area was 29 individuals with sex ratio of 1:2 and age structure which was considered progressive for the growth of Surili Sumatera population in Purba Geopark Mengkarang. The level of tree species diversity found in 31 species at the study site is close to high (H '= 2,96), most of which are found as fruit trees useful for the life and development of the Sumatran surili population. Keywords: demography population, Geopark Merangin, Presbytis, riparian site

Mitigation of Simpai (Presbitys melalophos) Disturbance on Agroforestry in Protection Forest Register 25 Pematang Tanggang, Kelumbayan, Tanggamus

One of the contents within the Government Regulation Number 6 Year 2007 is regulating permissions on how communities can sustainably utilize forest land exclude in protection blocks, for instance agroforestry. Disturbance by wildlife as simpai (Presbytis melalophos) is occurred in an agroforestry land located in the Protection Forest Register 25 Pematang Tanggang, Kelumbayan Tanggamus. The underlying repercussions from the disturbance particularly because agroforestry systems that managed by cummunities contains food sources of simpai such as juvenile leaves and fruits. The aims of this study were to analyze the intensity of disturbance based on activity range, type of crop, time of simpai activities and analyze the mitigation effort. Field observation and interview with communities were used as the research method. The results showed that the highest disturbance of simpai based on the activity range is on agroforestry area where feed resources are quite abundant. The type of plants that disturbed was mostly consisting of banana and cocoa. In addition, the intensity of encounter time predominantly at 5:00 to 7:45 am. Simpai was rarely seen in the afternoon and could be found again at 04:00 to 05:30 pm. The lack of the community knowledge on the conservation status of the wildlife has caused the practices of environmentally-aggressive control of simpai such as by trapping and even shooting. A more environmentally-friendly mitigation effort was performed through the protection of crop, for example by covering fruits before harvesting. Key words: agroforestry, Presbytis melalophos, mitigation, simpai.

Semicircular Canal Size and Locomotion in Colobine Monkeys: A Cautionary Tale

The semicircular canals of the inner ear constitute the organ of balance, tracking head rotation during movement and facilitating stabilisation of vision. Morphological characteristics of the canals are correlated with agility scores related to locomotion. To date, however, the relationship between canal morphology and specific locomotor behaviours, such as leaping, is unclear. Knowledge of such a relationship could strengthen the inferences of locomotion of extinct taxa. To test this, crania of two sets of closely related primate species (Presbytis melalophos and P. potenziani; Colobus guereza and C. polykomos) that differ in the percentage of leaping in their locomotor repertoire were examined using microscopic computed tomography. Three-dimensional virtual models of the bony labyrinth were derived, and the radius of curvature of each of the three canals was evaluated relative to cranial size. The findings are contradictory; one leaping form (P. melalophos) differs from its congener in possessing significantly larger lateral canals, a pattern seen in previous studies of primates, while the other leaper (C. guereza) has significantly smaller posterior canals than its close relative. These results undermine efforts to determine specific locomotor behaviours from the bony labyrinth of extinct primates.

Ukuran Kelompok Simpai (Presbytis Melalophos) Di Hutan Desa Cugung Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung Model Gunung Rajabasa Lampung Selatan

Cugung forest managed by Protection Forest Management Unit Model (KPHL) of Rajabasa Mountain, its a natural habitat for simpai (Presbytis melalophos). Its size and structure are not known. Research was done to observe its group size and population structure in Cugung forest using concentration count method. Group size was 11 individuals, with 4 reproductive age and 5 young individuals and 2 infants. Sexual ratio is 1:2.Key word: simpai, group size, a cugung forest

Identification of a derived dental trait in the papionini relative to other old world monkeys.

Variation in the shape of teeth provides an immense amount of information about the evolutionary history and adaptive strategy of a mammalian lineage. Here, we explore variation in the expression of a purported molar lingual remnant (the interconulus) across the Old World Monkeys (Primates: Cercopithecidae) with the aim of elucidating a component of the adaptive radiation of this family. This radiation is characterized by a wide geographic range (Asia and Africa) as well as diverse dietary niches. While all of the cercopithecids are distinguished by their derived bilophodont molars, the colobines have evolved taller and more pointed cusps compared with the cercopithecines. We investigate whether the interconulus also correlates with phylogenetic affinity and/or dietary adaptation. We assess the frequency and range of interconulus expression in 522 specimens representing seven species of Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis, n = 78; Macaca fascicularis, n = 85; Macaca mulatta, n = 70; Papio hamadryas, n = 55; Colobus guereza, n = 76; Presbytis melalophos, n = 82; Presbytis rubicunda, n = 76). Results show that the interconulus has a significantly higher frequency and degree of expression in Tribe Papionini and exhibits ordered metameric variation with greatest expression in the third molars. Given the rarity of the interconulus in other closely related taxa, and its morphological distinction from the purportedly homologous features in other primates, we interpret the high degree of expression of the interconulus to be a trait derived in papionins that originated in the Miocene baboon/macaque ancestor.

Loud Calls, Startle Behaviour, Social Organisation and Predator Avoidance in Arboreal Langurs (Cercopithecidae: Presbytis)

Linking predator avoidance and social organisation predicts that large groups are favoured under heavy predation pressure but that small, inconspicuous groups may do equally well by avoiding detection altogether. We explored the relationships between antipredator behaviour (vocalisation, concealment, fleeing), detectability (colouration, group size) and social organisation in arboreal langurs. Three clear antipredation conditions emerged: (1) exemplified by Presbytis melalophos – brightly-coloured species (red, yellow) with contrasting colours, living in large unimale-multifemale groups (>10 individuals), that vocalised frequently and that flee loudly through the canopy; (2) exemplified by P. comata – greyish species (some contrasting colours), living in intermediate, unimale-multifemale or 1-male-1-female groups (approx. 7 individuals), that vocalise infrequently and that flee through the middle forest layers; (3) exemplified by P. frontata – dull-coloured species without contrast, living in small unimale-multifemale or 1-male-1-female groups (<5 individuals), that may freeze upon detection, and that may vocalise mainly during the night. Crypsis as an antipredator strategy is restricted to taxa that occur in 1-male-1-female groups. This wide range of antipredator strategies within a monophyletic taxon living in the same general area with a similar suite of predators facing similar predator pressures appears to be unique among the order Primates.

Phylogenetic relationships of leaf monkeys (Presbytis; Colobinae) based on cytochrome b and 12S rRNA genes

Little is known about the classification and phylogenetic relationships of the leaf monkeys (Presbytis). We analyzed mitochondrial DNA sequences of cytochrome b (Cyt b) and 12S rRNA to determine the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Presbytis. Gene fragments of 388 and 371 bp of Cyt b and 12S rRNA, respectively, were sequenced from samples of Presbytis melalophos (subspecies femoralis, siamensis, robinsoni, and chrysomelas), P. rubicunda and P. hosei. The genus Trachypithecus (Cercopithecidae) was used as an outgroup. The Cyt b NJ and MP phylogeny trees showed P. m. chrysomelas to be the most primitive, followed by P. hosei, whereas 12S rRNA tree topology only indicated that these two species have close relationships with the other members of the genus. In our analysis, chrysomelas, previously classified as a subspecies of P. melalophos, was not included in either the P. m. femoralis clade or the P. m. siamensis clade. Whether or not there should be a separation at the species level remains to be clarified. The tree topologies also showed that P. m. siamensis is paraphyletic with P. m. robinsoni, and P. m. femoralis with P. rubicunda, in two different clades. Cyt b and 12S rRNA are good gene candidates for the study of phylogenetic relationships at the species level. However, the systematic relationships of some subspecies in this genus remain unclear.

On-farm evaluation of the establishment of clonal rubber in multistrata agroforests in Jambi, Indonesia

Perennial tree crops are often grown in complex multistrata systems that incorporate natural vegetation. These systems contribute simultaneously to sustaining rural livelihoods and to the conservation of biodiversity, but their productivity is usually low. Introduction of high yielding germplasm, usually selected in monocultural plantations, is a potential way to increase productivity, but a critical requirement is that such plants can be established in a competitive multispecies environment. The establishment of clonal planting stock in the jungle rubber agroforests of Indonesia was explored through participatory on-farm research. The trial involved four farmers who grew clonal rubber trees in a total of 20 plots, constituting five replicate experimental blocks spread across four farms. Unexpectedly, vertebrate pest damage by monkeys (Presbytis melalophos nobilis) and wild pigs (Sus scrofa) was the most important influence on establishment, explaining almost 70% of the variation in rubber tree growth. The amount of labour invested in weeding was also positively correlated with rubber tree growth. Farmers generally decided to completely cut back vegetation between rows of rubber trees, including potentially valuable trees, rather than weeding within the rows and selectively pruning trees in the inter-row. Farmers thought that the inter-row vegetation would harbour vertebrate pests and compete with the clonal rubber, and they had access to fruits, firewood and other non-timber forest products from other land. Thus, contrary to expectations, when offered clonal germplasm, farmers opted to use plantation monoculture methods to protect what they considered a valuable asset, rather than maintain the traditional multispecies strategy they use with local germplasm.

Taxonomy and distribution ofPresbytis melalophos group in Sumatera, Indonesia

Taxonomy of thePresbytis melalophos group in Sumatera has been based solely on the distinction in the pelage coloration and has been a subject of controversy. In the present study, extensive field observations were undertaken. Three species, i. e.P. melalophos, P. thomasi, andP. femoralis, are recognized in Sumatera based on the cranial morphology, pelage coloration, and vocalization. Subspecies of each species are revised, a new classification is proposed, and a new subspecies,Presbytis melalophos bicolor, is described. A detailed distribution map of species and subspecies is presented. No sympatry occurs between the species. Finally, a cladistic analysis is presented for the three species, based on the cranial characters; the branching sequence is first between theP. melalophos clade and theP. femoralis- P. thomasi clade and second between theP. femoralis clade and theP. thomasi clade.

Experimental infection of the leaf-monkeys, Presbytis cristata and Presbytis melalophos with subperiodic Brugia malayi

The leaf-monkeys, Presbytis cristata and Presbytis melalophos, experimentally infected with subperiodic Brugia malayi, have been used for studies on the pathoimmunology of the infection and the screening of potential filaricides during the last 6–8 years, and considerable information on the pattern of microfilaraemia and adult worm recoveries have been obtained. The prepatent periods in 97 P. cristata and 45 P. melalophos, each infected with about 200 infective larvae, were similar, these being approximately 70 and 68 days respectively. Although all infected animals became microfilaraemic, the peak geometric mean count was much higher in P. cristata than in P. melalophos, this being 182.0 and 65.8 per ml blood respectively. Mean adult worm recovery expressed as the percentage of the infective dose was 4.7% and 2.5%, respectively. Most worms were recovered from the sacral nodes/thoracic duct or inguinal lymph nodes in these animals. In view of the higher worm recovery and the higher peak microfilaraemia attained, it is concluded that P. cristata is a better model for the infection than P. melalophos.

The occurrence of twins and accompanying behavioural changes in the banded langur,Presbytis melalophos

The occurrence of twins in arboreal Old World monkeys and apes is extremely rare. A wild adult femalePresbytis melalophos, however, gave birth to female twins. This stimulated many patterns of behaviour which were rare or absent when single infants were born. Allomothering increased greatly and maltreatment of twins by allomothers was common, even though this was never observed with single infants. Results indicate that the amount of allomothering inP. melalophos is normally controlled by the mother rather than by potential allomothers. The behaviour of the twins also differed from that of single infants. Except when they were taken by allomothers, the twins moved away from their mother much less than did single infants by their second month of life.

Food selection by two South-east Asian colobine monkeys (Presbytis rubicunda and Presbytis melalophos) in relation to plant chemistry

The diets of the banded leaf monkey (Presbytis melalophos) at Kuala Lompat in the Krau Game Reserve of West Malaysia and the red leaf monkey (Presbytis rubicunda) in Sepilok Virgin Jungle Reserve, Sabah, East Malaysia have been examined in relation to plant chemistry. Both monkeys spent about half their time eating foliage, and about half their time eating fruits and seeds. They both favoured leaves with high digestibility (due to relatively low levels of fibre) and high levels of protein, a combination found predominantly in young leaves and some flowers. The monkeys appeared to favour seeds and fruits with high concentrations of storage carbohydrates or fats, but not those rich in simple sugars. Selection of seeds and fruits was not correlated with protein content. An analysis of the fibre and protein contents of foods showed that, on an annual basis, the two monkeys achieved a comparable intake for both items. However, these diets were obtained in radically different ways. Presbytis melalophos was able to eat foliage from many of the common tree species in its home range, whereas P. rubicunda relied on rare trees and lianas. This difference is attributed to the very high density of Dipterocarpaceae at Sepilok, a tree family that provides little food for colobines. The rarity of P. rubicunda's food plants at Sepilok is considered to be the main reason for the greater home range size and lower population density in comparison to P. melalophos. Finally, the biochemical profiles of the young leaf diet of these two monkeys were compared with previously published information on two African and one south Indian colobines. In many respects the intake of supposed critical components, protein and fibre, showed marked similarities between different animals, considering contrasts in their habitats.

Effects of Selective Logging on the Behavioral Ecology of West Malaysian Primates

This study documents changes within a community of one nocturnal and five diurnal primate species in response to selective logging of their tropical rain—forest habitat. Groups of two diurnal primate species, Hylobates lar and Presbytis melalophos, were observed in the wild for 14 mo before and 12 mo after the onset of logging. Both species showed alterations in activity budgets following logging, spending more time resting and less time feeding and travelling. These changes may be attributable to the reduction in the availability of their preferred, more nutritious foods. Both H. lar and P. melalophos were territorial in primary forest in the study area, and there was remarkably little change in their home ranges following logging. Changes that were apparent were generally to conform to changes in habitat topography. The extent of range overlap between P. melalophos groups appeared to increase in older logged forest, however, as food resources changed from an even to a clumped distribution. The overall response of the studied primate community to selective logging appeared to be a reaction to reduced food availability and to fragmentation or other alterations of the habitat. An ability to adjust foraging strategies to cope with variation in habitat and food supply probably accounts for the continued survival of these primate populations in logged forest.

Environmental correlates of ranging behaviour in the banded langur, Presbytis melalophos.

Data are presented from a long-term study of banded langurs in three contrasting rain forest habitats in Peninsular Malaysia. Results from different sites and months are used to correlate ranging patterns with food availability and other environmental variables. Day range lengths are correlated with availability of preferred foods; the degree of territoriality is related to the distribution and size of food sources and length of time for which any one of these produces favoured food items.

Studies on the chemoprophylaxis of subperiodic Brugia malayi infection in the leaf monkey (Presbytis melalophos) with diethylcarbamazine citrate.

The chemoprophylactic use of diethylcarbamazine citrate at total oral doses of 15--180 mg/kg body weight was tested against subperiodic Brugia malayi infection in the leaf monkey (Presbytis melalophos). A total dose of 45 mg/kg body weight given over 9 days killed all developing infective larvae. Similarly, a total dose of 35 mg/kg body weight given over 7 days killed all fourth stage larvae. The minimum effective dose that prevents infection would be 5 mg/kg body weight daily for 7 days every month.

Experimental transmission of subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti to the leaf monkey (Presbytis melalophos), and its periodicity.

Infective larvae of nocturnally subperiodic Wuchereria bancrofti were obtained from laboratory-raised Aedes togoi mosquitoes which had fed on an infected human volunteer from Kanchanaburi, Thailand, and 471 of them were inoculated subcutaneously into the inguinal regions of an immunosuppressed Presbytis melalophos. Microfilaremia was first detected 287 days after inoculation, and 77 days later, at 364 days of infection, the number of microfilariae determined at 2-hour intervals reached a maximum of 619/20 mm3 at 4 hours past midnight, and the daytime levels were 11-35/20 mm3; the corresponding levels in the human volunteer were 121 and 13-32/20 mm3. Thus the nocturnal periodicity was relatively greater in the monkey than it was in the human host. Eight days after the periodicity study the monkey died and 77 adult worms were recovered from the popliteal (4), inguinal (58), iliac (6) and para-aortic (9) lymph nodes and 1 each from the ovary and liver. Of 56 females, only half were gravid.

Locomotor behavior and muscular anatomy of sympatric Malaysian leaf‐monkeys (Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos)

Sympatric Malaysian leaf-monkeys, Presbytis obscura and Presbytis melalophos show quantitative differences in their use of different locomotor patterns during daily activities. P. obscura primarily moves quadrupedally along large boughs; P. melalophos relies more on leaping between smaller supports. P. melalophos also uses forelimb suspension more than does P. obscura. Comparison of the muscular anatomy of the shoulder, arm, trunk, hip and thigh show numerous statistically significant differences between the two species in relative mass of individual muscles and in details of muscular origin and insertion. In almost all instances these differences accord with the types of differences in muscular anatomy predictable from either biomechanical analyses of locomotor behavior or comparative anatomical studies of other mammalian species.