Preparedness Stages Research Articles

Coordination mechanisms applied to logistical systems for local disaster preparedness: a Latin American case

Purpose The study aims to present an agent-based simulation model (ABM) for exploring interorganizational coordination scenarios in local disaster preparedness. This approach includes local actors and logistical processes as agents to compare various strategic coordination mechanisms. Design/methodology/approach The ABM model, developed in the Latin American context, specifically focuses on a case study of Colombia. Three coordination mechanisms (centralized, decentralized and cluster-type) have been evaluated using three performance indicators: effectiveness, efficiency and flexibility. Findings Simulation results show that the decentralized scenario outperforms in terms of efficiency and flexibility. On the contrary, the centralized and cluster-type scenarios demonstrate higher effectiveness, achieving a greater percentage of requirements coverage during the disaster preparedness stage. The ABM approach effectively evaluates strategical coordination mechanisms based on the analyzed performance indicators. Research limitations/implications This study has limitations due to the application of results to a single real case. In addition, the focus of the study is primarily on a specific type of disaster, specifically hydrometeorological events such as flash floods, torrential rains and landslides. Moreover, the scope of decision-making is restricted to key actors involved in local-level disaster management within a municipality. Originality/value The proposed ABM model has the potential as a decision-making tool for policies and local coordination schemes for future disasters. The simulation tool could also explore diverse geographical scenarios and disaster types, demonstrating its versatility and broader applicability for further insights and recommendations.

Spatial Pathology of Earthquake Management in Salas Babajani County, Kermanshah, Iran

Background and objective Human settlements are formed and developed in a specific natural environment. Social, political, cultural, and economic systems that govern the societies can affect residential spaces. Therefore, the special natural and human habitats cause the formation of special spaces, which require their own management system. After the earthquake on November 12, 2017, in Salas Babajani County, Kermanshah, Iran, whose epicenter was Ezgeleh district, the presence of natural areas in the county caused the crisis management in this region to face special problems. In addition, the sectoral and centralized management structure governing the country and thus the Salas Babajani County added to the complexity of these problems and caused the residents of this region to suffer a deep crisis. The aim of the current study is a spatial pathology of earthquake management in urban and rural settlements of Salas Babajani County. Method This is a descriptive-analytical study. Data were collected using the documentary method and a researcher-made questionnaire. Participants were the residents of Salas Babajani County. Results The findings showed that the earthquake management in the County has a high compliance with the centralized and sectoral management model. In addition, it was found that the crisis management in the four stages (prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery) was in an unfavorable situation. the highest weakness was in the prevention stage and the lowest weakness was related to the preparedness stage. Conclusion Overall, the results showed that crisis management has worsened by moving away from the center towards the outskirts, especially towards the southwestern borders. In other words, by moving away from the political center of the County (Tazeh Abad district), the crisis management became very unfavorable. Also, it was found that the crisis management was greatly influenced by the spatial factors of elevation, land slope, transportation network, distribution of human settlements, and population density.

Perceptions On Nurses' Preparedness For Flooding Disasters: A Qualitative Study

Preparedness is a series of activities carried out to anticipate disasters through organization and through appropriate and effective measures with the expected result being a significant reduction in the risk and losses caused by disasters. This study aims to explore nurses' perceptions regarding readiness to respond to disasters, nurses' preparedness in facing disasters, the role of nurses in disasters, obstacles and support in providing disaster nursing services. A descriptive qualitative approach was used in this study. Purposive sampling was used to select 10 nurses for focus group discussions and four nurses for in-depth interviews. Data were collected from January to February 2024 and analyzed using content analysis. Readiness to respond to disasters includes two subcategories: disaster experience and reasons to immediately respond to disasters. Health workers' preparedness in facing disasters consists of four subcategories: early warning, collaboration, resources, development of specific training. The role of health workers in disasters consists of two subcategories: preparedness stage and response stage. In addition, obstacles and support in providing disaster services consist of two subcategories: obstacles experienced and support needed in providing nursing services when a disaster occurs. The findings of this study can serve as a basis for developing disaster preparedness enhancement programs for nurses and other health professionals. The results of the study can also be used as important evidence to encourage disaster health service policies in an effort to reduce risks caused by disasters with the involvement of stakeholders.

Integrated Decision Support for Disaster Risk Management: Aiding Preparedness and Response Decisions in Wildfire Management

A central challenge in disaster risk management (DRM) is that there are key dependencies and uncertainty between the decisions made at the mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery stages. Decision support systems for disaster management require information systems that allow timely and reliable integration of data sources from different domains, including information on hazards and vulnerabilities for risk analysis, as well as organizational and logistical information for decision analysis. We propose an analytics-centered framework that integrates predictive and prescriptive models responding to unique characteristics of DRM. The framework relies on probabilistic risk assessment and uses optimization-based simulation of the response phase as a means to inform decisions at the preparedness stage. This paper presents a case study regarding the analysis of preparedness and response decisions for wildfire control in Uruguay. Numerical results illustrate insights from the risk-informed analyses. For instance, slight reductions in the preparedness budget can lead to disproportionate losses during the response stage, whereas slight increases have little effect unless explicitly directed to control high-consequence scenarios. Motivated by a real-world problem, this case study emphasizes the challenges for integrated information systems that enable the potential of analytical decision support frameworks for DRM.

Nature-based Natural-hazard Preparedness: A Cross Section of Categorized Examples

Despite prevailing interests, no rigorous research has been conducted to examine the role of nature in natural-hazard preparedness. This systematic review aimed to describe how nature can reduce the impacts of natural hazards during the preparedness stage. The study focuses on the land, water, and air systems and on three types of stakeholders: international organizations, developed countries, and developing countries. Further, it provides supplementary strategies, such as immediate actions, local engagement, and research and development, that the stakeholders should apply to enhance their nature-based natural-hazard preparedness. We suggest integrating costs and benefits analysis, local culture, societal challenges, and environmental justice into the implementation of nature-based solutions. Finally, this review outlines the framework of nature-based natural-hazard preparedness by discussing the relationship between nature and society.

Performance Evaluation of Urban Emergency Governance: Conceptual Connotations and Empirical Research Based on the Crisis Life Cycle Theory.

Although scholars have discussed in depth about the evaluation content and the construction of evaluation index system of emergency management and crisis management, a unified and standardized interpretation of system construction concepts and empirical research on the performance evaluation of urban emergency management is still lacking. In view of this, this paper is based on the theory of the crisislifecycle, with the four phases of urban emergency management and the content of the task as a clue, constructed a performance evaluation index system containing 12 primary indicators and 44 secondary indicators, and centered on the emergency management work situation of S city. The study reveals that emergency management underperforms in S city, with a score of 5.948, qualifying as the "defined level". The "prevention and preparedness stage" receives poor evaluation, indicating a significant bias for crisis response instead of prevention. The report suggests the improvement of emergency material stockpile planning, the formation of grassrootsemergency response teams, the emergency management publicity, and special emergency drill plans, etc., with a view to providing reference for city managers to comprehensively review and evaluate the emergency management system, and to promote the construction of a more systematic, complete and scientific urban emergency management system.

A network-of-networks adaptation for cross-industry manufacturing repurposing

During a crisis, manufacturing processes in supply chains of different industries may network with each other as an adaptation response. We propose and examine a “network-of-networks” mechanism of such a cross-industry adaptation to learn about the value of reducing uncertainty through collaborative crisis preparedness and response during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our study allows revelation of the underlying trade-offs between the manufacturing capacity conversion time and effort required to adapt and the gains from collaborative preparedness to uncertainty. Through a real-life data-based analysis with the help of mathematical optimization, we connect the networks-of-networks coordination design and the outcomes of scenario modeling demonstrating a superiority of the coordinated capacity repurposing when compared to ad-hoc adaptation. We conclude that an appropriate collaboration of governmental agencies, healthcare, and industry is crucial for a prompt capacity conversion to healthcare production in a pandemic. Concrete implementation ways are visibility, healthcare inventory monitoring, technology backup plans, and repurposing contingency plans at the preparedness stage. At the response stage, a correct adaptation start time determines success. The results obtained can be instructive to develop technological and managerial plans for a cross-industry adaptation. The proposed “network-of-networks” perspective contributes to theory of supply chain viability and adaptation under disruptions using intertwined supply networks.

Longitudinal multiplexity and structural constraints of online emergency collaborative networks: A tale of two Chinese societies.

Drawing upon the concept of longitudinal multiplexity and the Institutional Collection Action (ICA) framework, this article conducts a longitudinal observation of online emergency collaborative networks (ECNs) built and sustained among organizational actors within Shenzhen and Hong Kong in response to Typhoon Mangkhut. In addition to investigating the multiplex relationships among three types of online ECNs (i.e., preparedness networks, response networks, recovery networks), this article takes a comparative approach to examining how the structural constraints imposed by distinct emergency management systems (EMSs) influence the network formation and evolution as the disaster evolves over time. Findings obtained from a series of inferential network analyses reveal that preexisting online collaborative ties formed at the disaster preparedness stage are important for increasing organizations' tendency to build and sustain online collaborations during disaster response and recovery. Moreover, the decentralized EMS in Hong Kong exhibits more effectiveness in facilitating online network changes during both transitional periods. These findings demonstrate a pressing need for emergency researchers and frontline communication managers to understand the dynamic relationships among online ECNs across different disaster phases and further explore potential opportunities to facilitate online emergency collaboration on a broader scale.

From empirically to physically based early warning predictions of rainfall-induced landslides in silty volcanic soils: the Lattari Mountains case study

The work proposes a procedure to build an early warning predictive tool to assess the occurrence of rainfall-induced landslides in silty volcanic covers. The procedure combines both an empirically and a physically based tool used sequentially: the former is designed to be calibrated using older, highly sized and coarser rainfall data, and the latter to interpret recent and finer weather data. Both approaches need to be informed by a common experimental reference summarising the rainfall history, the rainfall point, defined as the couple made of antecedent 4-month rainfall cumulative value (C4m) and last-persistent event (CPLE). The empirical approach aims to identify if, in the (C4m–CPLE) plane, the rainfall point falls in a ‘safe’ or ‘potentially unsafe’ zone where the two distinct regions are built by interpreting rainfall data associated or not with landslide events. In the physically based approach, evaporation and runoff are estimated to refine the assessment of ‘effective’ rainfall points. The resulting transformed rainfall point (C′4 m, C′PLE) is turned into a prediction of the suction level at the mid-depth assumed as a ‘reference’ for the entire cover. Such value is compared with a suction threshold empirically defined. Suction levels prediction is developed by computing in the C′4 m–C′PLE plane the iso-suction lines generated by several rainfall scenarios. The accuracy of the developed procedure is comparable with state-of-the-art literature or operational approaches, properly identifying landslide case events and minimising the number of false alarms. Furthermore, it can inform the preparedness stages more effectively, explicitly accounting for the antecedent slope wetness stage and how it could be far from the incipient slope failure conditions. The developed procedure takes into account the effects of evaporation and antecedent rainfalls that, in dry periods, lead to very dry conditions in the subsoil, making even significant rainfall events inconsequential. Conversely, other procedures already operating in LEWS or highly considered literature background overestimate the effects of rainfalls during dry periods. The developed procedure delivers a simple but robust way to derive landslide thresholds based on the interpretation of past rainfall histories. At the same time, literature methods often require sophisticated approaches to retrieve thresholds.

Performance management process integration in humanitarian supply chains: focusing on the natural disaster preparedness stage

PurposeThis study aims to explore how to apply and integrate the performance management (PM) process in humanitarian supply chains (HSCs) among and between humanitarian organizations (HOs) and donors so as to improve cost-efficiency (CE) and lead-time effectiveness (LTE) in the stage of natural disaster preparedness.Design/methodology/approachThis study adapts and operationalizes a framework for the PM process used in commercial supply chains to assess HSCs. A multiple-case study with two types of actors – six HOs and three donors—is used to describe the applications of the PM process and analyze the level of integration between the actors.FindingsThe activities in the PM process could sometimes be only vaguely described. Both actors emphasized improving CE, with less emphasis on LTE. Both actors have a low level of integration in each PM process activity, decreasing the CE and LTE. Therefore, guidelines for improving the level of PM process integration are provided.Research limitations/implicationsTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first to combine literature on HSCs and PM process integration, thereby contributing to both literature fields. The concrete contribution of this study is a framework for PM process application and integration among and between HOs and donors.Practical implicationsThe PM process framework can be used to assess PM process application, as well as current and increased level of integration, to improve CE and LTE. The current applications can also inspire other HOs and donors.Originality/valuePrevious studies indicate the lack of frameworks in the PM domain of HSCs, especially in the stage of natural disaster preparedness.

Pendidikan Kebencanaan perspektif Kisah Yusuf: Telaah Ayat 46-60


 
 
 
 This research is a qualitative research method of literature (library research), and data analysis using a thematic interpretation approach. This study aims to determine the interpretation of Q.S. Yusuf verses 46-60 and the values of disaster education implied in Q.S Yusuf 46-60. This study resulted in the story of Yusuf related to the disaster verses 46 to 60. The verses 46-60 are connected with the segment of Yusuf's story contained in the following sections: The interpretation of Yusuf's dream to the king's dream, Yusuf was released from prison, Yusuf was appointed as treasurer of Egypt, and the meeting Joseph with his brother. Disaster education in the story of Yusuf is found in two things related to disaster. These two things are the stages of disaster preparedness and disaster emergency. The preparedness stage fosters a careful, thorough, and anticipatory attitude. The stage of disaster emergency fosters an attitude of concern.
 
 
 

Preparedness of Disaster Management of Landslides in the livelihoods of Kulon Progo district

A landslide is one of the natural disasters that frequently appear during the rainy season. Society has confronted this natural disaster, and it is important to decrease the vulnerable impact at the household level. Preparedness refers to the effort made to expand awareness and readiness for handling the dangers and preventative actions related to them. The aim of the paper is to analyze the correlations between livelihoods and preparedness stages in a landslide disaster area in Kulon Progo. The independent variables are defined as human-, social-, physical-, natural-, and financial capital and transformation in structure and process. Preparedness is the dependent variable. The Chi-squared analysis was applied to answer the objective. The unit analysis of this study is households, and we collected 300 households based on stratified random sampling at the research site. Kulon Progo has been chosen since the geographical pattern is hilly. Households appear to have the average level of disaster management preparedness (37.3%). Based on the strengthening of relations, the belief in keeping away from bad behavior based on ancestors’ advice has the highest CC to preparedness phase (0.396) with χ² 55.554**. It found that belief and religiosity levels have a strong contingency correlation among household capitals.

Models and Challenges of Coordination in Regional Disaster Management

Disaster is a complex problem that requires coordination with many parties. The results of previous studies regarding disaster management in Wajo indicated that there were coordination problems in disaster management in Wajo. This study aims to explain the coordination of disaster management in Wajo from the perspective of the models and challenges of disaster management in Wajo. This study uses a qualitative approach with the Gadamerian hermeneutic method to find the meaning of coordination texts in the context of pre-disaster management. Data collection was carried out through document analysis and interviews. The results of the study revealed that the coordination of disaster management in Wajo was running well at the disaster preparedness stage but was still not optimal at the pre-disaster stage. We found three meanings of coordination in disaster management in Wajo. First, coordination because of their awareness of the limitations they have. Second, coordination serves as fulfillment of the requirements of sponsorship activities. Third, coordination is an innovation to overcome problems. Coordination in Wajo is hampered by the actors' interpretation of the subject and object of disaster management coordination.

Analysis of Resilience, Coping Style, Anxiety, and Depression Among Rescue Nurses on EMTs During the Disaster Preparedness Stage in Sichuan, China: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Survey.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the current situation and influencing factors of resilience, coping style, anxiety, and depression among rescue nurses on Emergency Medical Teams (EMTs) during the disaster preparedness stage, and to explore the relationship between resilience, coping style, anxiety, and depression. A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used. The convenience sampling method was used to select rescue nurses from 4 national EMTs in Sichuan Province, China. CD-RISC, SCSQ, Zung SAS, and SDS were used as research tools. A total of 197 valid questionnaires were returned, with a 98.5% response rate. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that average monthly income, depression level, and coping style were the main factors affecting nurses' resilience. Resilience was significantly and positively correlated with coping style and negatively correlated with anxiety and depression. There were significant differences in SCSQ, Zung SAS, and SDS scores among Clusters. In the disaster preparedness stage, rescue nurses on EMTs have a medium level of resilience and good coping styles, but their levels of anxiety and depression are high. It is suggested that more attention should be devoted to the target population to formulate effective intervention plans, reduce psychological pressures, and improve their capacity for coping with disasters.

THE EFFECTS OF FOREST FIRES IN THE SUMMER 2021 ON FIRE FIGHTINGS ANTALYA FIRE DEPARTMENT EXAMPLE

Disasters (earthquake, flood, tsunami, forest fires, etc.) experienced in the world due to global warming and climate changes continue to increase. Unfortunately, these disasters, which have increased in the world, have also been reflected in our country. Forest fires in the period of July-August 2021 are among the largest recorded forest fires in history. Forest fires in the period of July-August 2021 are among the largest recorded forest fires in history. Between these dates, a total of 135 thousand hectares of land, including the rural area, unfortunately burned in the forest fires in the province of Antalya. During the fire, evacuation was carried out in nearly 50 neighborhoods. Unfortunately, the fire turned into a Level 3 disaster and hundreds of buildings were damaged. The fact that the damaged buildings were heavily damaged and moderately damaged increased the size of the material damage. Unfortunately, 250 people were injured and 7 people died in the fires. The fire also adversely affected wildlife, and as a result, hundreds of small and large animals living in the forest lost their lives, along with hundreds of small cattle and sheep. Fire brigades from all over our country, especially the Antalya Fire Brigade, participated in the intervention efforts to forest fires in order to extinguish this fire without losing time and take it under control. Disaster Management; It can be defined as an integrated struggle process that includes all the necessary factors to reduce the damage caused by the negative effects of disasters and to carry out preventive works, to intervene in the negative situations after the disaster in an effective, fast and timely manner, to reduce the effects of the disaster and to create a safe and new living space for the society. In other words, disaster management is the responsibility of all public institutions and non-governmental organizations in order to reduce the damages of the disaster, to carry out preventive works, to take the precautions before, during and after the disaster, and to plan, coordinate, direct, support and effectively implement the necessary works. It is a multi-disciplinary, multi-actor, multi-faceted, dynamic and integrated risk governance process that requires organizations to use their opportunities and resources in line with the targeted strategic priorities and objectives. Antalya Fire Department has an experienced and dynamic structure in responding to forest fires. It intervened with all its devotion to the forest fires in the summer of 2021 and prevented the fire from causing further damage. Whatever the reason, forest fires turn into disasters when they negatively affect human settlements and the entire ecosystem in the region where they occur. A fact that we experience a lot is the fact that forest fires repeat themselves or have a rotating period. In other words, forest fires are constant and will continue to happen. Therefore, we can deduce that forest fires that occur in certain regions at certain periods or at periodic intervals will repeat themselves. Even in the most developed countries of the world, forest fires unfortunately repeat themselves in certain periods. But we should not forget that a disaster that has happened to us is also an opportunity for a possible disaster that may happen to us later. We need to take advantage of this opportunity and pass the stages of preparedness, mitigation, recovery and response more efficiently before a disaster occurs.

EXTENDING THE ROLE OF ARCHITECTURE INTERVENTION ACROSS THE DISASTER LIFE CYCLE

Disasters have been a common occurrence since the beginning of time, yet they are increasing phenomenally worldwide and especially in developing countries. Factors that led to the cause of destructive disasters are often complex and interrelated; researchers detect human influence and rapid development is intensifying the damage and scale of disaster-prone areas through urban sprawl and human interference. Observing the disaster life cycle, it is made up of four stages: preparedness stage, resilience and mitigation stage, response and relief stage, and finally reconstruction and recovery stage. The main focus usually lies in the response and relief stage which comes immediately after the disaster has struck. The aim of this research is to extend the architectural intervention across all stages of the disaster; using a dynamic disaster response system made up of three components, primarily a disaster educational centre that can reliably respond to any disaster occurrence using a network of prebuilt structures spread across the perimeters of disaster-prone areas. The structures help with strategic preparedness, promote resilience, mitigating damage and spread, provide recovery and relief, and aid in eventual reforestations and reconstructions. As well as, designed to host an adaptable module of prefabricated units that can be easily mobilized and transported to plug-in to the host structures; the hosting structures will also provide a mechanical response across all stages of the disaster life cycle with a minimum disruptive footprint. Utilizing primarily the inductive method, this research will analyse the effectiveness of this unconventional architectural design approach in how it functions both reactively and strategically across all stages of any disaster life cycle. The paper also relies on analytical and deductive methods to help portray the effectiveness of the unconventional architectural design approach in how it functions both reactively and strategically across all stages of any disaster life cycle.

Analysis of optimized response time in a new disaster management model by applying metaheuristic and exact methods

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to maximize the total demand covered by the established additive manufacturing and distribution centers and maximize the total literal weight assigned to the drones. Design/methodology/approach Disaster management or humanitarian supply chains (HSCs) differ from commercial supply chains in the fact that the aim of HSCs is to minimize the response time to a disaster as compared to the profit maximization goal of commercial supply chains. In this paper, the authors develop a relief chain structure that accommodates emerging technologies in humanitarian logistics into the two phases of disaster management – the preparedness stage and the response stage. Findings Solving the model by the genetic and the cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA) and comparing the results with the ones obtained by The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) clear that genetic algorithm overcomes other options as it has led to objective functions that are 1.6% and 24.1% better comparing to GAMS and COA, respectively. Originality/value Finally, the presented model has been solved with three methods including one exact method and two metaheuristic methods. Results of implementation show that Non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) has better performance in finding the optimal solutions.

Network-based Assessment of Metro Infrastructure with a Spatial–temporal Resilience Cycle Framework

Urban public transportation systems tend to cripple when faced with challenges, such as natural hazards and social unrest. It is imperative to engineer resilient public transportation systems to provide urban commuters with a reliable alternative to private vehicles. Current network-based approaches for resilience quantification focused on the network topology but seldom considered the impacts of temporal variation of flow pattern and system’s spatial distribution, which provide unique people-centric insights into resilience. This paper applies a resilience cycle framework consisting of four life-cycle stages associated with any disruptive event – preparedness, robustness, recoverability, and adaptation. The proposed flow-weighted and spatial analysis captures the resilience of both the system and users. Additionally, the temporal trends are compared for different resilience indicators associated with the topology and flow patterns. A case study of the Hong Kong metro system shows the utility of the framework. The study found that the average travel distance of flows has a strong negative effect on the network’s robustness to random failures. The vulnerability of the network to random failures can also be explained by the node homogeneity results from the preparedness stage. In the recovery stage, densely-built metro stations are found to provide significant benefit in response to disruptions, provided that the shared risks for the nearby stations are minimal. The resilience cycle framework provides actionable insights for all the relevant stakeholders.

A Cross-sectional Study About Nurses' and Physicians' Experience of Disaster Management Preparedness Throughout COVID-19.

The aim of this study was to assess and compare nurses' and physicians' knowledge of disaster management preparedness. An effective health-care system response to various disasters is paramount, and nurses and physicians must be prepared with appropriate competencies to be able to manage the disaster events. This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 636 nurses and 257 physicians were recruited from 1 hospital in Saudi Arabia. Of them, 608 (95.6%) nurses and 228 (83.2%) physicians completed self-administered, online questionnaires. The questionnaire assessed participants' sociodemographic data, and disaster management knowledge. The findings revealed that participants had more knowledge regarding the disaster preparedness stage than mitigation and recovery stages. They also reported a need for advanced disaster training areas. A total of 10.1% of nurses' and 15.6% of physicians' overall knowledge is explained by their demographic and work-related characteristics. Both nurses and physicians had to some extent knowledge regarding the information and practices required for disaster management process. It is proposed that hospital managers must look for opportunities to effectively adopt national standards to manage disasters and include nurses and physicians in major-related learning activities because experience has suggested a somewhat low overall perceived competence in managing disaster situations.

Optimization of Humanitarian Aid Distribution in Case of an Earthquake and Tsunami in the City of Iquique, Chile

In this paper, we introduce, model, and solve a clustered resource allocation and routing problem for humanitarian aid distribution in the event of an earthquake and subsequent tsunami. First, for the preparedness stage, we build a set of clusters to identify, classify, sort, focus, and prioritize the aid distribution. The clusters are built with k-means method and a modified version of the capacitated p-median model. Each cluster has a set of beneficiaries and candidate delivery aid points. Second, vehicle routes are strategically determined to visit the clusters for the response stage. A mixed integer linear programming model is presented to determine efficient vehicle routes, minimizing the aid distribution times. A vulnerability index is added to our model to prioritize aid distribution. A case study is solved for the city of Iquique, Chile.