Preparatory Behaviors Research Articles

Intolerance of Uncertainty and Neuroticism: Transdiagnostic Vulnerabilities and War-Related Safety Preparatory Behavior

The aim of the study was to understand the role of transdiagnostic vulnerabilities, namely intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and neuroticism, in initiating safety-seeking preparatory behaviors under the threat of an imminent war. A sample of N = 1460 adults were recruited via convenience sampling in March 2022, after the outbreak of the Russia-Ukraine war from nearing countries. Due to the lack of suitable measures in the literature to cover the phenomenon, first a short inventory for measuring these safety actions, the War-Related Preparatory Safety-Seeking Inventory (W-PRESS) was elaborated and validated via Item Response Theory. Next, a transdiagnostic cognitive behavioral framework was proposed for the determinants of W-PRESS: IU (IUS-12), fear of war (FoW), neuroticism (Big-Five), and anxiety (DASS). The SEM results confirmed the proposed model. A strong positive relationship was found of both IU and neuroticism with anxiety, FoW, and W-PRESS. Higher neuroticism was associated with higher W-PRESS, fully mediated by IU. IU also partially mediated the relationship of neuroticism with anxiety and FoW, respectively. In contextual uncertainty evoked by the outbreak of the nearby war, dispositional vulnerabilities, like IU and neuroticism may enhance the individual level of crisis management in the sense of preparing for and dealing with emerging risks.

Pengaruh Penerapan Sanksi Perpajakan Dan Layanan E-Samsat Terhadap Kepatuhan Wajib Pajak Dalam Pembayaran Pajak Kendaraan Bermotor Di Kantor Samsat Medan Utara

This study aims to determine (1) the effect of the application of tax sanctions on taxpayer compliance and (2) the effect of e-samsat services on taxpayer compliance. The subjects of this study are all taxpayers in North Sumatra. This research is populative with 100 respondents. Data collection method through questionnaire survey. The data analysis techniques used in this study are validity and reality tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, T test and F test and determination coefficient test.The results showed that (1) Application of Tax Sanctions Based on the processed data, the attitude of sanctions gave a calculated t result of 1700 1,984. So it can be concluded that the Application of Tax Sanctions has a positive effect on taxpayer compliance. (2) E-Samsat Service Based on the processed data, the preparatory behavior control gave a calculated t result of 236 1,984. The E-Samsat service has a positive effect on taxpayer compliance. The taxpayer's compliance is known to have a significant value for the effect of X1.X2 simultaneously on Y is 0.000 0.05 and the calculated F value is1.499 F table (3.09) then the hypothesis is accepted

Machine learning approach for the development of a crucial tool in suicide prevention: The Suicide Crisis Inventory-2 (SCI-2) Short Form.

The Suicide Crisis Syndrome (SCS) describes a suicidal mental state marked by entrapment, affective disturbance, loss of cognitive control, hyperarousal, and social withdrawal that has predictive capacity for near-term suicidal behavior. The Suicide Crisis Inventory-2 (SCI-2), a reliable clinical tool that assesses SCS, lacks a short form for use in clinical settings which we sought to address with statistical analysis. To address this need, a community sample of 10,357 participants responded to an anonymous survey after which predictive performance for suicidal ideation (SI) and SI with preparatory behavior (SI-P) was measured using logistic regression, random forest, and gradient boosting algorithms. Four-fold cross-validation was used to split the dataset in 1,000 iterations. We compared rankings to the SCI-Short Form to inform the short form of the SCI-2. Logistic regression performed best in every analysis. The SI results were used to build the SCI-2-Short Form (SCI-2-SF) utilizing the two top ranking items from each SCS criterion. SHAP analysis of the SCI-2 resulted in meaningful rankings of its items. The SCI-2-SF, derived from these rankings, will be tested for predictive validity and utility in future studies.

경향점수를 활용한 고등학교 방과후학교 참여 효과 : 대학진학 준비행동과 지역별 차이를 중심으로

경향점수를 활용한 고등학교 방과후학교 참여 효과 : 대학진학 준비행동과 지역별 차이를 중심으로

Cross-strata co-occurrence of ripples with theta-frequency oscillations in the hippocampus of foraging rats.

Brain rhythms have been postulated to play central roles in animal cognition. A prominently reported dichotomy of hippocampal rhythms links theta-frequency oscillations (4-12Hz) and ripples (120-250Hz) exclusively to preparatory and consummatory behaviours, respectively. However, because of the differential power expression of these two signals across hippocampal strata, such exclusivity requires validation through analyses of simultaneous multi-strata recordings. We assessed co-occurrence of theta-frequency oscillations with ripples in multi-channel recordings of extracellular potentials across hippocampal strata from foraging rats. We detected all ripple events from an identified stratum pyramidale (SP) channel. We then defined theta epochs based on theta oscillations detected from the stratum lacunosum-moleculare (SLM) or the stratum radiatum (SR). We found ∼20% of ripple events (in SP) to co-occur with theta epochs identified from SR/SLM channels, defined here as theta ripples. Strikingly, when theta epochs were instead identified from the SP channel, such co-occurrences were significantly reduced because of a progressive reduction in theta power along the SLM-SR-SP axis. Behaviourally, we found most theta ripples to occur during immobile periods, with comparable theta power during exploratory and immobile theta epochs. Furthermore, the progressive reduction in theta power along the SLM-SR-SP axis was common to exploratory and immobile periods. Finally, we found a strong theta-phase preference of theta ripples within the fourth quadrant [3π/2-2π] of the associated theta oscillation. The prevalence of theta ripples expands the potential roles of ripple-frequency oscillations to span the continuum of encoding, retrieval and consolidation, achieved through interactions with theta oscillations. KEY POINTS: The brain manifests oscillations in recorded electrical potentials, with different frequencies of oscillation associated with distinct behavioural states. A prominently reported dichotomy assigns theta-frequency oscillations (4-12Hz) and ripples (120-250Hz) recorded in the hippocampus to be exclusively associated with preparatory and consummatory behaviours, respectively. Our multi-strata recordings from the rodent hippocampus coupled with cross-strata analyses provide direct quantitative evidence for the occurrence of ripple events nested within theta oscillations. These results highlight the need for an analysis pipeline that explicitly accounts for the specific strata where individual oscillatory power is high, in analysing simultaneously recorded data from multiple strata. Our observations open avenues for investigations involving cross-strata interactions between theta oscillations and ripples across different behavioural states.

Seismic attenuation and stress on the San Andreas Fault at Parkfield: are we critical yet?

The Parkfield transitional segment of the San Andreas Fault (SAF) is characterized by the production of frequent quasi-periodical M6 events that break the very same asperity. The last Parkfield mainshock occurred on 28 September 2004, 38 years after the 1966 earthquake, and after the segment showed a ∼22 years average recurrence time. The main reason for the much longer interevent period between the last two earthquakes is thought to be the reduction of the Coulomb stress from the M6.5 Coalinga earthquake of 2 May 1983, and the M6 Nuñez events of June 11th and 22 July 1983. Plausibly, the transitional segment of the SAF at Parkfield is now in the late part of its seismic cycle and current observations may all be relative to a state of stress close to criticality. However, the behavior of the attenuation parameter in the last few years seems substantially different from the one that characterized the years prior to the 2004 mainshock. A few questions arise: (i) Does a detectable preparation phase for the Parkfield mainshocks exist, and is it the same for all events? (ii) How dynamically/kinematically similar are the quasi-periodic occurrences of the Parkfield mainshocks? (iii) Are some dynamic/kinematic characteristics of the next mainshock predictable from the analysis of current data? (e.g., do we expect the epicenter of the next failure to be co-located to that of 2004?) (iv) Should we expect the duration of the current interseismic period to be close to the 22-year “undisturbed” average value? We respond to the questions listed above by analyzing the non-geometric attenuation of direct S-waves along the transitional segment of the SAF at Parkfield, in the close vicinity of the fault plane, between January 2001 and November 2023. Of particular interest is the preparatory behavior of the attenuation parameter as the 2004 mainshock approached, on both sides of the SAF. We also show that the non-volcanic tremor activity modulates the seismic attenuation in the area, and possibly the seismicity along the Parkfield fault segment, including the occurrence of the mainshocks.

진로장벽과 취업 준비행동 간의 경로모형 탐색

Objectives This study is to explore the path model between career barriers and employment preparation behaviors of university students majoring in music in Hebei Province of China. parameters.
 Methods The subjects of the study are 317 university students majoring in music. The program of SPSS 25 is used for reliability, correlation, and confirmatory factor analysis, but LISREL 8.53 is used to verify the path model using the correlation between career barriers and employment preparation behaviors.
 Results In the path model finally adopted between career barriers and employment preparation behaviors for college students majoring in music, social ability barriers and home environment barriers reached the internal and external preparatory behavior, which is the employment preparatory behaviors, through major level barriers and occupational knowledge barriers. In this model, internal preparation behaviors acted as a preceding variable that had a positive effect on external preparation behaviors. Among the barriers of social ability, home environment, relative attitude, major level, and occupational knowledge, it is confirmed that the barriers of social ability and home environment act as predictors of fundamental education on employment preparation behaviors. However, it is confirmed that relative attitude barriers have no effect on employment preparation behaviors. The most influential factor of major level barriers is social ability barriers, followed by home environment barriers. The most influential factors on occupational knowledge barriers are major level barriers, and in the next order, the home environment barriers and social ability barriers are indicated.
 Conclusions In order to increase employment preparation behaviors for university students majoring in music at C University in Hebei Province, the education of internal preparation behaviors should be increased rather than that of external preparatoion behaviors. In order to increase employment preparation behaviors, the preparation behaviors will be increased only by education removing occupational knowledge barriers affected by social ability barriers, home environment barriers, and major level barriers. In addition, educational efforts are required to eliminate social ability barriers and home environment barriers by forming a work-related community and reducing the gap between the rich and the poor of each student in order to increase employment preparation behavior for university students majoring in music.

The olfactory bulb: A neuroendocrine spotlight on feeding and metabolism.

Olfaction is the most ancient sense and is needed for food-seeking, danger protection, mating and survival. It is often the first sensory modality to perceive changes in the external environment, before sight, taste or sound. Odour molecules activate olfactory sensory neurons that reside on the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity, which transmits this odour-specific information to the olfactory bulb (OB), where it is relayed to higher brain regions involved in olfactory perception and behaviour. Besides odour processing, recent studies suggest that the OB extends its function into the regulation of food intake and energy balance. Furthermore, numerous hormone receptors associated with appetite and metabolism are expressed within the OB, suggesting a neuroendocrine role outside the hypothalamus. Olfactory cues are important to promote food preparatory behaviours and consumption, such as enhancing appetite and salivation. In addition, altered metabolism or energy state (fasting, satiety and overnutrition) can change olfactory processing and perception. Similarly, various animal models and human pathologies indicate a strong link between olfactory impairment and metabolic dysfunction. Therefore, understanding the nature of this reciprocal relationship is critical to understand how olfactory or metabolic disorders arise. This present review elaborates on the connection between olfaction, feeding behaviour and metabolism and will shed light on the neuroendocrine role of the OB as an interface between the external and internal environments. Elucidating the specific mechanisms by which olfactory signals are integrated and translated into metabolic responses holds promise for the development of targeted therapeutic strategies and interventions aimed at modulating appetite and promoting metabolic health.

Development and psychometric validation of a novel scale for measuring ‘psychedelic preparedness’

Preparing participants for psychedelic experiences is crucial for ensuring these experiences are safe and, potentially beneficial. However, there is currently no validated measure to assess the extent to which participants are well-prepared for such experiences. Our study aimed to address this gap by developing, validating, and testing the Psychedelic Preparedness Scale (PPS). Using a novel iterative Delphi-focus group methodology (‘DelFo’), followed by qualitative pre-test interviews, we incorporated the perspectives of expert clinicians/researchers and of psychedelic users to generate items for the scale. Psychometric validation of the PPS was carried out in two large online samples of psychedelic users (N = 516; N = 716), and the scale was also administered to a group of participants before and after a 5–7-day psilocybin retreat (N = 46). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis identified four factors from the 20-item PPS: Knowledge-Expectations, Intention-Preparation, Psychophysical-Readiness, and Support-Planning. The PPS demonstrated excellent reliability (ω = 0.954) and evidence supporting convergent, divergent and discriminant validity was also obtained. Significant differences between those scoring high and low (on psychedelic preparedness) before the psychedelic experience were found on measures of mental health/wellbeing outcomes assessed after the experience, suggesting that the scale has predictive utility. By prospectively measuring modifiable pre-treatment preparatory behaviours and attitudes using the PPS, it may be possible to determine whether a participant has generated the appropriate mental ‘set’ and is therefore likely to benefit from a psychedelic experience, or at least, less likely to be harmed.

Impairment in recognition memory may be associated with near-term risk for suicide attempt in a high-risk sample

IntroductionPrior work has implicated several neurocognitive domains, including memory, in patients with a history of prior suicide attempt. The current study evaluated whether a delayed recognition test could enhance prospective prediction of near-term suicide outcomes in a sample of patients at high-risk for suicide. Methods132 Veterans at high-risk for suicide completed a computer-based recognition memory test including semantically-related and -unrelated words. Outcomes were coded as actual suicide attempt (ASA), other suicide-related event (OtherSE) such as aborted/interrupted attempt or preparatory behavior, or neither (noSE), within 90 days after testing. ResultsReduced performance was a significant predictor of upcoming ASA, but not OtherSE, after controlling for standard clinical variables such as current suicidal ideation and history of prior suicide attempt. However, compared to the noSE reference group, the OtherSE group showed a reduction in the expected benefit of semantic relatedness in recognizing familiar words. A computational model, the drift diffusion model (DDM), to explore latent cognitive processes, revealed the OtherSE group had decreased decisional efficiency for semantically-related compared to semantically-unrelated familiar words. LimitationsThis study was a secondary analysis of an existing dataset, involving participants in a treatment trial, and requires replication; ~10 % of the sample was excluded from analysis due to failure to master the practice tasks and/or apparent noncompliance. ConclusionImpairments in recognition memory may be associated with near-term risk for suicide attempt, and may provide a tool to improve prediction of when at-risk individuals may be transitioning into a period of heightened risk for suicide attempt.

PROMOTING HONG KONG ADULTS TO AGE WELL: INTERVENTION EFFECTS ON AGING PREPARATION ACROSS FOUR DOMAINS

Abstract Preparations for old age benefit physical and psychological health in later life. The population in Hong Kong has the longest life expectancy in the world. However, Hong Kong residents prepare less for their old age than their counterparts in the US and Europe. Hence, an evidence-based intervention program was developed to improve old-age preparation in Hong Kong. The program aimed to comprehensively cover the preparation for old age by involving four domains (finance, health, social relationship, and leisure activity). Specifically, the program started with four workshops where participants learned from experts on how to prepare for old age in four domains. Then, participants were grouped according to their domains of interest, and guided planning was provided to empower them to hold their old age-preparation activities for six months. A tracking survey was conducted every two weeks during the period. Finally, 140 adults (31 males; 45-83 years of age, Mage = 65.21, SD = 7.52) finished the intervention program. Findings showed that participants increased their levels of self-control, readiness for, and satisfaction with aging preparation in three domains (all except finance) after joining the workshop. After six months of intervention, a reduction in anxiety and an improvement in meaningfulness were also found in all four domains. These findings suggest that the intervention program motivates individuals to engage more in age-related preparatory behaviors across domains. This has practical implications for training old-age preparation.

Abstract 18715: A Cardiovascular Health Literacy Intervention Targeting Arab Women

Health Literacy (HL) is defined as an individual's motivation and ability to gain access to, understand and use information in ways which promote and maintain good health. Low health literacy is associated with increased cardiovascular risk factors. Arab women in Israel are at high cardiovascular risk with cardiovascular mortality that exceeds the mortality in Jewish women by 60%, and may have reduced health literacy. Objectives: To assess HL in Arab women in East Jerusalem and to design, implement and evaluate an interactive HL intervention in Arab women that will lead to an Increase in the percentage of women who utilize effective patient-doctor communication skills, increased self efficacy with regards to the patient-doctor interaction, improved comprehension of test results and increased cardiovascular knowledge. Methods: Tailored 3 session workshop. Questionnaires were administered before and 3 months after the intervention. Results: 267 women participated. 12.1% had inadequate health literacy and 24.2% had problematic health literacy. Of these women, there were matched pre/post questionnaires for 195 women. Matched participants reported increased preparatory behaviors before doctor visits including preparing symptom lists, question lists, medication lists, and medical documents (all p<.001.) They reported increased scores on the Perceived Efficacy in Patient-Physician Interactions scale (7.25 to 7.95, p<.001) , in particular in low efficacy participants who increased from 5.6 to 7.7, p<.001. Health literacy as measured on the HLS-EU-16 increased from 12.6 to 14.33 (p<.001), and 84.5% were in the sufficient range. Conclusions: A three session, tailored interactive HL workshop improved patients’ pre-visit preparation skills, self-efficacy and HL in a convenience sample of Arab women from East Jerusalem. HL can be improved with intervention and as such can be considered a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease.

Cognitive behavioral therapy for suicide prevention among Veterans receiving substance use disorder treatment: Results from a randomized trial

Veterans receiving substance use disorder (SUD) treatment are at a clear elevated risk for engaging in suicidal behaviors. Intervening to reduce suicide risk during an episode of SUD treatment could meaningfully target a key high-risk group of Veterans. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Suicide Prevention (CBT-SP) was developed to reduce the frequency and duration of suicidal ideation, as well as decrease suicidal behaviors. The form of CBT-SP in this study progressed from building an understanding of the cognitive model to practicing new skills, and highlighted the links between substance use, craving, self-efficacy and suicidal ideation and attempts. CBT-SP was compared to an attention matched 8-session control condition (termed Supportive Psychoeducational Control [SPC]) during a multi-site randomized controlled trial for 299 Veterans receiving outpatient SUD treatment services within the Veterans Health Administration. The frequency of suicidal ideation remained relatively constant over 24-months of follow-up, however the duration of suicidal ideation decreased, and suicide attempts decreased relative to baseline in both conditions. Forty-two participants (14%) reported at least one suicide attempt during the 2-year follow-up period. No statisticallysignificant differences were found between CBT-SP and SPC on any of these outcomes. Analyses of secondary outcomes indicate that preparatory behaviors for suicide were less common among those in the CBT-SP condition than SPC across the 24-month follow-up (OR, 95%CI = 0.44 (0.25, 0.79); p = 0.02). Veterans in SUD treatment are a high-risk group and delivery of suicide-specific interventions is feasible during SUD care. However, results did not indicate that CBT-SP was superior to SPC on any primary outcomes, underscoring the importance of identifying and testing alternative approaches that support suicide reduction in this group.

EEG wakefulness regulation in transdiagnostic patients after a recent suicide attempt

ObjectiveDecades of research have not yet produced statistically reliable predictors of preparatory behavior eventually leading to suicide attempts or deaths by suicide. As the nature of suicidal behavior is complex, it is best investigated in a transdiagnostic approach, while assessing objective markers, as proposed by the Research Domain Criteria (Cuthbert, 2013). MethodsA 15-min resting-state EEG was recorded in 45 healthy controls, and 49 transdiagnostic in-patients with a recent (<6 months) suicide attempt. Brain arousal regulation in eyes-closed condition was assessed with the Vigilance Algorithm Leipzig (VIGALL) (Sander et al., 2015). ResultsA significant incline of median vigilance and vigilance slope was observed in patients within the first 3-min of the EEG recording. Additionally, a significant positive correlation of self-reported suicidal ideation with the vigilance slope over 15-min recording time, as well as a significant negative correlation with EEG vigilance stage A1 during the first 3-min was found. ConclusionsTransdiagnostic patients with a recent suicide attempt show a distinct vigilance regulation pattern. Further studies including a control group consisting of patients without life-time suicide attempts are needed to increase the clinical utility of the findings. SignificanceThese findings might serve as potential objective markers of suicidal behavior.

Testing the effectiveness of two psychosocial interventions – ACCENT and Didactic – to prevent HIV/AIDS behavioral risk factors in Mozambican women: a randomized controlled study

ABSTRACT In Mozambique, women are the most affected by HIV/AIDS and heterosexual encounters remain the main route for HIV/AIDS. Condom use is the most effective method of HIV/AIDS prevention, and the intention to use and buy/get condoms has a significant role in safe sex behavior. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of two psychosocial interventions – the Didactic and ACCENT Interventions – to prevent HIV/AIDS among Mozambican Women. Participants were Mozambican women (n = 150), users of the gynecology clinic of the Central Hospital of Beira. The study design was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) with assignment to three groups: Didactic intervention, ACCENT intervention, and Control group. Measures were from an adaption of the Women's Health Questionnaire, which includes questions about sociodemographic, clinical, and behavioral variables related to HIV prevention/risk. There was a significant group effect on condom use and safer sex preparatory behaviors, F(2, 146) = 6.45, p = .002, with Bonferroni post-hoc tests showing differences between the ACCENT vs. Control groups and ACCENT vs. Didactic groups (all p = .022). There were no statistically significant time effects on both condom use and safer sex preparatory behaviors. Results are promising for HIV/AIDS prevention in Mozambican women at sexual risk, but replication is needed for generalizability of findings.

Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis: Psychopathological Features and Clinical Outcomes.

A wide variety of neuropsychiatric symptoms are described during the acute phase of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor encephalitis (ANMDARE), including psychosis, mania, depression, and catatonia, but there are few reports on suicidal thought and behaviors in ANMDARE. To address this gap in the literature, the authors measured the presence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors among a large cohort of Mexican patients diagnosed with definite ANMDARE. This observational and longitudinal study included patients with definite ANMDARE hospitalized at the National Institute of Neurology and Neurosurgery of Mexico between 2014 and 2021. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors were assessed before and after treatment by means of a clinical interview with relatives and a direct clinical assessment with each patient. Thoughts of engaging in suicide-related behavior and acts of suicidal and nonsuicidal self-directed violence before and during hospitalization were recorded. From a total sample of 120 patients who fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for definite ANMDARE, 15 patients (13%) had suicidal thoughts and behaviors during the acute phase of the disease. All 15 of these patients experienced psychosis and had suicidal ideation with intention. Three patients engaged in preparatory behaviors and seven carried out suicidal self-directed violence. Psychotic depression and impulsivity were more frequent among those patients with suicidal thoughts and behaviors than among those without any form of suicidality. Four patients engaged in self-directed violence during hospitalization. Remission was sustained in 14 of 15 patients, with suicidal ideation and self-directed violence persisting during follow-up in only one patient. Suicidal thoughts and behaviors are not uncommon during the acute phase of ANMDARE. On the basis of our sample, the persistence of these features after immunotherapy is rare but may be observed. A targeted assessment of suicidal risk should be strongly considered in this population.

Episodic foresight is impaired following acute alcohol intoxication.

Alcohol intoxication disrupts many aspects of cognition, including the generation of phenomenological characteristics of future events (a component of episodic foresight), and the execution of directed preparatory behaviours (a component of prospective memory). However, no study has tested whether alcohol intoxication is also associated with deficits engaging episodic foresight to guide future-directed behaviour. This study was designed to provide the first test of how alcohol intoxication influences the functional application of episodic foresight. The secondary aim was to establish the degree to which any observed episodic foresight difficulties associated with alcohol use might reflect broader problems in retrospective memory and executive control. Sex differences were also examined. Healthy adult social drinkers randomly received either a moderate dose of 0.6 g/kg alcohol (n = 61) or a matched placebo drink (n = 63) and then completed a validated measure that met strict criteria for assessing the functional application of episodic foresight as well as a broader cognitive test battery. Relative to the placebo condition, episodic foresight was impaired by acute alcohol consumption, with this impairment related to poorer retrospective memory, but not executive control. The negative effects of alcohol intoxication on episodic foresight did not differ as a function of sex. Even a moderate level of intoxication impairs the ability to use episodic foresight in a functionally adaptive way. These findings have implications for understanding many of the maladaptive behaviours that are often associated with acute alcohol use.

Prevalence of suicidal behavior in a northeastern Mexican border population during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Before the pandemic, suicide was already considered a global public health problem. The outbreak of COVID-19, a coronavirus-related infectious disease, began to impact people's physical and mental health. The factors that either contribute to or mitigate this risk need to be better understood, and this can only be accomplished through research. Therefore, this study aimed to study the prevalence of suicidal ideation and behavior in Tamaulipas, Mexico, during the COVID-19 pandemic. A quantitative, descriptive, and cross-sectional study was conducted. The sample consisted of 659 participants, of whom 194 (29.5%) were men and 465 (70.5%) participants were oldwomen, ranging in age between 16 and 68 years (M = 22.56, SD = 7.26). An adapted version of the Spanish version of the Columbia Suicidal Severity Rating Scale was used to assess the seriousness of suicidal ideation and behavior. The higher rates of suicidal indicators were suicidal ideation with "wish to dead" (39.9%), while the lower was suicidal ideation with a specific plan (8.2%). A total of 18.2% of participants reported "suicidal attempts before COVID-19," of whom 40% reported "suicidal attempts in the last 3 months." Suicidal behavior rates were lower: 13.7% of participants reported "non-specific preparatory behavior" and 13.3% reported "actual suicide attempts." Women were more likely than men to exhibit almost all indicators of suicidal ideation and behavior (OR = 1.63-2.54; 95% CI = 1.11-2.41, 1.76-3.68), as well as confinement (OR = 2.60; 95% CI = 1.73-3.91). Confinement for more than 40 days (OR = 0.55-0.66; 95% CI = 0.40-0.75, 0.47-0.93) and knowing a person infected with COVID-19 (OR = 1.57-2.01; 95% CI = 1.02-2.42, 1.20-3.34) were associated with a higher risk of exhibiting several suicidal indicators and having previously attempted suicide. Being a woman, knowing a person infected with COVID-19, and being confined, especially for longer than 40 days, are all risk factors for suicidal ideation. Therefore, intervention programs are needed to reduce the suicide risk prevalence, especially these days because of the influence of the pandemic, and should be primarily focused on those who present the risk factors associated with suicidal behavior identified in this study.

Factors Related to Preparatory Behaviors for the Death of Older Women who Lost Their Husbands before Old Age

Factors Related to Preparatory Behaviors for the Death of Older Women who Lost Their Husbands before Old Age

Correlations among Middle-aged and Older adults' Awareness of the Dementia National Responsibility System, Its Policy Effectiveness, and Preparatory Behaviors for Retirement

목적 : 본 연구는 중장년층의 치매국가책임제와 정책 실효성에 대한 인식 수준과 노후준비행동 간의상관관계를 규명하는데 목적이 있다. 연구방법: 2021년 2월부터 2021년 4월까지 연구에 동의한 한국의 중장년층을 대상으로 구글을 이용한 온라인 설문조사를 실시하였다. 정답이 누락되지 않은 총 102개의 설문지가 최종 자료로 사용되었다. SPSS 22.0 프로그램을 사용하여 빈도분석, t검정, 분산분석, 피어슨 상관분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과 : 분석결과, 치매국가책임제에 대한 인식은 응답자의 연령(p<.05)과 최종학력수준(p<.01)에 따라유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 치매국가책임제의 정책 효과에 대한 인식은 결혼상태(p<.05), 최종학력수준(p<.01), 월수입(p<.05)에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 은퇴에 대비한 노후준비행동에서는 종교(p<.05)와 월소득(p<.05)은 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 치매국가책임제에대한 인식과 노후준비행동 사이에는 매우 유의미한 상관관계가 있었다(p<.01). 치매국가책임제정책 실효성에 대한 인식과 노후준비행동 간에도 유의한 상관관계가 나타났다(p<.05). 결론 : 본 연구결과가 치매관련 정책 및 서비스 개발을 위한 기초적인 참고자료로 활용되기를 기대한다. 또한 제도 및 정책의 실효성을 위해 지역사회 중장년층 대상의 교육 및 홍보, 관련 연구들이활발히 이루어져야 할 것이다.