Traditional Medicine Preparation Research Articles

Possible interactions between selected food processing and medications.

The impact of food processing on drug absorption, metabolism, and subsequent pharmacological activity is a pressing yet insufficiently explored area of research. Overlooking food-processing-drug interactions can significantly disrupt optimal clinical patient management. The challenges extend beyond merely considering the type and timing of food ingestion as to drug uptake; the specific food processing methods applied play a pivotal role. This study delves into both selected thermal and non-thermal food processing techniques, investigating their potential interference with the established pharmacokinetics of medications. Within the realm of thermal processing, conventional methods like deep fat frying, grilling, or barbecuing not only reduce the enteric absorption of drugs but also may give rise to side-products such as acrylamide, aldehydes, oxysterols, and oxyphytosterols. When produced in elevated quantities, these compounds exhibit enterotoxic and pro-inflammatory effects, potentially impacting the metabolism of various medications. Of note, a variety of thermal processing is frequently adopted during the preparation of diverse traditional herbal medicines. Conversely, circumventing high heat through innovative approaches (e.g., high-pressure processing, pulsed electric fields, plasma technology), opens new avenues to improve food quality, efficiency, bioavailability, and sustainability. However, it is crucial to exercise caution to prevent the excessive uptake of active compounds in specific patient categories. The potential interactions between food processing methods and their consequences, whether beneficial or adverse, on drug interactions can pose health hazards in certain cases. Recognizing this knowledge gap underscores the urgency for intensified and targeted scientific inquiry into the multitude of conceivable interactions among food composition, processing methods, and pharmaceutical agents. A thorough investigation into the underlying mechanisms is imperative. The complexity of this field requires substantial scrutiny and collaborative efforts across diverse domains, including medicine, pharmacology, nutrition, food science, food technology, and food engineering.

Analysis of Diclofenac Sodium in Traditional Medicine (Jamu) for Rheumatism in Banjarmasin using TLC-UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Method

Jamu is one of Indonesia's most consumed traditional medicines. The government has clearly stated that traditional medicines are strictly prohibited from containing chemicals, both isolated and synthetic. Diclofenac sodium is one of the Non-Steroid Anti Inflammation Drug (NSAID) class drugs that have an effect as a pain reliever and anti-inflammatory, which is also often misused in traditional medicine preparations. The purpose of this study is to determine whether there is a chemical content of diclofenac sodium contained in the preparation of jamu pegal linu circulating in Banjarmasin using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and to determine whether the validation of the method using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer meets the established requirements. The results of qualitative analysis using thin-layer chromatography showed that 4 out of 7 samples identified positively contained diclofenac sodium with an Rf value of 0.825. The results of quantitative testing using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer showed the acquisition of an r-value of 0.9996, %RSD of 0.97%, % recovery of 95.28%, 92.82%, and 95.48% for the addition of standard solutions of 10 ppm, 15 ppm, and 20 ppm, as well as LOD & LOQ values of 1.1625 ppm and 3.8750 ppm. Based on the analysis results, it can be stated that 4 out of 7 samples of jamu pegal linu circulating in the Banjarmasin area are positive for diclofenac sodium with levels ranging from 10.257 - 18.465 mg/g (1.026% - 1.846%).

Integration of transcriptomics and metabolomics reveals toxicological mechanisms of ZhuRiHeng drop pill in the 180-day repeated oral toxicity study.

Background: ZhuRiHeng Drop Pill (ZRH) is a traditional Mongolian medicinal preparation. Despite its long history of use for the treatment of coronary heart disease, there have been few toxicological studies of the safety profile of ZRH. Purpose: In order to comprehensively elucidate the underlying mechanisms behind the observed toxicity of ZRH on rat livers in the 180-day repeated oral toxicity study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis by integrating transcriptomic and metabolomic data. Methods: High-resolution mass spectrometry was conducted to evaluate the constituents of ZRH. For the acute oral toxicity study, mice were administered a dose of 32g/(kg·d) of ZRH, while rats were instead orally administered 0.934, 1.868, or 3.736g/(kg·d) of ZRH over a 180-day period in a 180-day repeated oral toxicity study. Conventional index and organ weights/histology were then monitored to detect any potential ZRH treatment-related toxicity. To identify key genes and metabolites involved in ZRH toxicological processes, we performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of liver tissue upon ZRH treatment using RNA-seq techniques, qPCR and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses. Results: A total of 60 compounds in ZRH were identified and speculated in positive and negative ion modes. Mice in the acute toxicity study exhibited no signs of ZRH-related toxicity. In a protracted oral toxicity investigation spanning 180 days, discernible elevations in liver ratios were noted in both male and female rats across all three dose cohorts, relative to the control group (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01). Upon subjecting to ZRH treatment, our transcriptomic and qPCR analyses unveiled notable upregulation of crucial genes, exemplified by Abcb1b and Cyp2b2, known for theirs involvement in liver drug transport and metabolism function. Furthermore, our untargeted metabolomic analysis provided supplementary insights, revealing significant regulation in pyrimidine metabolism, as well as alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism pathways. Conclusion: Our study unveils a panoramic understanding of the temporal, dosage-specific, and gene dimensions surrounding the metabolic and transcriptional shifts induced by ZRH exposure. As we peer into the future, recommendations emerge for further exploration, encompassing aspects such as time dynamics, dosage considerations, and gene-centric avenues to enhance therapeutic efficacy.

Phytochemical evaluation, embryotoxic, and teratogenic effects of Buwakan (Decalobanthus peltatus (L.) A.R.Simões & Staples) leaf extracts on duck embryo.

Decalobanthus peltatus is a woody vine that is commonly utilized in traditional Southeast Asian medicinal preparations. Despite the documented therapeutic uses of D. peltatus, there is hardly any information regarding its toxic effects on its consumers. In this study, crude leaf extracts (aqueous, methanol, ethyl acetate, and hexane) from D. peltatus were prepared and evaluated for their embryotoxicity and teratogenic effects. Phytochemical screening of bioactive compounds from the plants showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and tannins. In addition, investigations on the toxicity of the crude leaf extracts were determined using brine shrimp lethality assay, in which the LC50 was calculated. Results showed that the ethyl acetate leaf extract was the most toxic among the crude leaf extracts, with an LC50 of 14.54 ppm. Based on this result, ethyl acetate leaf extract was treated on duck embryos, and the alteration of vascular branching patterns in the chorioallantoic membrane was quantified. Gross morphological and histological analysis of the skin tissues from the treated duck embryos were also examined. We found significant reduction of primary and tertiary vessel diameters in the duck embryos treated with ethyl acetate leaf extracts in both concentrations compared to the control group. Treated duck embryos exhibited gross malformations, growth retardation, and hemorrhages on the external body surfaces at 1000 ppm. Histopathological analysis of the skin tissues from the 14-day-old treated duck embryos showed a reduced number of feather follicles compared to the control group. These results suggest that D. peltatus crude leaf extracts present risks when taken in significant dosages and comprehensive toxicity testing on therapeutic herbs should be performed to ensure their safety on the consumers.

Novel positioning of Olea europaea L. (Olive) from farm to pharma indexed in pharmacopeia

The current study explores the transformative journey of L. (Olive) from its traditional role in random traditional medicine to its current positioning in pharmacopeia as a pharmaceutical preparation with defined dosage and indications. The comprehensive examination covers botanical and chemical profiles, traditional uses, pharmacological activities, extraction techniques, quality control, regulatory status, clinical studies, and future directions. Various analytical methods, including spectroscopic and chromatographic approaches, are discussed for quality evaluation and detection of adulteration. Additionally, the regulatory landscape, particularly within the European Union, is outlined, emphasizing the importance of accurate labeling and geographical origin disclosure. The regulatory status of L. varies across regions, ranging from restrictions due to safety concerns to inclusion in pharmacopeias as traditional herbal medicine or pharmaceutical preparations. A pivotal development highlighted is the incorporation of Olive into Egyptian pharmacopeia, signifying a significant shift towards evidence-based therapy and reinforcing its acceptance in mainstream healthcare.

Glucose transporter 4 translocation and glucose uptake by selected traditional medicinal preparations

Glucose transporter 4 translocation and glucose uptake by selected traditional medicinal preparations

Education "Love Immundrink"

Indonesia has very abundant natural wealth, especially Indonesian medicinal plants, which number more than 2000 types. This natural wealth is utilized by the community for consumption as herbal medicine and simple traditional medicine preparations. The very varied secondary metabolite content in herbal plants can be used as an immunomodulator. Immunomodulators are biological or synthetic substances that can stimulate, suppress or modulate components of the immune system, both innate and adaptive. The price of chemical drugs that act as immunomodulators on the market is expensive, so it is necessary to develop alternative immunomodulators that come from herbal ingredients that are easily available locally. Some herbal plants that are so far known as kitchen spices, if processed in the right way and with the right composition it can be used as an Immunodrink, which is a herbal drink that can boost the immune system. The aim of this community service is to provide education to the mothers of the An-Nisa' recitation congregation regarding several herbal ingredients that can improve the immune system and how to process them. The method for implementing this activity is through the lecture method which is carried out in the prayer room in Krajan hamlet, Mangli Village, Kaliwates District. The duration of the activity is 1 day. The result of this PKM activity is that the participants gain knowledge about several herbal ingredients that can be used as drinks that can boost the immune system and how to process them. The aim of this community service is to provide education to the mothers of the An-Nisa' recitation congregation regarding several herbal ingredients that can improve the immune system and how to process them. The method for implementing this activity is through the lecture method which is carried out in the prayer room in Krajan hamlet, Mangli Village, Kaliwates District. The duration of the activity is 1 day. The result of this PKM activity is that the participants gain knowledge about several herbal ingredients that can be used as drinks that can boost the immune system and how to process them. The aim of this community service is to provide education to the mothers of the An-Nisa' recitation congregation regarding several herbal ingredients that can improve the immune system and how to process them. The method for implementing this activity is through the lecture method which is carried out in the prayer room in Krajan hamlet, Mangli Village, Kaliwates District. The duration of the activity is 1 day. The result of this PKM activity is that the participants gain knowledge about several herbal ingredients that can be used as drinks that can boost the immune system and how to process them. The method for implementing this activity is through the lecture method which is carried out in the prayer room in Krajan hamlet, Mangli Village, Kaliwates District. The duration of the activity is 1 day. The result of this PKM activity is that the participants gain knowledge about several herbal ingredients that can be used as drinks that can boost the immune system and how to process them. The method for implementing this activity is through the lecture method which is carried out in the prayer room in Krajan hamlet, Mangli Village, Kaliwates District. The duration of the activity is 1 day. The result of this PKM activity is that the participants gain knowledge about several herbal ingredients that can be used as drinks that can boost the immune system and how to process them.

Acute toxicology on Danio rerio embryo and adult from Chinese traditional medicine preparation Danggui Shaoyao san

Ethnopharmacological relevanceAlthough the Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) prescription of Danggui Shaoyao San (DSS) presents substantial clinical efficacy and promising clinical prospects, the safety of DSS and its extracts have been inadequately investigated. The larva-adult duality of the zebrafish model offers a more efficient approach for evaluating the safety of herbal preparations in the fields of toxicology and pharmacology. Aim of the studyTo investigate the acute toxicity of the extract derived from Danggui Shaoyao San, a traditional Chinese medicine preparation, on both Danio rerio embryos and adult organisms. Materials and methodsThe components of DSS were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The hatching rate of Danio rerio juveniles with different concentrations of DSS was calculated and the morphological changes of juveniles after administration were observed through a microscope. The behavioral trajectory of the adult fish was recorded by the observation tower of the automated Danio rerio analysis system, and DSS's effects on the behavior was analyzed. The pathological changes of Danio rerio gills, livers, kidneys, intestines and spermaries were examined using HE staining. ResultsCompared with the control group, 25, 50 and 100 mg/L of DSS did not elicit any significant impacts on the hatching rate and morphology. Both 200 mg/L and the propylene glycol 2% reduced the hatching rate and caused the morphological teratogenic changes of the juvenile fish. The dosage of DSS below 100 mg/L had no discernible effect on the behavior of the adult fish, whereas the application of propylene glycol 2% was found to stimulate the adult fish, resulting in a notable increase in high-speed movement distance. 100 mg/L DSS group was not observed to cause any noticeable damage to the gills, livers, intestines and spermaries of Danio rerio, only mild nephrotoxicity was detected. The propylene glycol 2% group was found to result in pathological changes such as hyperplasia of epithelial cells on secondary lamellae, liver cell outline loss or atypia, tubal disorganization, goblet cell hypertrophy and irregularly arranged spermatozoa. ConclusionA viable approach for conducting toxicological studies on TCM preparations was developed and tested in this research. The findings showed that Danggui Shaoyao San has minimal acute toxicity to embryos and adult organisms at concentrations up to 100 mg/L. These results indicate that Danggui Shaoyao San is a safe TCM preparation.

Ethnobotanical study of traditional medicinal plants in Kebridehar and Shekosh districts, Korahi zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia

This study was conducted in Kebridehar and Shekosh districts, Ethiopia, to investigate an ethnobotanical study on traditional medicinal plants. Systematic random sampling techniques were used for data collection. Preference ranking, paired comparison, informant consensus factor, direct matrix ranking, and jaccard comparison were used for data analysis. A total of 44 medicinal plant species from 34 genera and 23 families have been documented as being used to treat 38 human, 5 livestock, and 1 both human and livestock ailment. The shrub category was the dominant growth form in the study area. The study showed that the most frequently used plant parts for the preparation of traditional medicine were roots (45.45 %), followed by leaves, glue, and liquid (11.36 % each). The most common route of administration was oral (30.77 %), followed by dermal (20.51 %). Jaccard's Coefficient of Similarity for Kebridehar and Shekosh for the reported traditional medicinal plants were 0.21, indicating some trend towards using common plants. Methanol extracts were more effective than ethanol extracts. The results of this study provide an insight into the anti-bacterial properties of the extracts of Aloe megalacantha, Ephorbiarobecchi, and Oppiliacampestris. This in vitro study demonstrated that these three folklore medicinal plants have good potential. In conclusion, the main threat to medicinal plants in the study area was drought. Therefore, it is recommended that the cultivation of medicinal plants be encouraged in home gardens.

Ethnobotanical Survey of Some Medicinal Plants used in Ikpoba-Okha Local Government Area, Edo State, Nigeria

Traditional use of plants for medicine has been an agelong practice among different ethnicities of the globe before the advent of modern medicine. A study was conducted among the people of Ikpoba-Okha Local Government Area of Edo State, Nigeria, to find out the ethnomedicinal knowledge of the traditional medical practitioners in the area for the purpose of documenting the available information relating to medicinal plants. Ikpoba-Okha Local Government Area comprise of 73 communities, out of which 32 (44%) communities were selected using stratified random sampling. Ethnobotanical data was collected using closed-end questionnaire, group discussion and guided field walk. A total of 500 questionnaire were administered to 37 local herb sellers, 144 traditional medical practitioner and 318 other local informants. Questionnaires used for the interview was divided into Part A &amp; B; A containing demographic information of respondent and part B contained information on medicinal plant such as plant local name, life form, part of plant used, ailments treated, method of preparation, mode of administration, dosage etc. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistical method. The investigation revealed that 111 plant species belonging to 53 families are used for the prevention and treatment of 80 ailments. 22.64% of the plant species use for medicinal purpose belong to the ‘’Fabaceae’’ family. The most common of traditional medicinal preparation and administration methods were decoction and oral administration among others. The study revealed that the most of the traditional medicine knowledge in the area is still strictly held in secrecy, with the older generation being the major practitioners. This greatly puts the knowledge of the medicine plants at risk of being eroded in the near future and therefore requires an urgent need for more documentations.

Ginseng-containing traditional medicine preparations in combination with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy for advanced gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Ginseng-containing traditional medicine preparations (G-TMPs) in combination with fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy (FBC) are well-known treatments for advanced gastric cancer (AGC), with a superior efficacy to FBC alone. However, evidence regarding their efficacy remains limited. The purpose of this meta-analysis is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of G-TMPs in combination with FBC for the treatment of AGC. Eight electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) using G-TMPs with FBC for the treatment of AGC. The primary outcome included the tumor response, while the secondary outcomes included the quality of life (QoL), proportions of peripheral blood lymphocytes, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and levels of cancer biomarkers. The quality of evidence for each outcome was assessed using GRADE profilers. A total of 1,960 participants were involved in the 26 RCTs included. Patients treated with FBC plus G-TMPs had better objective response (risk ratio [RR] = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13 to 1.35, p < 0.00001) and disease control (RR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.08 to 1.19, p < 0.00001) rates than those treated with FBC alone. Additionally, the combination group had a better QoL, higher proportions of CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and natural killer cells, as well as a higher CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio. Furthermore, lower levels of CA19-9, CA72-4, and CEA were confirmed in the combination treatment group. In addition, G-TMPs reduced the incidence of ADRs during chemotherapy. In combination with FBC, G-TMPs can potentially enhance efficacy, reduce ADRs, and improve prognosis for patients with AGC. However, high-quality randomized studies remain warranted. PROSPERO Number: CRD42021264938.

ETHNOBOTANICAL STUDY OF MEDICINAL PLANTS IN HORO DISTRICT, HORO GUDURU WOLLEGA ZONE OF OROMIA REGION, ETHIOPIA

An Ethinobotanical study of medicinal plants was carried out from September 2019 to June 2020 in Horo district, Horo Guduru Wollega Zone of Oromia regional state, Ethiopia. The study focused on the investigation of the traditional uses of medicinal plants and associated indigenous knowledge of the local people in the study area. A total of 70 informants (50 males and 20 females) aged between 20 -100 years were randomly selected from five kebeles.Out of these 10 key informants were selected by purposing sampling method based on information obtained from the local people and as well as own back ground information. Relevant information were collected by using semi-structured interview, guided field walk, group discussion and market survey. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), preference ranking, paired comparision and Direct matrix ranking. A total of 112 medicinal plant species which distributed across 104 Genera 50 families were identified. Of these a large number of medicinal plants were collected from the wild 70(62.5%), where as 42(37.5%) from home gardens. Asteraceae consisted of 10 species followed by Solonacieae with 9 species. About 80(71.43%) of medicinal plants were reported for treatment of humans, while 20(17.86%) were for livestock ailments. In addition,12(10.71%)were reported for treatment of both human and livestock ailments. In the study area, leaves (47.61%) and roots (21.43%) were the two most frequently utilized plant parts for preparation of remedies.Crushing which accounted for 27.94% waidely used method of preparation of traditional medicine in the study area. This is followed by powdering (26.47%) where as, large numbers of the medicinal plants were cited to be used in fresh forms, few were used dry. The most common mode of administration was found to be oral (61.03%) followed by dermal accounted for (29.41%). The different use categories of medicinal plant taxa in the area included food, firewood, charcoal, construction and forage. Major conservation threats included agricultural expantion, overgrazing, fire wood collection, charcoal production, cutting down trees for construction and furniture .There was no record that indicated the sever concervation impacts of overharvesting of medicinal plants and their parts in the current study area. In addition, to the aforementioned positive attitude of the local communities to the conservation of natural resources, supplementary environmental education with regared to sustainable uses of medicinal plants could be useful.

Phytochemical Screening of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl.) and Antibacterial Activity Test of Ethanol Extract Against Staphylococcus aureus Bacteria

Phaleria macrocarpa is known as one of the medicinal plants in Indonesia. Almost all parts of the plant have chemical content that is useful for being used as medicine. The growing use of crown plants by the community for various diseases requires a series of tests to obtain traditional medicine preparations that are safe for human use. The purpose of this study was to identify the content of secondary metabolite compounds (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, triterpenoids, and glycosides) and the antibacterial activity of Staphylococcus aureus with the good method because the good method has the advantage that it is easier to measure the area of the inhibition zone formed because an antibacterial activity is not only on the upper surface of nutrient agar but also at the bottom. The results of phytochemical screening showed that the flesh of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff). The results of testing the antibacterial activity of an ethanol extract of crown Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff) fruit flesh (Boerl) were positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Boerl.) showed effective results at a concentration of 40 mg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria with an inhibition zone diameter of 14 mm; the antibacterial activity was categorized as strong.

The industrially important genus Kaempferia: An ethnopharmacological review.

Kaempferia, a genus of the family Zingiberaceae, is widely distributed with more than 50 species which are mostly found throughout Southeast Asia. These plants have important ethnobotanical significance as many species are used in Ayurvedic and other traditional medicine preparations. This genus has received a lot of scholarly attention recently as a result of the numerous health advantages it possesses. In this review, we have compiled the scientific information regarding the relevance, distribution, industrial applications, phytochemistry, ethnopharmacology, tissue culture and conservation initiative of the Kaempferia genus along with the commercial realities and limitations of the research as well as missing industrial linkages followed by an exploration of some of the likely future promising clinical potential. The current review provides a richer and deeper understanding of Kaempferia, which can be applied in areas like phytopharmacology, molecular research, and industrial biology. The knowledge from this study can be further implemented for the establishment of new conservation strategies.

A cell-combining-oriented phytochemical screening strategy using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for the investigation of potential bioactive candidates in Chinese traditional medicine preparation Xiao-ai-ping injection

A cell-combining-oriented phytochemical screening strategy using triple quadrupole mass spectrometry for the investigation of potential bioactive candidates in Chinese traditional medicine preparation Xiao-ai-ping injection

Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Erythrina lithosperma Miq. Leaf Extract against Vero Cell Lines: In Vitro Study

In several societies, the development of traditional medicine employing plants to enhance medicinal formulations has been promoted as a valuable offering in therapeutic applications. Bali Province in Indonesia, which has a healthy culture until now, has a rich history of traditional medicine regarding the utilization of local plants. The purpose of this study was to determine the cytotoxicity of Erythrina lithosperma Miq leaf extract (ELLE) on Vero cells to gain knowledge of its potential as a standardized traditional medicine. A cytotoxicity test was performed on Vero cell lines grown on M119 medium with 10% FBS and incubated at 37°C in a CO2 incubator until confluent. Cells were collected and grown in 96 well microplates at a cell density of 2x104 cells/100mL/well at the start. After a 24-hour incubation period, extracts were subjected to concentrations ranging from 31.25 to 10,000µg/ml. Cell viability was determined using the MTT technique (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide). A one-way ANOVA test with a significance level of 5% was performed. Cell viability increased with decreasing concentration extracts used. There was no significant difference between concentrations of 500, 250, 125, 63, and 31µg/ml. A consistent and significant reduction occurred in cell proliferation added with very high extract concentrations. Empirically ELLE can be used as a traditional medicine for certain diseases, this experiment reduces the viability of Vero cells lines at very high concentrations. Overall, the findings of this study suggest that the investigated ELLE might be developed as a novel dietary component and traditional medicinal preparation for promoting human health.

Ethnobotanical survey of plants used by the riparian population of Banco National Park (Abidjan, Ivory Coast)

Abstract. Gnahore E, Kouadio KR, Amba AJG, Kone M, Bakayoko A. 2022. Ethnobotanical survey of plants used by the riparian population of Banco National Park (Abidjan, Ivory Coast). Asian J Ethnobiol 5: 121-129. Situated at the "heart" of Abidjan, Banco National Park (BNP), Ivory Coast, is the rare relics of moist, dense rainforests coveted everywhere. This work was undertaken with an aim of identifying the plants most usually used by the riparian population of BNP in human food, animal food, and pharmacopeia. An ethnobotanical survey was carried out of the riparian population of the BNP. The method consists of an ethnobotanical survey realized among the inhabitants of the park and those of the surrounding urban districts. The method used was semi-structured interviews. This study targeted 294 people, including 20% men and 80% women, aged between 30 and 60. A total of 36 plant species from 34 genera and 28 families were recorded. Thirteen species were used in food, three fodder species, and thirty others used to treat several ailments in the area. Two of these plants have strong ratio utilization in human food: Myrianthus arboreus P.Beauv. (15.25%) and M. libericus Rendle (14%). Thus, in the area study, five species are respectively considered threatened and three species rare. Leaves (32.55%) and bark (20.93%) are the most used organ. Decoction (98%) was the most common traditional medicine preparation method. Indigenous knowledge distribution in the community showed significant differences (p&lt;0.05) in the study groups for factors of age, sex, gender, and educational level. The number of resources used can seriously impact the forest negatively. It is urgent to adopt a lasting management plan for sustainable harvest for the safeguard and preservation of the plant cash of the BNP.

Research progress of natural plant in treating chronic periodontitis

Chronic periodontitis is one of the common human diseases, and its main characteristics are periodontal inflammation and alveolar bone destruction. The traditional treatment method is mechanical treatment. At present, antibiotics are commonly used to treat chronic periodontitis. Due to its side effects such as drug resistance and disruption of microbial environment, the natural medicine gradually show their advantages, it becomes a research hotspot. Since antiquity, Chinese traditional medicine and compound preparations have been used in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases. This article shows the research progress of natural plant in the treatment of chronic periodontitis.

Phytochemical analysis and evaluation of haemolytic potential of methanolic extracts of root of Chrysopogon zizanioides and rhizome of Acorus calamus

Many plants and plant-derived products have been used in the preparation of traditional medicine to prevent and treat various diseases. Even though medicinal plants are rich sources of bioactive compounds, analysis of their composition is a prerequisite along with an evaluation of their cytotoxicity. The haemolytic test determines the ability of any compound to destroy red blood cells, leading to the release of haemoglobin. Plants Chrysopogon zizanioides and Acorus calamus have been reported to exhibit several medicinal properties. Hence this study was designed to elucidate the medicinal plant extracts by phytochemical analysis and to evaluate the haemolytic potential of methanolic extracts of the root of Chrysopogon zizanioides and rhizome of Acorus calamus, towards the human erythrocytes, using spectrophotometer. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids and carbohydrates in the crude extract of both plants. From the results of this study, it is clear that the percentage of haemolysis increases with an increase in the concentration of crude extract of the root of Chrysopogon zizanioides and rhizome of Acorus calamus treatments. However, in both the treated groups, the haemolysis percentage was very less; indicating that these extracts are safe for human erythrocytes.

Inhibitory Mechanism of IL-6 Production by Orento in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cell Line CAL27 Stimulated by Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns from Periodontopathogenic Porphyromonas gingivalis.

Orento is a traditional Japanese medicinal kampo preparation that is also prescribed in oral care. In oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line CAL27, orento significantly inhibited periodontopathogenic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoproteins (PAMP)-stimulated production of interleukin (IL)-6. This suggests that orento negatively regulates PAMP-mediated toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling. Orento significantly suppressed PAMP-stimulated activation of the IL-6 promoter, indicating that orento may suppress the production of IL-6 by PAMP at the transcriptional level. Orento also suppressed TLR-mediated activation of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) that was stimulated by PAMP. This finding indicates that orento may suppress the function and activation of factors involved in TLR signaling, thereby suppressing NF-kB-dependent expression of various genes. Orento suppressed IL-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK4), IRAK1, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation in PAMP-stimulated CAL27 cells. This result indicates that orento is involved in the initiation of TLR signaling by PAMP and suppresses the downstream signaling pathways of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88) such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-kB cascades. These findings suggest that orento has an inhibitory effect on the production of inflammatory cytokines.