Preparation Of Microcrystalline Cellulose Research Articles

Isolation of Cellulase from Selected Fungal Strains and Its Use for Manufacture Microcrystal Cellulose from Kapuk Cortex (Ceiba Pentandra (L.) Gaertn)

This study aims to obtain cellulase enzymes from selected molds for microcrystalline cellulose preparation from ????-cellulose of kapok cortex. Alpha-cellulose was obtained by biodelignification, and the purified cellulase was obtained from the selected mold. The Microcrystalline cellulose obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis was then identified FTIR and DSC, followed by characterization of microcrystalline cellulose, Particle Size and Distribution Analysis (PSA), and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), Loss on drying, pH, bulk density, tapped density, and flow rate. Biodelignification produced 14.88% ????-cellulose, Penicillium sp. the selected mold had the highest cellulase activity, with a cellulolytic index of 4.83. FTIR identification was similar to Avicel PH 101 with a melting point of 244.580°C. Loss on drying was 3.74%, pH was 7.0, particle size ranged from 13.06 to 196.79 ????m, bulk density and tapped density were 0.11 g/cm3 and 0.23 g/cm3, respectively flow rate character is quite good. SEM-EDX was showed that the morphological shape of the microcrystalline cellulose of the kapok cortex is elongated. Microcrystalline cellulose has shown a quite similar in character and can be furthered.

Preparation of microcrystalline cellulose from agricultural residues and their application as polylactic acid/microcrystalline cellulose composite films for the preservation of Lanzhou lily

Microcrystalline celluloses were isolated from four agricultural residues, including sweet sorghum stalk, Jerusalem artichoke stalk, grains stillage, and Chinese herb residue, and characterized in terms of physicochemical and structural properties. The obtained microcrystalline celluloses were composited with polylactic acid as a packing film for the preservation of Lanzhou lily. All the agricultural residues-derived microcrystalline celluloses were in cellulose Iβ structure with high purity and good thermal stability. Microcrystalline celluloses from sweet sorghum stalk had a higher degree of polymerization (327) and crystallinity (70.52 %) than others. The preservation effect of lily bulbs packaged by films were significantly improved indicated by the lessened weight loss rate and the meliorative hardness and whiteness, which ascribe to the repressed oxidation reactions. Polylactic acid/microcrystalline cellulose composite films prepared from sweet sorghum straw have been proved the most effective. This work could offer a value-added outlet for agricultural residues to produce microcrystalline celluloses-based biocompatible films for preservation of Lanzhou lily.

Preparation of microcrystalline cellulose using cotton yarn waste from the textile industry and evaluation of its characteristics

In order to protect the environment and cellulose resources, yarn wastes from the textile industry, which contains a considerable amount of cellulose, can be used to produce microcrystalline cellulose. In this study, yarn waste was milled via a ball mill and was subjected to acid hydrolysis using sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid at different times. It was characterized through various tests to determine the particle size, degree of polymerization, bulk and tap density, water soluble substances, ash content, moisture absorption capacity, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis showed that the chemical compositions of all the samples were the same. The X-ray diffraction measurement showed an increase in crystallinity after acid hydrolysis. The thermogravimetric analysis showed that prepared microcrystalline cellulose via acid hydrolysis had good temperature resistance. The results obtained showed that the cotton waste from textiles was able to produce cellulose microcrystalline at a pharmacy standard level.

Oil palm empty fruit bunch derived microcrystalline cellulose supported magnetic acid catalyst for esterification reaction: An optimization study

The present work demonstrates a one-step preparation of Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) based magnetic acid catalysts, using an in-situ impregnation process for the esterification of oleic acid. Commercial MCC and oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) derived MCC was used to synthesize the magnetic acid catalysts. The variation of synthesis conditions such as MCC loading, catalyst synthesis time, calcination temperature and time contributed to the development of commercial MCC supported magnetic acid catalyst (C-MCC/γ-Fe 2 O 3 ), and EFB MCC supported magnetic acid catalyst (EFB-MCC/γ-Fe 2 O 3 ). The EFB-MCC/γ-Fe 2 O 3 had a high acidity of 2.4 mmol/g under the optimized conditions: 5 g EFB-MCC loadings, 3 h catalyst synthesis time and calcination at 500°C for 3 h. The catalyst showed good ferromagnetic properties contributed by maghemite, γ-Fe 2 O 3, in the catalyst. The catalyst also exhibited a mesoporous structure with a high specific surface area of 290.55 m 2 /g, pore volume of 0.249 cm 3 /g, and pore size of 3.5 nm. This could signify the catalytic efficiency of EFB-MCC/γ-Fe 2 O 3 catalyst via esterification of oleic acid. The influence of the esterification reaction parameters on the oleic acid conversion was investigated using the Box-Behnken optimization design. The highest esterification rate of 92.1% was obtained at the optimum reaction conditions of 9 wt% catalyst loadings, 12:1 methanol-oleic acid molar ratio and reaction time of 120 min at the fixed reaction temperature 60°C. The EFB derived MCC magnetic acid catalyst displayed a good catalytic performance and rapid separation with reusability up to 5 times.

Potentials of microcrystalline cellulose prepared from wood dusts wastes of Ficus Platyphyla, Planatus Occidentalis and Gmelina Aborea

This research aims to prepare microcrystalline cellulose (MCCs) from native cellulosic wastes in order to find potential applications for each of the tree species. The physico-chemical characteristics of the MCCs were studied using physical and spectroscopic techniques. Acid hydrolysis in 2M HCl was used for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) obtained from agricultural waste sample, Gmelina aborea (GA) Ficus platyphyla (FP) and Planatus occidentalis (PO) wood dust. The MCCs obtained were off-white and powdery in appearance. The yield of MCCs were 67.55% for Ficus platyphyla, 77.00% Planatus occidentalis and 80% for Gmelina Aborea (GA). The functional groups in the MCC samples were confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic method with characteristic absorption bands of ;OH stretching at 3416 cm-1; C-H stretching at 2918 cm-1; -OH bending at1377 cm-1;, 1159 cm-1; and C-O-C pyranose ring skeletal vibrations at 1026-1033 cm-1, with crystallinity absorption bands showing up at 1432 and 850 cm-1 respectively. The thermal stabilities were determined from Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and showed that the MCC samples are thermally stable (50% weight loss at 450OC or PO, 50% weight loss 470OC for FP and 50% weight loss at 590OC for GA). The characteristic morphological features were established by scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and the crystallinity of the microcrystalline cellulose were further confirmed using the X-Ray Diffraction (X-RD) technique which showed three main reflections at 2?=14.70, 22.09 and 34.24, this therefore indicates microcrystalline cellulose were cellulose I type and that acid pretreatment did not affect the structure of the MCC. The crystallinity index values were 69.4, 68.7 and 79.6 for FP, PO and GM MCCs and respectively. The Samples were tested for pH, Moisture content, Hydration and swelling capacities as well. These results showed that the wood dusts form the tree species are good potential sources of high-grade cellulose which can serve as useful starting materials for further processing and applications.

Preparation of microcrystalline cellulose from Rabdosia rubescens residue and study on its membrane properties

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was prepared easily from Rabdosia rubescens residue to realize the efficient utilization of waste resources. The yield was about 95.03% under the optimal conditions. Then, MCC membrane was prepared by phase transformation method and its structure and mechanical properties were studied systemically. The results showed the cellulose crystal structure changed from type I to type II in the process of forming membrane, and the thermal stability decreased simultaneously. The content of MCC in casting solution has great influence on the mechanical properties of membranes. The higher the content of MCC, the better the comprehensive mechanical properties of the membranes is. When MCC content is 9%, the tensile strength and elongation at break can reach 8.38 MPa and 26.72%, which is better than traditional cellulose membranes. Finally, the separation properties were studied by separation BSA from water. The results showed that the rejection rate and water flux changed positively and negatively with the change of MCC content. When the content was 5%, the membrane demonstrated the best comprehensive performance, its rejection for BSA was 37.23 g/(m2 h), the corresponding rejection rate and water flux were 88.87% and 41.89 L/(m2 h) respectively.

Structural characterization of microcrystalline and nanocrystalline cellulose from Ananas comosus L. leaves: Cytocompatibility and molecular docking studies

Abstract The present study focused on the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) from pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) leaves using chemical treatments followed by acid hydrolysis. Pineapple leaves could be used in medical applications such as drug delivery carriers. Advanced spectroscopy techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the physical, chemical, and morphological features of the isolated MCC and NCC; the results indicated the needle-shaped form of nanostructures with good purity and high crystallinity index of 75.00 and 76.38%, respectively. In addition, inhibition of the treated MRC-5 cells with all the samples revealed that the percentage of cell viability was less than 30%, which is an interesting finding given their role in the cytotoxicity effect of MCC and NCC. It appears that MCC and NCC derived from pineapple leaves have lower toxicity. As a result, the developed MCC and NCC can be used in pharmaceutical applications as a novel drug delivery system. Molecular docking was performed to understand the non-bonding interaction of cellulose with human acid-beta-glucosidase (β-Glc) (PDB: 1OGS). The docking result shows that cellulose unit docked within the active pocket of the enzyme by forming hydrogen bonds against ASN19, THR21, and VAL17 with distances of 2.18, 1.93, and 2.92 Å, respectively, with binding energy (−5.0 kcal/mol) resulting in close interaction of cellulose unit with the receptor.

Physicochemical Properties and Thermal Stability of Microcrystalline Cellulose Isolated from Esparto Grass Using Different Delignification Approaches

Esparto grass, known as alfa, is a renewable biomass widely distributed in southern and western Mediterranean basin. The present work focused on the isolation of pure cellulose from alfa stems, via different approaches, i.e., acidified sodium chlorite (NaClO2), totally chlorine free (TCF) or their combination, followed by the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) using acid hydrolysis method. The obtained samples were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The FTIR spectroscopy exhibited the removal of lignin and hemicellulose after the delignification and alkaline treatments. The XRD data showed that all of the MCCs have higher crystallinity indexes (Alfa-MCC 73–82%) and belong to cellulose I type. From SEM images, it is clear that the different MCC particles presented rough surface and micro-sized particles. The DSC/TGA analyses revealed that MCC samples present better thermal stability than their respective cellulose ones, with higher temperature of decomposition (more than 350 °C). Moreover, the use of a combined process yields to MCC with higher crystallinity and better thermal stability. Consequently, based on these findings, the delignification with combined method can be considered as a promising approach to extract MCC from alfa fibers with outstanding features.

Preparation of microcrystalline cellulose from residual Rose stems (Rosa spp.) by successive delignification with alkaline hydrogen peroxide

Agricultural residues of Rose flowers (Rosa x hybrida L.) are abundant, cheap, and renewable. These lignocellulosic remains are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. They are an attractive feedstock to produce various value-added products, as microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The objective of this study was to obtain MCC from residual Rose stems (RS) using a successive alkaline peroxide treatment. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the degree of crystallinity, structure characteristics, thermal properties, and morphology, respectively, of MCC. The properties of RS-MCC were compared with those of commercial MCC. The degree of crystallinity of RS-MCC was 70.21%. The X-ray diffraction patterns reveal the presence of Type I cellulose.FTIR showed the absence of non-cellulosic components, mainly lignin, present in the amorphous regions of the RS fibers. Results are promising for taking advantage of agricultural residues as a source of MCC, which could be used as a reinforcing agent in polymeric matrices.

Preparation of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Cotton Yarn Spinning Mills Wastes: Effect of Pretreatment and Hydrolysis Reaction Condition on the Product Characteristics

Cotton wastes from cotton yarn spinning mills has been utilized as an alternative resource for the production of Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC), an important ingredient in food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical industries, etc. The main processes conducted including cotton wastes sorting, cotton lint pretreatment, and alpha cellulose hydrolysis. In this study, several parameters on pretreatment and hydrolysis were varied in order to produce MCC which characteristics were evaluated comparing to Avicel PH-101, a commercial MCC product. Pretreatment was carried out using 17.5% alkali (w/v) at temperature 80°C for 30 minutes, followed by a bleaching process at 5-30% H2O2 (v/v). The hydrolysis reaction was done using 1.25 M sulfuric acid, at temperature 80°C and 96°C for 2-4 hours. Results showed that pretreatment process with alkali for 30 minutes followed by a bleaching process with 5% H2O2 (v/v) was able to isolate 87% alpha cellulose with 99.98% of purity. The yields of MCC powders produced from acid hydrolysis of alpha cellulose at 96°C for 2, 3, and 4 hours were 74.6%, 70.2%, and 42.8%, respectively. According to the SEM, infrared spectra, and XRD results, the process conducted was applicable to produce MCC that physically and chemically similar to the characteristics of Avicel PH-101.

Extraction and Analysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Delignified Serte Leaf Fiber Wastes

Dracaena Steudneri Egler (Serte) is a leaf fiber, as reported by us in our previous work. During the extraction of the fiber, different chemicals are used to facilitate gum decomposition to get more exceptional and impurity-free fibers. The separated long fibers can be used for different applications based on their properties, whereas short and dust materials will be avoided as a waste. In the current study, we have used the fiber waste for the extraction of microcrystalline cellulose, which will act as a new source for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose and simultaneously help in waste utilization. The preparation of microcrystalline cellulose from serte fiber waste by using hydrochloric acid hydrolysis had been investigated. Basic chemical pretreatments, scouring, and bleaching was given to the serte fiber waste before extraction to removed natural colorants and hydrophobic impurities like oils, waxes, minerals, fats. Characterization of this extracted microcrystalline cellulose was done using X-ray diffractometer, FTIR, thermogravimetric analyzer, and a particle size analyzer. Finally, a comparison of micro-crystalline cellulose obtained from serte fiber waste with commercial micro-crystalline was also made. The particle size of the serte fiber microcrystalline cellulose was about 30–60 μm having a crystallinity of 73.5% and better thermal stability than commercial microcrystalline cellulose.

Extraction and Analysis of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Delignified Serte Leaf Fiber Wastes

ABSTRACT Dracaena Steudneri Egler (Serte) is a leaf fiber, as reported by us in our previous work. During the extraction of the fiber, different chemicals are used to facilitate gum decomposition to get more exceptional and impurity-free fibers. The separated long fibers can be used for different applications based on their properties, whereas short and dust materials will be avoided as a waste. In the current study, we have used the fiber waste for the extraction of microcrystalline cellulose, which will act as a new source for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose and simultaneously help in waste utilization. The preparation of microcrystalline cellulose from serte fiber waste by using hydrochloric acid hydrolysis had been investigated. Basic chemical pretreatments, scouring, and bleaching was given to the serte fiber waste before extraction to removed natural colorants and hydrophobic impurities like oils, waxes, minerals, fats. Characterization of this extracted microcrystalline cellulose was done using X-ray diffractometer, FTIR, thermogravimetric analyzer, and a particle size analyzer. Finally, a comparison of micro-crystalline cellulose obtained from serte fiber waste with commercial micro-crystalline was also made. The particle size of the serte fiber microcrystalline cellulose was about 30–60 μm having a crystallinity of 73.5% and better thermal stability than commercial microcrystalline cellulose.

Effect of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor from Lichen Extract in Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Effect of Beta Glucosidase Inhibitor from Lichen Extract in Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Isolation and Characterization of Microcrystalline Cellulose from Bamboo Pulp Through Extremely Low Acid Hydrolysis

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has a wide range of applications in food, chemical, pharmaceutical industries, etc. In this study, the one-step preparation of MCC from bleached Kraft bamboo pulp (BKBP) by extremely low acid (ELA; acid concentration ≤0.1 wt %) was demonstrated. The experimental data indicate that the crystallinity, degree of polymerization (DP), and yield of MCC were strongly affected by the time and temperature of hydrolysis, as well as the concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl). Rod-like MCC was obtained with a yield of 76.4% (based on the mass of original BKBP) and exhibited high crystallinity and narrow particle diameter distribution (78.7%, 30–70 μm) under optimal conditions (acid concentration of 0.08 wt%, 165 °C, 40 min). The Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements showed that the resulted MCC maintained cellulose I structure. Thermal analysis demonstrated that the as-prepared MCC exhibited good thermal stability. The ELA hydrolysis process may provide a green alternative for the manufacture of MCC from bleached Kraft bamboo pulp.

Effects of acid hydrolysis waste liquid recycle on preparation of microcrystalline cellulose

AbstractLarge amounts of acidic waste are produced on the industrial scale during hydrolysis of partially amorphous cellulose to produce microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The essential disposal and treatment of this highly acidic liquid wastes the acid feedstock and increases the production cost. To maximize the use of acid without sacrificing the MCC product quality, this project reports a successful attempt to recycle the acid hydrolysis waste liquid, focusing on the impact of waste recycling on MCC morphology and reducing sugar in the hydrolysate. The results showed that when the waste liquid is recycled 1-5 times, no metal accumulation occurred while cellulose particles remained intact, maintaining their shape and size. Their extent of crystallinity remained nearly constant, even increasing slightly with up to three cycles. The concentration of reducing sugar showed growth when recycling the waste liquid up to three times, although not quite to the levels that would allow for its cost-effective fermentation. The acid amount to be added at the start of each cycle was near 50% of that used on the first stage.

Preparation and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose from waste cotton fabrics by using phosphotungstic acid

Recycling of waste cotton fabrics (WCFs) and converting them into high value-added products have not been developed. In this study, a novel and green process was developed for the preparation of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from WCFs by the catalytic hydrolysis of phosphotungstic acid (H3PW12O40, HPW). The effects of hydrolysis conditions such as HPW concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time, and solid/liquid ratio were investigated. The optimum process conditions were determined as follows: HPW concentration of 3.47 mmol/L, a solid/liquid ratio of 1:40, reaction temperature of 140 °C, and reaction time of 6 h. The yield of MCC prepared was as high as 83.4% and exhibited better performance than commercial MCC such as a higher crystallinity (85.2%), smaller particle size (20.37 μm), and narrower particle size distribution (72.75%, 8.68–31.1 μm). Furthermore, the HPW could be extracted and recycled easily with diethyl ether for five times and used to prepare MCC with a high yield and crystallinity index.

Isolation of Cellulolytic Fungi and Utilization of Its Cellulolytic Activity for Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Isolation of Cellulolytic Fungi and Utilization of Its Cellulolytic Activity for Microcrystalline Cellulose Preparation from Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)

Optimization of One-Stage Processes of Microcrystalline Cellulose Obtaining by Peroxide Delignification of Wood in the Presence of TiO2 Catalyst

The traditional method for obtaining microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from wood raw material is multi-stage and it is based on the integration of environmentally hazardous processes of pulping and bleaching of cellulose and acid hydrolysis of amorphous part of cellulose. The paper describes an improved one-stage catalytic method of microcrystalline cellulose obtaining from softwood and hardwood based on peroxide delignification of wood in acetic acid-water medium under the mild conditions (100 °C, atmospheric pressure) in the presence of an environmentally safe solid catalyst TiO 2 . Experimental and mathematical optimization of the processes of MCC preparation by peroxide catalytic delignification of various types of wood was carried out. The following optimal modes of obtaining MCC with the yield 36.3–42.0 wt.% of abs. dry wood and residual lignin content ≤1.0 mas.%, hemicellulose ≤6.0 mas.% was established: for aspen – 5 wt.% H 2 O 2 , 25 wt.% CH 3 COOH, hydromodule = 10; for birch – 5 wt.% H 2 O 2 , 25 wt.% CH 3 COOH, hydromodule = 15; for abies – 6 wt.% H 2 O 2 , 30 wt.% CH 3 COOH, hydromodule = 15; for larch – 6 wt.% H 2 O 2 , 30 wt.% CH 3 COOH, hydromodule = 15.

A Method for Producing Microcrystalline Cellulose from Hemp Fibers

Background. Obtaining from annually renewable plant raw materials, in particular from hemp fiber, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), which is suitable for use in the chemical industry. Objective. The was aim of the paper is to develop a technology for obtaining MCC from hemp fibers to reduce the number of the technological process stages and to determine the optimum values of the main technological parameters of the chelating and hydrolysis processes of peracetic hemp pulp, in which the quality indicators of the obtained MCC will meet the requirements of regulatory documents. Methods. Peracetic cooking of hemp fibers was carried out at liquor to solid ratio 10: 1 and temperature of 90 ± 1 °C, ranging from 60 to 240 min. The process of chelating pulp by Trilon B was investigated at consumption from 5 to 30 % in acidic and alkaline environments. At the final stage of MCC preparation, the hemp pulp hydrolysis process was carried out by sulfate acid at its concentration of 0.5 to 2.0 %, liquor to solid ratio 15:1 and a temperature of 90 ± 1 °C for 90 min. The quality indices of the obtained microcrystalline cellulose were determined by standard methods. Results. The high efficiency of the peracetic method of pulp production from hemp fiber is shown. It has been experimentally proved that the chelating process of hemp pulp is expediently carried out in acid environment at a Trilon B consumption of 20 % from the the bone dry process weight. It is shown that the MCC can be obtained by the hydrolysis of peracetic hemp pulp with a solution of 1.5 % sulfuric acid at a temperature of 90 °С during 90 min that satisfies the requirements of regulatory documents. Conclusions. The proposed technology for the MCC production from hemp fibers reduces the cost of finished products by eliminating the bleaching stage of pulp as well as due to the use of domestic renewable plant raw materials, in particular hemp fibers compared with imported cotton or softwood pulp. The obtained MCC meets the requirements of technical conditions and can be used in the chemical industry as a sorbent or filler in the production of plastics and a water stabilizer for paints and emulsions.

Preparation of Microcrystalline Cellulose by Liquefaction of Eucalyptus Sawdust in Ethylene Glycol Catalyzed by Acidic Ionic Liquid

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) was prepared from the residue of the incomplete liquefaction of eucalyptus sawdust; atmospheric liquefaction was carried out using ethylene glycol as the solvent and 1-(4-sulfobutyl)-3-methylimidazolium hydrosulfate as the catalyst. The highest cellulose content in the residue reached 93.9%. The MCC prepared from liquefaction was characterized by various techniques, which included infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermo-gravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results were compared to those of a commercial MCC (cotton linters). The analyses indicated that hemicelluloses and lignin were removed extensively from the MCC produced from the sawdust. The MCC was a cellulose I polymorph with 79.0% crystallinity. The particles were shaped as elongated rods and had good thermal stability. The particle sizes of the produced MCC ranged from 1 µm to 100 µm with a mean of 38.6 µm.