Prepositional Group Research Articles

Changing the functioning of the article in the history of the German language

The subject of the study is the historical changes in the syntactic structure of the German language; the object of the study is articles. The authors consider in detail the use of definite, indefinite and null articles based on the material of a fragment of the Gospel of Luke, which were published in various periods of the German language: the text of Tatiana, translated by Martin Luther, made in 1545; an adapted version of Luther's translation, published in 2017 and a lightweight electronic version created as a result of deviation from the canonical translation. Particular attention is paid to the frequency of use of articles, the reasons for the increase or decrease in their use, as well as other means of determination. It is established that modern electronic text shows a tendency to decrease nominal groups, which, accordingly, leads to a decrease in articles. The tendency to decrease the zero article is manifested by the early Upper German period; in modern German, there is a displacement of the definite article. The methodological basis is based on a systematic approach to the interpretation of the phenomena of linguistic ontology in diachrony. The research methods are comparative historical analysis, the method of distributive analysis, quantitative analysis, methods of N. Chomsky's theory of control and binding. The main conclusions of the proposed study are the revealed historical processes in the system of articles of the German language. It was found that at an early stage of language development, the zero article dominated in texts, which significantly narrowed the manifestation of determination. The main burden during this period fell on possessive nominal groups, which primarily included proper names. The definite article was used much less frequently. In nominal groups that are part of the prepositional group, the zero article was mainly used, which eventually led to the creation of stable prepositional constructions with a zero article. The largest number of all types of articles falls on Luther's translation adapted to the modern grammatical structure of the German language, which is associated with the maximum use of nominal groups. What is new is the establishment in modern German of a tendency to reduce the zero and definite articles.

Zur Entwicklung der Interpunktion in der Luther-Bibel

Abstract This study examines the development of punctuation in the Luther Bible in the period between 1522 and 2017 based on a passage from the Gospel of Matthew in 82 editions. The analysis is quantitative, qualitative, and at the same time hermeneutical: by repeatedly recalling the original printings, the aim is to capture all the relevant factors for historical punctuation. Among other things, aspects of the general text structure and line breaks are taken into account. From a syntactic point of view, various special cases are discussed, such as punctuation in non-sentential prepositional groups and in infinitives to block misinterpretation, but also the lack of punctuation in ›incorporated‹ main clauses. Furthermore, it is shown how the modern syntax-based punctuation since the middle of the 19th century runs counter Luther’s listener-oriented sentence construction.

THE SUBJECT'S POSITION IN THE SENTENCE IN MASS-MEDIA ECOLOGICAL DISCOURSE (IN THE GERMAN-LANGUAGE MEDIA)

The article is devoted to the study of word order in sentences in German-language media texts on environmental topics. It describes the key points in the formation of the analytical structure in the German language and its influence on the word order in a sentence. The cases of the subject in the fourth place in a simple sentence and in the second place in the subordinate clause are analyzed. The sentence members shifting the subject to the right, such as the objects of time and place, mode and degree, conditions, direct and prepositional supplements, were revealed. The frequency of their use is determined. The link between the word order and the actual sentence segmentation is characterized. An attempt has been made to identify the markers of a rhema in the analysed cases and the frequency of their use. Quantitative and ordinal numerals, nouns with quantitative meaning, indefinite article, prepositional group, negation, subordinate clause and demonstrative pronoun were found to be markers of a rhema.

THE GENRE OF “LAW”: SYNTAX PARAMETERS (BASED ON THE CIVIL AND CRIMINAL CODES OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY)

Laws are classifi ed as texts of offi cial business style, which is used in the fi eld of offi cial public relations. Within the framework of the offi cial business style, the communicative infl uence on the participants of communication is carried out in a directive form with the help of regulatory documents – laws, prescriptions, instructions, regulations, etc. The general features that defi ne the offi cial business style are stylistic neutrality, impersonality, concreteness and objectivity. Regardless of the specifi c genre, they are all characterized by a high frequency of professional terminology, brevity and standardization of the presentation and structuring of the material. The syntactic organization of the genre of “law” in German is analyzed based on the material of the Civil and Criminal Codes of the Federal Republic of Germany. It has been confi rmed that this speech genre belongs to the offi cial-business style with typical features of a generalized representation of events, an instructional-informative type of text, a neutral presentation and a specifi c language design. The offi cialbusiness- style is characterized by saturation with professional terminology, brevity of the presentation, standardized form and structuring of the material. A genre is defi ned as a thematically, compositionally, and stylistically established type of messages, united by a number of characteristic repetitive features. The law as a genre is characterized by a set of linguistic and non-linguistic features that are reproduced and repeated in the laws of various types of German law. This concerns the structuring of the text of the law, the repertoire of specifi c designations – articles, paragraphs, paragraphs and sentences, fonts, as well as purely linguistic representation at the lexical and syntactic levels and the specifi city of stylistic devices. Typical syntactic features of the text of German laws are the presence of a large number of verbs, substantives, prepositional groups, modal verbs (können, dürfen, sollen), passive constructions, etc. These linguistic units contribute to the condensation of the text and allow avoiding complex sentences, and clearly convey the modality of permission or prohibition. Other structural features of laws are the productive use of anaphora, defi nitions, and syntactic parallelism, which form a special architecture of the “law” genre and distinguish it from related genres of legal discourse. Possible further research is the analysis of the lexical features of the genre of “law”. Key words: law, genre, offi cial-business functional style, German language, syntax.

ЭВРИСЕМАНТИЯ НЕМЕЦКОЙ ЛЕКСЕМЫ SANKTION В КОЛЛОКАЦИЯХ

This paper intends to analyze the use of a special type of phraseological unit – collocations formed by the lexeme Sanktion in plural and by a collocator in the modern German. For that purpose, some introductory remarks will first be given regarding the eurysemantic character and the origin of the lexeme Sanktion. Since this is a corpus-based study, details on the compilation of the digitized corpus will be outlined, and it will be shown which collocational potential Sanktion has developed in the German political discource. In the meaning of "veto, restriction" the lexeme acts as a part of collocations. Collocations have an asymmetrical syntactic structure: the basis in collocations is the lexeme Sanktion, the collocators are adjective and genitive attribute, prepositional groups, comparison words etc. The main task of the study is to examine the development of the collocation potential of Sanktion using examples from the modern German DWDS corpus, using the corpus parameter LogDice and the frequency measure. The combinations of frequency measure and LogDice allow to present collocations as formulaic patterns in political language.

THE ELEMENT OF META-COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGY OF TACTFULNESS IN THE GERMAN PREPOSITIONAL GROUP AUS HÖFLICHKEIT

The article concerns the element of the meta-communicative strategy of tactfulness in the German prepositional group aus Höflichkeit (by courtesy) placed in various contexts to correspond the following situations: 1) In the combination with the verb schweigen to express image-sensitive “on face-work”; 2) In the combination with the verb verschweigen to express intentional insincerity and evasiveness. Politeness and tact are close in meaning, but not identical. Tact is an innate feeling, a constant and unconscious consideration of feelings and rights of other people. The research is innovative in the approach to traditional types of speech behaviour in the framework of “silent and evasive behaviour” as a manifestation of tactfulness within the meta-communicative category of politeness. The analysis of the material in the article is conducted following the assumption that tactfulness is a category evaluated in relation to the expectations of the partners in communication. The basis for the study is Erving Goffman’s theory of facial interaction rituals. The aim of the article is to describe the patterns of tactful behaviour in communicative interaction where the speaker seeks to preserve the image through concealment and non-dissemination of information, and demonstrates evasive behaviour. A corpus of 110 examples has been selected from the German electronic corpus Digitales Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (DWDS). Methods used in the investigation include lexical-semantic analysis, hypothetic-deductive method, methods of contextual and distributional analysis. Specific features of the use of the prepositional group aus Höflichkeit in combination with “act of silence” verbs are considered. The author concludes that in collocations of the aforementioned verbs with the prepositional group aus Höflichkeit express the relationship of tactfulness and inter-personal interaction as forms of alienation in silence and evasiveness speech patterns.

LEXICO-SEMANTIC AND SYNTACTIC FEATURES OF PREPOSITIONS AND PREPOSITIONAL GROUPS IN THE MODERN GERMAN LANGUAGE

Objective. The objective of the article is to familiarize yourself with the general characteristics of German prepositions and prepositional groups; consider the structural features of German prepositions and their positions within the prepositional group; analyze the governing features and syntactic functions of German prepositions and prepositional groups and their positions in the sentence; identify the main sources of difficulty for German learners. Methods. The main scientific results are obtained applying a complex of general scientific and special research methods, namely: analysis, generalization and systematization of scientific and educational and methodological literature on pedagogy, linguistics, methods of teaching foreign languages; theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis, as well as comparative, descriptive and analytical methods. Results. In the modern German language, there is a fairly large number of prepositions, which differ significantly from each other in structural features, government, number of meanings and stylistic characteristics. German prepositional groups can have a different internal structure, perform different syntactic functions in a sentence and occupy different positions in it. Many prepositional groups are collocations or components of larger collocations. Based on the fact that German prepositions and prepositional groups have quite a lot of lexical-semantic and syntactic features, we came to the conclusion that this significantly complicates their study and correct use, since similar prepositions in different languages can differ from each other in terms of their government , as well as the spectrum of meanings. Knowledge and correct use of derived prepositions typical for written speech is important both for understanding and for writing relevant texts in the language being studied. Therefore, we can say that the confident mastering connotations of various types, which are expedient to memorize as integral lexical-semantic units, significantly facilitates both the process of understanding foreign speech and the process of independent use of a foreign language in various situations. Thereby it is advisable to study German prepositions and prepositional forms in more detail, and for this it is necessary to include them in relevant practical manuals and working programs.

Systemic and non-systemic valency behavior of Czech deverbal adjectives

Abstract We present results of an automatic comparison of valency frames of interlinked adjectival and verbal lexical units based on the valency lexicons NomVallex and VALLEx. We distinguish nine derivational types of deverbal adjectives and examine whether they tend to display systemic or non-systemic valency behavior. The non-systemic valency behavior includes changes in the number of valency complementations and, more dominantly, non-systemic forms of actants, especially a prepositional group.

Valeurs particulières des Clitiques Datifs En Français et en Roumain (exemples Empruntés Aux Proverbes)

In this paper we want to make a contrastive presentation, in French and in Romanian, upon the way the unstressed pronominal forms having the function of complement in the Dative are used in proverbs. We also want to emphasize the similarities and the differences between the two languages – when we speak about the morpho-syntactic and the semantic levels. Such differences and similarities occur especially when it comes to the possession relationship. Most part of our study is dedicated to presenting some special values of the unstressed pronominal forms in the possessive Dative – including the variant of the Dative with an attributive function and the ethical Dative. We have done this research in order to establish to what extent the use of such constructions varies. We shall also emphasize the specific constructions in Romanian where the Dative has a neutral value and the analytic Dative is thought as a prepositional group in the colloquial language. In order to illustrate this phenomenon in a better way, we relied our study on a corpus of proverbs and adages which were selected from specialized collections and electronic versions of some dictionairies.

EDAT GRUPLARINDA İSİM UNSURUNU OLUŞTURAN KELİME GRUPLARI

Edatlar, tek başına anlamı olmayan sözcükler olarak varlıkları ve hareketleri karşılamazlar. Ancak kelime, kelime grubu veya cümlelerle bir arada kullanıldıklarında farklı anlam ilişkileri kurabilirler. Bu özelliklerinden dolayı edatlar görevli, yardımcı, manasız kelimeler vs. olarak bilinirler. Ayrıca söz diziminde isim unsurundan sonra gelip edat grubu denilen kelime grubunu oluştururlar. Bu çalışmada edat gruplarında “isim unsuru”nu oluşturan ilk kelime grubunun türünün belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma, giriş bölümü hariç iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Giriş bölümünde edat türünden bahsedilmiştir ve Türkiye Türkçesinde kullanılan bazı çekim edatları verilmiştir. Daha sonra birinci bölümde edat grubu ve özellikleri açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca bu bölümde Türkçenin grameri kapsamında çalışma yapan araştırmacılar tarafından edat grubu bağlamında yapılan farklı adlandırmalar gramer kitapları, dil bilim sözlükleri ve gramer sözlükleri incelenerek Tablo 1 ve Tablo 2’de verilmiştir. İkinci bölümde ise tüm kelime grupları, edat gruplarında isim unsuru olabilmeleri açısından incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında edat gruplarıyla ilgili teorik hususlarda Türkiye Türkçesinin söz dizimiyle ilgili kitap, tez ve makale gibi kaynaklardan yararlanılmıştır. Teorik hususların örneklendirilmesinde ise alanla ilgili akademik eserlere başvurulmuş, bazı edebî eserler taranmış ve eserlerdeki ilişkili örnekler çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Bazı örnek cümleler ise tarafımızca oluşturulmuştur. Çalışmanın sonunda on dört kelime grubundan on üçünün edat gruplarında isim unsuru olabildiği saptanmıştır. Edat gruplarında isim unsuru olamayan tek kelime grubunun ise birleşik fiil olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

EXPRESSION OF POSSESSIVE RELATIONS IN THE ARABIC LANGUAGE AND ITS DIALECTS USING PREPOSITIONS

Problem statement: In contrast to the European languages in Arabic, the expression of possessive relations occurs in other ways, namely, well-known, and in the first place these are constructions with idafa (´iḍāfah), as well as constructions with prepositions. In our work, we consider constructions with the preposition li- and the preposition min, as one of the means of expressing possession in the Arabic language. Results. In the function of prepositions to express possessive relations, in addition to the mentioned prepositions, “improper prepositions” can be used, which are usually not used as independent names. Possessive relations in the Arabic language can be expressed by particles playing the role of prepositions (inda), and official words (siwa, gayra) are also used. A similar pattern is observed in Arabic dialects. In some (Moorish) old prepositions from literary Arabic are preserved. In others (Moroccan), this function is performed by service words (d, dyāl, mtāε). Conclusion. Thus, prepositions take an active part in the expression of possession in the Arabic language and its dialects. The functions of prepositions in the Arabic language are taken over by particles. With the help of particles and words playing the role of prepositions between the components of phrases, a possessive connection can be made. Syntactically and semantically, prepositions can be replaced by the genitive or idafa construct, but in some cases the prepositional group is preferable.

Vztah afirmativní a negované formy adjektiv a substantiv z hlediska jejich valence

Przy opracowaniu walencji przymiotników i rzeczowników w słowniku walencyjnym należy zdecydować, czy możliwe jest opracowanie w jednym haśle ich form twierdzących i zanegowanych, np. (ne)závislý, (ne)závislost. Oprócz różnic w znaczeniu form twierdzących i zanegowanych, takich jak volnost (‘wolność’) vs. nevolnost(‘nudności’), ich różna walencja prowadziłaby również do opracowania specjalnego hasła (por. ang. dependent on vs. independent of). Nasza analiza korpusowa pokazuje, że zanegowane formy czeskich przymiotników i rzeczowników mają, z pewnymi wyjątkami, identyczną walencję przyimkową, jak ich formy twierdzące (np. (ne)spokojený s čím, (ne)spokojenost s čím), ale ich częstotliwość jest różna. Przy przetwarzaniu form twierdzących i zanegowanych w jednym haśle, oprócz zwykłych przypadków, należy traktować w jednolity sposób zarówno mniej udokumentowane formy zanegowane i ich walencję (np. nevděčný za něco), jak i jak i przypadki, w których frekwencja i walencja formy zanegowanej przeważa nad formą afirmatywną (nepostradatelný pro někoho).
 AbstraktPři zpracování valence adjektiv a substantiv ve valenčním slovníku je třeba rozhodnout, zda je možné jejich afirmativní a negované formy zpracovat v jednom hesle, např. (ne)závislý, (ne)závislost. Kromě rozdílů ve významu afirmativní a negované formy, např. volnost (svoboda) vs. nevolnost (nepříjemný tělesný stav), by k vydělení zvláštního hesla vedla také jejich odlišná valence (srov. anglické dependent on vs. independent of). Naše korpusová analýza ukazuje, že negované formy českých adjektiv a substantiv mají až na výjimky stejnou předložkovou valenci jako jejich afirmativní formy (např. (ne)spokojený s čím, (ne)spokojenost s čím), liší se však jejich frekvence. Při zpracování afirmativních a negovaných forem v jednom hesle je vedle běžných případů třeba jednotným způsobem ošetřit jak méně doložené negované formy a jejich valenci (např. nevděčný za něco), tak případy, kdy frekvence negované formy a její valence naopak převažuje nad afirmativníformou (nepostradatelný pro někoho).

Research article titles in written feedback on English as a second language writing

The titles of articles investigating written feedback on English as a second language writing are crucial to inform and attract the intended audience to read, download, and possibly cite the article in an increasingly crowded marketplace of research. The present study constituted a descriptive and regression analysis of 372 research article titles in order to generate insights into the title writing practices of authors in a narrow sub-disciplinary research concern and whether particular norms cohere with scholarly impact. It was found written feedback scholars opted for titles that emphasised informativeness, evinced through lengthy titles, uni-head nominal structures involving comprehensive pre-modification, and compound structures that juxtaposed a range of elaborated concerns (e.g., scope, description, methodology) with the research topic. Stepwise regression analysis revealed the use of non-alphanumeric characters negatively predicted the article’s age-weighted citation rate, while the syntactic/functional pattern effect + prepositional group was a significant positive indicator of citation rates. The results vary from previous findings at the disciplinary level of linguistics, indicating there is value in future studies of research article titles at the sub-disciplinary level. Written feedback researchers can utilise the findings to generate field-acceptable titles and possibly enhance their prospects of citations.

Analysis of Verbal Prepositional “of” Structures

Abstract The article presents empirical research of verbal prepositional “of“ structures, grammatical collocations of the verb and the preposition OF. The preposition OF belongs among the most frequent prepositions in the English language. The study is based on comparisons of English and Czech sentences containing verbs and prepositions that are followed by the object. Material was taken from the electronic data bank Prague Czech-English Dependency Treebank 2.0. The structures were examined and analyzed from morphological, syntactical and semantic points of view. The aim of the study is to create English-Czech verbal prepositional counterparts; to create verbal prepositional groups on the grounds of the similar semantic, syntactic features; to identify the features that are the same for each verb group and generalize them; to identify trends and tendencies for verbs when they collocate with a certain preposition. The findings are presented in several charts and tables.

Representation of Semantic Power in Discourse of Institutionality

The article analyzes the linguistic peculiarities of the spatial representation of the concept of power in such types of institutional discourse as economic and legal. The interrelation of space of power which is thought as a category and the various discursive practices correlated with different spheres of communication is considered. Specification of representing the category of power is demonstrated through semantic analysis of dynamic prepositional group. Within the research, new constitutive components of the given discourses, text-forming units and components of the text are revealed, new interpretations of elements of the discursive structure and semantics are given. The examined group of dynamic prepositions undergoes derivational transformations presented in a generalized model of semantic modifications.

Корпусное исследование предложных групп с эвиденциальным значением «пересказывательность» в прессе Германии

Корпусное исследование предложных групп с эвиденциальным значением «пересказывательность» в прессе Германии

A Functional Study of Lexical Conversion within Modern Chinese Nominal Group

The phenomenon of lexical conversion within modern Chinese nominal group is often presented in ancient Chinese grammar. For many years, there have been earnest discussions in China about how we can better study the Chinese nominal group from alternative dimensions, e.g. cognition, pragmatics, multi-category words, word-class shift as well as functional perspective, but few pay attention to the lexical conversion from perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL). As the SFL itself is “a problem-oriented theory” (Huang, 2006), to apply this theory to explain some certain language phenomena merits serious consideration. This paper is based on the Cardiff Grammar, an important model of SFL and the purpose is to explore the semantic and syntactic function in lexical conversion within modern Chinese nominal group. Through the contrastive study in light of the Cardiff Grammar, the Chinese nominal group can be functionally used as a Main Verb, a Main Verb Extension (MEx) and a prepositional group (pgp).

A Description of the English Non-finite Verbal Group Clause

Existing studies of the English non-finite verbal group (VBG) clause are lopsidedly semantic descriptions with focus on to -x+o and x+g forms only. This paper exhaustively describes the English non-finite VBG clause, determines its frequency of occurrence, identifies its functional and positional distribution, and accounts for variations in its syntactic behaviour. Analysed using the systemic grammatical model, the data comprises 643 non-finite VBG clauses obtained from an 18 000-word corpus of five written texts. Results reveal a frequency of occurrence of 36 in 1 000 words that ranged between 46.3 and 31.7 in the individual texts. The to -x+o form was the most frequent, followed by x+g, x+n and x+o. Respectively they featured 17, 11.3, 7 and 1.33 times in 1 000 words and represent 46, 32, 18 and 4 percent of the data. The non-finite VBG clause’s most prominent syntactic position was adjunct, where its 35 percent realisation was about 2½ times more than its function as beta clause, nominal group qualifier, and prepositional group qualifier. While its realisation as catenated VBG headword was 0.93 percent and qualifier 16.2 percent, its proportion as adjectival group qualifier, subject and complement was 0.16, 0.31 and 5 percent respectively. Features inherent in the non-finite VBG clause, authors’ individualism, and theses variation explain the differences.

Comparing English and Mo/Deg Nominal Group Qualifiers

The task of this study is primarily to investigate the differences between English and Mo/Deg nominal group (NG) qualifiers to identify any similarities within the NG qualification structures of these languages. In otherwise, the study finds answers to the questions: “What are the qualifying elements within the Mo/Deg and English NGs?” and “What are the differences and similarities between the Mo/Deg NG qualification and that of English?” Using homogeneous sampling, the study purposefully sampled thirty (30) educated Mos/Dega (speakers of the Mo/Deg language). Short simple English sentences containing NG qualifiers designed by the researcher were given to them to translate into Mo/Deg. This was to see how the qualifiers are used in the language. Also, some of these sentences were given to some members of the staff of the Mo/Deg project of GILLBT to translate into Mo/Deg for further correct use of the qualifiers in the Mo/Deg language. The translated versions were then collected as data and analysed based on the Systemic Grammar principles of the NG structure. The results showed that the adjectival groups (AdjG), the clause, the numerals, and the determiners (pre-central, central, and post-central) occur at the qualifier position in Mo/Deg, whereas in English, it is the prepositional groups (PG), the adjectival groups (AdjG) (under some conditions), and the clause, which occupy the qualifier slot. However, it was also found out that the common linguistic units which occur in both languages as qualifiers are the adjectival groups and the clause.

GRUP NOMINA KOMPLEKS PADA NOVEL LORD OF THE RINGS KARYA J. R. R. TOLKIEN

This research is entitled Nomina Group Complexes in English: A Func-tional and Transformational grammar approach. This research discusses: 1) what groups usually appear on nomina group complexes based on functional grammar approach and 2) what phrase usually appear on nomina group com-plexes based on transformational grammar approach. This research method used is descriptive method which employs classification of groups, and nomi-na group complexes. This research, employs theory of M.A.K Halliday for functional grammar approach and Chomsky‟s theory for transformational grammar approach. The result of this research shows that: 1) Group usually appear on nomina group complexes based on functional grammar approach is only prepositional group, 2) Groups usually apear on nomina group complexes based on transformational approach are adjetive phrase and prepositional phrase.