Preparation Of Microbeads Research Articles

A review on micro beads: Formulation, technological aspects, and extraction

Any drug delivery system's purpose is to deliver a therapeutic amount of medicine to the appropriate place in the body while also achieving and maintaining the correct drug concentration. This could be accomplished by using numerous unit dosage forms such as microgranules/spheroids, pellets, microcapsules, and beads, which are divided into many separate units, referred to as subunits, each of which possesses certain desired features. The advantages of micro particle drug delivery systems over single unit dose form are well documented. One of the solutions that does not entail the use of harsh chemicals or elevated temperatures is the production of microbeads medication delivery systems. The traditional procedures require the use of ionotropic gelation methods, which include internal and external gelation methods, emulsion gelation methods, polyelectrolyte complexation methods, and so on. Because of the ease of preparation, the majority of work has been done on the preparation of microbeads using the ionotropic gelation process rather than alternative approaches.

Physicochemical Characterization and Evaluation of Gastrointestinal In Vitro Behavior of Alginate-Based Microbeads with Encapsulated Grape Pomace Extracts

Grape pomace is a byproduct of wineries and a rich source of phenolic compounds that can exert multiple pharmacological effects when consumed and enter the intestine where they can then be absorbed. Phenolic compounds are susceptible to degradation and interaction with other food constituents during digestion, and encapsulation may be a useful technique for protecting phenolic bioactivity and controlling its release. Therefore, the behavior of phenolic-rich grape pomace extracts encapsulated by the ionic gelation method, using a natural coating (sodium alginate, gum arabic, gelatin, and chitosan), was observed during simulated digestion in vitro. The best encapsulation efficiency (69.27%) was obtained with alginate hydrogels. The physicochemical properties of the microbeads were influenced by the coatings used. Scanning electron microscopy showed that drying had the least effect on the surface area of the chitosan-coated microbeads. A structural analysis showed that the structure of the extract changed from crystalline to amorphous after encapsulation. The phenolic compounds were released from the microbeads by Fickian diffusion, which is best described by the Korsmeyer-Peppas model among the four models tested. The obtained results can be used as a predictive tool for the preparation of microbeads containing natural bioactive compounds that could be useful for the development of food supplements.

Non-Microplastic Microbeads From Sago Liquid Waste With The Addition Of Chitosan as Antibacterial Function: A Review

Plastic has many advantages due to flexibility, unaffordable, transparent, and toughness. Plastics can size into small sizes (microplastics) or large sizes (macroplastics). Microbeads are granules of plastic or fiber that can often be utilized in many personal care products with sizes below 1 mm. These size of microbeads affect to environmental. Microbeads cannot be filtered by the sewage treatment system resulting microbeads go through to end up in water bodies and become a dangerous pollutant. Therefore any efforts must be conducted to replace the use of plastics microbeads. The microbeads can be prepared from with organic materials having easily degradation with stand the same functions. One of the ways can be accomplished through preparation of bacterial cellulose from sago waste since liquid waste can be used to produce bacterial cellulose. Bacterial cellulose is highly potential to be developed into microbeads as it has advantages of high purity, good tissue structure, high degradation ability, mechanical strength, and easy degradability. The utilization of sago liquid waste is very beneficial because it can reduce environmental pollution and production costs. Additionally, antibacterial properties in microbeads can introduce chitosan, eucalyptus filtrate, celery leaf extract, basil, and cinnamon. The use of chitosan as an additive in the preparation of microbeads will reduce the rate of water adsorption, improve mechanical properties, and reduce the moisture in the microbeads that would promote the ability of microbeads to against bacteria.

Preparation of microbeads grafted with poly(2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) cationic polyelectrolyte as recyclable and effective adsorbents for organic dyes

Brush polymers have been widely used as a suitable replacement for many adsorbents due to their economical cost, reusability, and mechanical strength. Here, cationic polyelectrolyte microbeads poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate/ethylene dimethacrylate)-g-poly(2-(acryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) marked as p(HEMA/EDMA)-g-p(AEtMAC) were prepared by a combination of suspension and controlled radical polymerization methods. Microbeads displayed nonporous, spherical, and uniform morphology with a size of about 250 μm. Thermal stability decreased after grafting of p(AEtMAC) onto the surface of p(HEMA/EDMA)-Br and the final microbeads p(HEMA/EDMA)-g-p(AEtMAC) exhibited the onset degradation temperature of 200 °C. The adsorption of Coomassie Brilliant Blue G250 (CBB) and methyl orange (MO) anionic dyes at different adsorbent dosages (0.5–3 g L−1) and constant concentration of dye (50 mg L−1) was investigated. The adsorbent at the optimum dosage of 2 g L−1 was selected. More than 90% of the mentioned dyes were removed in the optimum pH range of 5–6. The maximum adsorption capacities 145 and 135 mg dye g−1 adsorbent were obtained for MO and CBB dyes, respectively, at ambient temperature and 300 mg L−1 dye concentration. Adsorptions of the MO and CBB on the adsorbent were well fitted to Temkin and Langmuir isotherm models, respectively, which obeyed the quasi-second-order kinetic model. Adsorption enthalpy change values for MO and CBB were found to be 32.17 and 17.59 KJ mol−1, correspondingly, which indicated the exothermic property and the physical nature of the adsorption. Furthermore, the entropy change values of 130 and 70 J mol−1 were determined for MO and CBB, respectively. Positive values of entropy changes are related to the increase in irregularity during dye adsorption on the cationic adsorbent.

Study of the Mucoadhesive Potential of Carbopol Polymer in the Preparation of Microbeads Containing the Antidiabetic Drug Glipizide.

The present investigation was aimed at exploitation of the mucoadhesive potential of carbopol 934P polymer in developing microbeads of glipizide (GLP) for its effectivity in controlling blood sugar in diabetic patients. Various batches of GLP beads were prepared by an emulsion-solvent evaporation technique using the release-retarding polymer carbopol and subjected to a systematic evaluation such as physical characterization, ex vivo mucoadhesion, hydration and erosion test, and in vitro drug release; and instrumental and in vivo studies were performed with the best formulation. The highest yield and loading efficiency were observed as 94 and ∼90%, respectively. The mean particle size of the microbeads ranged from 832 to 742μm. The oval shape of the microbeads with slight roughness was apparent in the SEM micrograph. The release period was extended till 18h. In vitro release of the drug from the beads followed the diffusion and erosion mechanism. In the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), there is a significant (p < 0.01) reduction in fasting blood glucose levels in Wistar rat and guinea pig in comparison with that using the marketed product. Results indicated that process parameters-drug-polymer ratio, concentration of the surfactant, and stirring speed-controlled the various characteristics of the microparticles. The mucoadhesivity test ensured strong adherence of the beads to the mucosal membrane in pH 1.2 for a prolonged period. Owing to the mucoadhesivity of carbopol 934P, prolonged release of GLP and reduction of fasting sugar in the animal model were observed to a satisfactory level, and thus, management of diabetes in a better manner is expected with this new formulation.

Microspheres Embedded In Microbeads: A Novel Approach to Improve Various Controlled Release Characteristics of Highly Water Soluble Drug through Ionic Gelation Method

Abstract: The major hindrance behind the preparation of gellan microbeads by simple ionic gelation technique with aqueous soluble drugs is their low entrapment efficiency and sometimes its faster dissolution characteristics. This limits the employment of such a simple method for the preparation of microbeads of water-soluble drugs like stavudine. In the present study a novel attempt has been undertaken by embedding stavudine loaded Eudragit RSPO microspheres into gellan microbeads by ionotropic gelation method with an aim to improve its controlled drug delivery characteristics. The prepared microbeads were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and optical microscopy for surface topography, drug polymer interaction and particle size analysis respectively. Other studies like drug content, encapsulation efficiency and drug release studies were also carried out. The resulting microspheres embedded in microbeads were free flowing in nature with mean particle size ranging from 544.2-564.2 μm. SEM photomicrographs distinctly shows the microspheres embedded within the microbeads effectively with a smooth surface topography and the gellan microbeads containing D4T only are spherical in nature with rough surface. The FTIR study ascertained the compatibility of the drug within the formulation. The microspheres embedded in microbeads had enhanced percentage of drug content, drug entrapment efficiency and controlled release characteristics as compared to beads containing stavudine only. The mechanism of drug release from the formulations were found to follow non Fickian type diffusion with “n” value between 0.5 to 1but in case of stavudine loaded Eudragit RSPO microspheresit was found to be Fickian type. Key words: Gellan gum, Stavudine, Microbeads, Microsphere embedded in Microbeads, Entrapment efficiency, and Controlled release.

Binding and leakage of barium in alginate microbeads.

Microbeads of alginate crosslinked with Ca(2+) and/or Ba(2+) are popular matrices in cell-based therapy. The aim of this study was to quantify the binding of barium in alginate microbeads and its leakage under in vitro and accumulation under in vivo conditions. Low concentrations of barium (1 mM) in combination with calcium (50 mM) and high concentrations of barium (20 mM) in gelling solutions were used for preparation of microbeads made of high-G and high-M alginates. High-G microbeads accumulated barium from gelling solution and contained higher concentrations of divalent ions for both low- and high-Ba exposure compared with high-G microbeads exposed to calcium solely and to high-M microbeads for all gelling conditions. Although most of the unbound divalent ions were removed during the wash and culture steps, leakage of barium was still detected during storage. Barium accumulation in blood and femur bone of mice implanted with high-G beads was found to be dose-dependent. Estimated barium leakage relevant to transplantation to diabetic patients with islets in alginate microbeads showed that the leakage was 2.5 times lower than the tolerable intake value given by WHO for high-G microbeads made using low barium concentration. The similar estimate gave 1.5 times higher than is the tolerable intake value for the high-G microbeads made using high barium concentration. To reduce the risk of barium accumulation that may be of safety concern, the microbeads made of high-G alginate gelled with a combination of calcium and low concentration of barium ions is recommended for islet transplantation.

Prilling process applied to collagen solutions

AbstractThe present work concerns the preparation of microbeads of collagen by a prilling process.Collagen is one of the main components of vertebrate proteins, especially in. such tissues as skin, tendons, placenta, … Furthermore, it has some properties which makes it interesting to use as a biomaterial: biocompatibility, biodegradability, high tensile strength, hemostatic power, participation to the wound healing.The patented process which is developped in this paper combines two techniques :• breaking of a capillary flow by prillingand• reticulation of collagen after oxydation with periodic acid.It uses neither organic solvents, nor variation of temperature and allows the production of microbeads which can be utilized for many different medical applications.