Preparation Of Silage Research Articles

The effective significance of different options for harvesting fermented feed

Relevance. The production of fermented feed is associated with the need to change and improve the digestibility of nutrients in both ruminants and other animals. The use of the fermentation process significantly affects the level of pathogenic microorganisms in the feed. In recent years, much attention has been paid to the development of bacterial starter cultures that regulate microbiological processes during silage.The aim of the study was to study the nutritional changes of fermented feed (silage) using bacterial starter cultures «Silostan» and probiotic drug «Lactobifadol forte».Metods. Research objects: «Silostan» – a feed additive for silage of vegetable raw materials; probiotic, which is used to restore microflora and digestion in animals, «Lactobifadol forte» for cattle.Results. The preparation of corn silage with the introduction of a complex bacterial starter culture «Silostan» and «Lactobifadol forte» contributes to the better preservation of dry matter and nutrients in the feed product. The use of corn silage with the introduction of starter cultures, compared with self-preservation in the diet of cattle, increases the adhesion of rumen microorganisms to feed particles and, as a result, will lead to better digestibility of feed nutrients and increase nutrient availability and productivity.

Effects of Moisture Content and Silage Starter on the Fermentation Quality and In Vitro Digestibility of Waxy Corn Processing Byproduct Silage

We investigated the effects of the moisture content and silage starter preparation on the fermentation quality, nutritional value, and in vitro digestibility of waxy corn processing byproducts and rice bran (WRB) mixed silage and waxy corn processing byproducts and rice polished powder (WRPP) mixed silage. Two mixed silages with 55%, 60%, and 65% moisture content (MC) were set up without any additives (control) or with former Lactobacillus (L), and opened on the 60th day after storage the fermentation quality, nutritive value, and in vitro digestibility of the silages in each treatment. The optimal formulation of high-quality waxy corn processing byproduct (WCPP) silage was screened to provide a reference and theoretical basis for the further development and utilisation of WCPPs. The results showed that the proportions of ammonia nitrogen to total nitrogen (AN/TN) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) significantly decreased with a decreasing MC, whereas the levels of lactic acid (LA), crude protein (CP), dry matter (DM), and in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD) significantly increased (p < 0.05) for both mixed silages with L. After treatment with 60% MC, the content of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) was significantly lower, and the CP content was significantly greater in the WRB mixed silage treated with L (p < 0.05). With 55% MC, the addition of L not only reduced the pH and AN/TN ratio of the two mixed silages but also significantly improved their in vitro digestibility (p < 0.05). Studies have shown that reducing the MC of silage raw materials and adding L allows for the preparation of high-quality silage.

Ensiling alfalfa of foreign selection with experimental biological preparations

The article considers the results of a laboratory study of the use of experimental preparations Inoculant 1 and Inoculant 2, containing live bacteria and their combinations, in the preparation of silage from the green mass of alfalfa of foreign selection in the budding phase. The mass fraction of moisture, crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), as well as the concentration of the mass fraction of organic acids (lactic, acetic and butyric) were determined. The positive influence of the consortium of microorganisms in the preservation of nutrients and energy of the finished silage has been established. Elevated indicators of dry matter and metabolic energy in experimental samples were revealed, the concentration of which is significantly higher than the control ones in terms of dry matter - by 1.55 and 1.69%, in terms of metabolic energy - by 2.60 and 1.38%.

Comparative assessment of the nutritional value of feed from rare silage crops

Relevance. The article is devoted to the study of the nutritional and energy value of feed from perennial rare silage crops — goatʼs rue eastern and pierced leaf sylphia, ways to improve the quality of their silage using low-cost methods of conservation.Methods. The research was carried out in 2019–2021 at the Gubino agricultural polygon of VNIIMZ (Tver region). Highly productive silage crops were studied: eastern goat, freshly mown eastern goat, plus meadow fescue (60:40%); eastern goat, plus pronzennolistnaya silfia (60:40%); eastern goat, slightly dried; pronzennolistnaya silfia; pronzennolistnaya silfia plus otava eastern goat (60:40%); corn plus from the eastern goat (60:40%); corn (control). The area of the experiment is 6.1 hectares, the placement of options is randomized, in three tiers, the repetition is three-fold, the use is twoaxis.Results. The preparation of high-quality silage from perennial, uncommon silage crops requires special technological methods: the choice of the vegetation phase in which the culture has the optimal ratio of nutrients, the use of carbohydrate additives, and wilting of the mass. In the course of the research, silage samples from all varieties of crops and grass mixtures were analyzed in a comparative aspect. It was found that the total content of organic acids in the silage was high (1.68– 3.22%). Lactic acid fermentation prevailed in all variants, which ensured the production of silage of the 1st class. The largest share of lactic acid (more than 80%) falls on silage from the eastern goat, silfia pronzennolistnaya and corn. The concentration of the exchange energy was highest in the silage from the eastern goat (11.8 MJ/kg), a mixture of goat and meadow fescue (11.1 MJ/kg), silfia pronzennolistnaya (10.9 MJ/kg) and the joint silage of the silfia with the otava of the goat (10.8 MJ/kg) of dry matter (SV), respectively (the significance of the differences is p < 0.05).

Effect of Compound Additives on Nutritional Composition, Fermentation Quality, and Bacterial Community of High-Moisture Alfalfa Silage

The wilting process is required for the preparation of traditional low-moisture silage, which is not only subject to the interference of rainfall during the harvest season in many areas, but also increases labor, economic, and time costs. Therefore, in this experiment, newly harvested alfalfa was supplemented with a complex additive consisting of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), sucrose, and corn flour, and then ensiled directly in order to explore a suitable high-moisture silage processing method. There were four groups: control (CK), 0.01 g/kg LAB plus 2% sugar (S), 0.01 g/kg LAB plus 5% corn flour (C5), and 0.01 g/kg LAB plus 5% corn flour (C10). The results show that all four types of silage had significantly reduced acid detergent fiber, acetic acid content, and ammonia/total nitrogen (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp. was significantly higher (p < 0.05), and that of Weissella, Clostridium sensu stricto 12, and Pantoea genera was significantly lower (p < 0.05) in all four treatments. Group S had significantly increased crude protein content, and groups C5 and C10 had significantly reduced neutral detergent fiber. Overall, group C10 had the highest LA concentration, the highest relative abundance of Lactobacillus spp., and the lowest pH, ammonia/total nitrogen, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. Silage with a complex additive consisting of LAB + 10% corn flour is recommended to achieve good fermentation with high nutritional quality.

Energy and economic efficiency of corn silage production with flat grain of soy bean on reclaimed lands of upper volga

This study presents the results of ensiling technology of the aboveground mass of corn both in pure form and with flat grain of soybeans or its green in order to provide canned fodder with digestible protein up to the zootechnical norm for high-intensity livestock farms. The study was carried out on the reclaimed lands of the Non-Chernozem zone on the basis of the livestock farm OJSC Agrofirm Dmitrova Gora of the Konakovsky district of the Tver region. They used the soybean variety of the northern ecotype with an indeterminate growth type - Okskaya. It was found that with flat soybean grain increase in silage by 1%, the yield of digestible protein elevates by 3.7% on average, and with the ratio of soybeans and corn by 8:92%, a complete supply of 1 feed unit with protein (106.5 g) is recorded. The yield of metabolic energy in the variant of experiment by 8:92%, where the feed unit reached the zootechnical norm in terms of protein supply, was practically the same in comparison with the preparation of silage from the aboveground mass of soybeans and corn in the ratio of 15:85% and amounted to 145.42 GJ ha-1 and 145.89 GJ ha-1 respectively.

Eligibility criteria for joint ensilage of maize and yellow lupine on poorly productive lands of the Upper Volga region

In the modern conditions of RF agro-industrial complex development, the transfer of animal husbandry to an industrial basis is possible only with high-grade vegetable protein production increase. Silage of the aboveground mass of pure corn during all phases of plant growth and development does not provide the content of nutrients in the feed unit according to the zootechnical requirements. Therefore, to optimize the finished feed in terms of the carbohydrate-protein ratio, green mass of legumes should be added to its composition during the preparation of silage from corn. The selection of the legume component should be carried out taking into account the following main criteria: coincidence with corn by the growing season duration, the same attitude to soil and climatic resources and insolation conditions, high provision of the legume component with digestible protein, dry matter, starch and exchange energy during the ensiling period. It has been established that the joint ensiling of corn with yellow lupine is expedient when the corn is in waxy ripeness, and the lupine is in the phase of shiny beans with the component ratio of 55:45%. In this case, the content of digestible protein in 1 feed unit of finished silage is 100.2 g at reliable feed supply with both irreplaceable (36.0 g) and critical (7.2 g) amino acids.

Essential oil and apple pomace affect fermentation and aerobic stability of alfalfa silage

This study assessed the effects of the additions of an essential oil (EO), composed of ricinoleic acid, cardol, cardanol, and apple pomace, on fermentation quality and aerobic stability of alfalfa silages. The experimental treatments consisted of T1) alfalfa (control), T2) alfalfa with EO, T3) alfalfa (75%) with apple pomace (25%), T4) alfalfa (75%) with apple pomace (25%) and EO, T5) alfalfa (50%) with apple pomace (50%), T6) alfalfa (50%) with apple pomace (50%) and EO, T7) alfalfa (25%) with apple pomace (75%), and T8) alfalfa (25%) with apple pomace (75%) and EO. The addition of apple pomace decreased the silage pH compared with the control (P <0.01). Apple pomace at 25% level increased the total volatile fatty acid (iVFA) content (P <0.05). Essential oil (EO) decreased tVFA and increased dry matter (DM) content 90 days after ensiling (P <0.01). Apple pomace decreased ammonia (N-NH3), crude protein (CP), and crude ash (CA) content and increased the amounts of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) (P <0.01). Essential oil and apple pomace (level 75%) increased effective digestibility (P <0.05). Apple pomace decreased aerobic stability and the addition of EO increased aerobic stability (P <0.05). Thus, use of apple pomace as a source of fermentable carbohydrate and/or the addition of EO in the preparation of high-quality alfalfa silage is recommended to offset its high buffering capacity and low carbohydrate content.

Levels of acid detergent insoluble protein in grasses and feeds made from them

The purpose of this research is to assess the level of thermal damage by determining the content of acid detergent insoluble crude protein (ADICP) in perennial cereal forage grasses Bromus inermis, Festuca pratensis, Phleum, depending on the phase of their vegetation (at the beginning of shooting, during the earing and flowering phases), as well as in silage and haylage prepared from them during the same phases. Samples for analyzes were dried at the temperature of 60-65 °C. Nitrogen of ADICP was determined in the residue of ADF (acid detergent fiber) obtained by filtering a solution of acid detergent through a paper filter. With the growth of grasses, an increase in the content of ADF in them was observed, followed by an increase in ADICP in Phleum and especially in Festuca pratensis which was characterized by higher rates of ADF accumulation. In Bromus inermis, the increase in ADF did not lead to an increase in the concentration of ADICP in the grass due to a decrease of its portion in ADF. The content of ADICP in green grass ranged from 0.85 to 1.58 % in dry matter, ADF ‒ from 27.0 to 45.8 %, no correlation was found between them. Conservation of grasses in all phases of their growth caused an increase in the content of ADF compared to the original grass, but the mass fraction of ADICP in the dry matter of silage and haylage was not higher than in the original grass, due to a lower mass fraction of ADICP in the ADF compared to grasses. In this regard, it is noted that if the technology of harvesting silage and haylage is observed, there is no increase in the level of thermal damage to these feeds. In this regard, it is noted, that when the preparation of silage and haylage is carried out according to the required technology, there is no increase in the level of thermal damage to these feeds. There is close correlation between the percentage of ADICP in CP (crude protein) and the contents of CP. The correlation coefficients were -0.83; -0.88 and -0.92 for grasses, silage and haylage, respectively. The lowest percentage of ADICP in CP was observed in the early phases of grass growth. In this regard, there is a need to harvest them in earlier growth phases, since the content of CP decreases with growth and the proportion of indigestible protein in it increases. If there are organoleptic signs of thermal damage to feeds given in the article, it is recommended to make an amendment to CP content on the basis of the result of the analysis for the content of ADICP.

Wastes Valorization of Wheat Straw and Wheat Bran Treated with Urea, Probiotic or Organic Acids to Enhance Ruminal Gas Production and Digestibility of Pumpkin By-product

This study designed to evaluate the effect of dietary wastes of wheat straw, wheat bran and urea (WU) treated with probiotic (PR) and organic acids (OA) on ruminal gas production and digestibility of pumpkin by-product (PB) silage. The quantities of wheat straw (90%), wheat bran (8%) and urea (2%) were used for the initial preparation of silage. The PB was ensiled at various ratios of 80, 82.5 and 85% and 20, 17.5 and 15%, with WU, PR and OA respectively. Ecosyl Products® as a PR and acetic acid as an OA were at application rates of 0 and 0.1%. The compounds of this probiotic include dried Lactobacillus plant arum, sugar, dried mushrooms, di-potassium phosphate, glycine, magnesium sulfate, sodium aluminum oxide, sodium erythorbate. Silages were opened 60 days after ensiling, and chemical composition, produced biogas, dry matter and organic matter digestibility were determined. Dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased (P < 0.05) with the addition of Ecosyl and acetic acid and the combination of both. The pumpkin silage produced gas was increased (P < 0.05) with Ecosyl additive at different hours. Moreover, silage nutritional parameters of gas production, the dry matter and organic matter digestibility increased (P < 0.05) with Ecosyl additive. The addition of probiotic was more successful in ensiling, and the best ratio of silage was 85%PB + 15%WU + PR.

EFFICIENCY OF USING IN FEEDING CALVES VETCH-OAT SILAGE PREPARED WITH PROBIOTICS

The results of the study of the effectiveness of new probiotic preparations based on strains of probiotic microorganisms in the preparation of silage from cereal-legume mixtures of annual forage crops with high humidity and their impact on the interior performance and productivity of fattening calves.&#x0D; in production conditions, two variants of vetch-oat silage were preserved, the control one was fermented with BPS-L leaven at a dose of 10 ml per tone, and the experimental one was preserved with probiotic preparation KT-L 18/1 at a dose of 8 ml per tone of green mass. Both preparations are domestically produced, created in the laboratory of probiotics of the Institute of Agriculture Microbiology and Agro-Industrial Manufacture of NAAS.&#x0D; A study of the chemical composition and nutritional value of silos showed that the addition of probiotic preparations BPS-L and KT-L 18/1 to the green mass by ensiling annual forage crops with high humidity (78-80%) contributes to the preservation of dry matter at 91-94, crude protein 90-93 and carotene 85-88%, provides the optimal level of lactic acid fermentation, accumulation of lactic acid at the level of 67-69%, acetic - 29-32% without accumulation butyric acid. Based on data on chemical composition, fermentation acid content and organoleptic evaluation, such silos were classified as quality class 1.&#x0D; Studies on animals (calves for fattening) lasted 140 days in the experimental farm "Obroshyne" Pustomyty district of Lviv region. The main diet of both groups consisted of cereal-legume hay, winter wheat straw, pulp and feed. Animals of the control group received an additional 15 kg of silage prepared with BPS-L, and experimental - 14.5 kg of silage with the KT-L 18/1.&#x0D; In the rumen fluid calves were fed silage harvested with drug KT-L 18/1 noted the increase in the concentration of nitrogen free amino acids and protein nitrogen in the background reduction of ammonia.&#x0D; Established tendency to increase the level of red blood cells and hemoglobin content of calves in the experimental group.&#x0D; Analysis of serum protein spectrum showed a significant increase in the level of albumin and γ-globulin fractions in animals that consumed silage prepared with the KT-L 18/1.&#x0D; Average daily live weight increase of calves in experimental group were 703 g, its 4.2% higher than in controls (675 g).

Nutrition Mass Changes of Teak Leaves (Tektona grandis) Complete Feed Silage Fermented at Different Storage Duration

This study aimed to increase the nutritional value of teak leaves as feed for ruminants by carrying out fermentation at different storage times. This research was conducted in April - July 2020. The preparation of complete feed silage made from teak leaves (Tektona grandis)was carried out in the UNASMAN Animal Husbandry Study Program. The nutritional analysis was carried out at the Feed Chemistry Lab, Faculty of Animal Husbandry, Hasanuddin University. This study was designed using the CRD method with five treatments and three replications so that the number of experimental units was 5. The treatments are A0 = 0 weeks (control); A1 = 2 weeks; A2 = 4 weeks; A3 = 6 weeks; A4 = 8 weeks. The results showed that storage time had a significant effect lower (P &lt;0.05) on the nutrients mass (dry matter, crude protein, crude fat, and crude fiber). Storage of complete feed silage made from teak leaves is effective for 2-4 weeks of storage.

Effects of lactic acid bacteria on the quality of silage and health of ruminants

Silage is an essential part of the rations for ruminants. Preparation and production of high-quality silage is vital to improving the quality and efficiency of animal husbandry. The nutritive value and fermentation quality of silage is dependent on not only the type and quality of the forage crop, but also the ensiling technique and epiphytic microbiota. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), as an important silage additive and feed probiotics, play an important role in improving the quality of silage forage and regulating the growth performance and health of ruminants. LAB offer various advantages for ruminants as potential probiotics and are able to improve nutrient acquisition, growth performance and immune function stimulation in ruminants. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on the effects of LAB on silage quality and ruminant health. The comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the biological functions of important microorganisms, like LAB, in the silage fermentation process, the mechanisms of action, and the physiological effects on ruminant health is useful for developing highly effective compound silage inoculants, and for providing a scientific basis for improving physiological health of ruminants.

Comparison study of flaxseed, cinnamon and lemon seed essential oils additives on quality and fermentation characteristics of lucerne silage

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of some essential oils on chemical properties and aerobic stability of lucerne silage. Treatments included lucerne silage without additives (control), lucerne silage with 60 mg cinnamon essential oil/kg, lucerne silage with 60 mg flaxseed essential oil/kg, lucerne silage with 60 mg lemon seed essential oil/kg, lucerne silage with 180 mg blend of essential oils (60 mg cinnamon + 60 mg flaxseed + 60 mg lemon seed essential oils/kg). Adding essential oils to lucerne silage reduced silage pH (p &lt; 0.001) compared to control. The highest level of total volatile fatty acids (tVFA) was found when lemon seed essential oil and the lowest level when flaxseed essential oil was used. The lucerne silages treated with essential oils had the highest crude protein contents (p &lt; 0.01). Untreated lucerne silage had the highest level of gas production compared to lucerne silage treated with lemon seed and flaxseed essential oils (p &lt; 0.01). The essential oil additives increased the aerobic stability of the silage. It can be concluded that the use of essential oil additive in the preparation of high quality lucerne silage, can improves the quality and nutritive value of silages.

Theory and practice of feed silage in containers made of airtight film

The article provides a brief analysis of research results in the field of preparation and storage of silage feed. A brief description of the innovative energy – resource saving technology for the preparation and storage of silage in vacuum-processed containers made from an airtight film is given. The theory of compaction of feed in a container due to its self-weight of the silage and vacuum pressure is presented. It is shown that only vacuum gauge pressure acts on the top of a container, and the difference between the gauge pressure and the lateral and axial pressure, respectively act on the side and bottom of it. The practice of using vacuum-processed containers during silage has shown that a compacted layer is formed over the entire surface of the obtained monolith, which prevents the exit of juice and air from silage. With the porosity of the mass approaching zero, the density of grinded mass of plants approaches the density of their stems and further compaction of silage is senseless. Sufficient vacuum for silage is 60–70 kPa. The density of the compressed silage monoliths in this case is 700–800 kg/m3.

Seasonal performance of shared silage combine harvesters in a machinery ring

The article presents the results of monitored operation of combines during the first season of their joint use for silage preparation in the northern part of Montenegro in machinery rings in the municipalities of Bijelo Polje, Berane and Pljevlja. The seasonal performance was determined for a total of 6 combines, of which only one was used for the preparation of silage from whole corn plants, one combine was used for preparing silage from cuts, and four combines were intended for direct mowing and ensiling of grass. The research included 7 machinery rings and 45 farmers, of which 11 (24.44%) shared harvesters for the preparation of silage from grass, alfalfa, a mixture of legumes, and grain. During the season, the shared harvesters worked 45 days and achieved an output of 23.95 ha and 687.75 t of silage. For the preparation of silage from whole corn plants in 2 machinery rings, a joint combine was used by 9 farmers. The total seasonal performance of the combine was 14.9 ha of harvested land, and 468.45 t of corn silage for 19 days of work. The extent of use of shared silage combine harvesters depends on plot size, area under fodder plants, organization of work, output of the combine, optimal dates for cultural operations, and weather conditions i.e. the number of days suitable for work, etc.

Application of ensilage as a green approach for simultaneous preservation and pretreatment of macroalgae Ulva lactuca for fermentable sugar production

Green macroalgae Ulva lactuca could be a potential marine biomass feedstock for the production of biofuel and biochemicals. However, the high moisture content makes long-term preservation of fresh Ulva biomass a challenge. Ensilage has been suggested as a green approach to preserving and pretreating fresh biomass without intensive energy input. In this study, silage additives including cellulase complex and inoculum of Lactobacillus plantarum were tested and applied to circumvent the difficulties associated with ensilage of the Ulva species, such as insufficient water-soluble carbohydrate and low lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count. The experimental results with statistical analysis indicated that the addition of both cellulase complex at 10 carboxymethyl cellulose unit (CMCU)/g dry biomass and inoculum of Lactobacillus plantarum at 106 cfu/g dry biomass was necessary to drop silage pH value to lower than 4 in 15 days. The successful preparation of Ulva silage could retain around 92% solid and most of the carbohydrates and the ensiled Ulva biomass could produce more reducing sugar than fresh biomass by dilute acid hydrolysis at high solid content and moderate temperature. Moreover, with further enzymatic hydrolysis, the Ulva silage proved to be fermentable by LAB for lactic acid production. The results suggested that ensilage could be a useful process for simultaneous preservation and pretreatment of Ulva biomass for fermentable sugar production.

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English

Preparation of fish waste silage and its effect on the growth performance and meat quality of broiler chickens.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal with fish-waste silage (FWS) in diets on growth performance and meat quality in broiler chickens. Fish waste (FW) was fermented with molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum and Aspergillus oryzae for 15 days. A total of 240 day-old male Cobb 500 broiler chickens were used in a 42-day experiment in which the birds were randomly allotted to one of five dietary treatments (containing 0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 gkg-1 FWS) in a completely randomized design. Results indicated that the fermentation process significantly reduced pH and ether extract, but it increased crude protein content and lactic acid bacteria count in FW. The use of FWS significantly improved daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio of broilers. The amount of thiobarbiturate-reducing substances and lipid content in chicken's meat fed diet containing FWS was significantly lower than in the group fed a control diet. In conclusion, the microbial fermentation process is effective in improving nutritive values of FW. Feeding up to 120 gkg-1 FWS also improves the performance and meat quality of birds and can be used as a suitable protein source in broiler chickens' diet. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of using tofu cake silage as a secondary material for preparation of rice grain silage

Effect of using tofu cake silage as a secondary material for preparation of rice grain silage