Preparation Of Hydroxyapatite Research Articles

Ecofriendly synthesis of hydroxyapatite from fish scales and its application toward adsorptive removal of Pb(II)

This study depicts the preparation of hydroxyapatite (HP) from scales of Tor putitora fish. Chemical composition and surface structure of the prepared HP was evaluated using SEM, TGA, EDX and FTIR analysis. The prepared HP was tested for adsorptive removal of Pb(II) from contaminated water. Different factors, including concentration, pH, temperature, biosorbent dosage and time were investigated for Pb(II) removal by the prepared HP. It was deduced that with an increase in the initial metal concentration, adsorption of Pb(II) was increased and equilibrium position was obtained at 500 mg/L. For all except sodium hydroxide treated samples, pH of PZC was around 7.3. Also, maximum adsorption occurred in the initial 30 min. Freundlich-model fitted the equilibrium results well compared to the Langmuir-model. Results demonstrated that chemical modification of HP increased the Pb(II) adsorption and optimum adsorption took-place on phosphoric acid treated HP. These results exhibited the efficiency of prepared hydroxyapatite as bioadsorbent toward water disinfection.

Peat water purification using nanohydroxyapatite synthesized from Carbon Negative Precipitated Calcium Carbonate precursor

Peatlands covers a vast area globally and used as drinking water source in some parts of Indonesia. Peat water, commonly found in swampy areas, stands out for its striking color intensity, acidic pH levels, and its high affinity for metal binding. Developing various peat water treatment techniques can help provide clean water for local communities. This study reported the preparation of hydroxyapatite (HAp) via hydrothermal method using Carbon Negative Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC) as precursor, obtained from PT. Pertamina, a leading energy company of Indonesia, for treating peat water. HAps were synthesized from precursors that were calcined at 900 °C (HAp 900) and 1000 °C (HAp 1000). Its potential as an adsorbent for peat water purification was evaluated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed good crystallinity in HAp 900 and HAp 1000, with values of 82.33 % and 86.90 %, respectively. These samples also displayed nano-sized crystals, measuring 14.2 ± 0.3 nm and 23.80 ± 0.2 nm. The Ca/P molar ratios were 1.6 for HAp 900 and 1.57 for HAp 1000, which was close to the the theoretical hydroxyapatite ratio of 1.67. FTIR analysis detected the presence of carbonate groups at 1450.42 cm−1 for HAp 900 and 1426 cm−1 for HAp 1000, indicating the formation of carbonated hydroxyapatite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed agglomerations and irregularly shaped particles in both HAp samples. Optimal conditions for peat water purification experiment, determined through UV-Vis spectrophotometry, were pH 2, 1 h contact time, and 1 g adsorbent mass for both HAp 900 and HAp 1000.

Preparation and evaluation of HA–PP coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy for implant applications

To make Mg alloy implants have better corrosion resistance and reduced degradation rate in the human body, hydroxyapatite (HA), polypropylene (PP), and HA+PP coatings were added to the surface of AZ31B through dip coating. Coated samples were tested for weight differences, corrosion rate, surface roughness, and microscopic view. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis confirm coating on the substrate surfaces. The potentiodynamic polarisation test result shows that the corrosion rate in the uncoated substrate (10.138 mm/y) was higher compared to HA-coated = 0.5084 mm/y, PP-coated = 0.442 mm/y, and HA/PP-coated = 0.3275 mm/y. After 14 days, weight loss (5.5%) was highest in the uncoated and lowest in the HA-PP-coated (0.9%). Deposition of the bone mineral was higher on the HA-coated sample, showing superior bone integration properties. Hybrid coating improved electrochemical properties compared to HA coating on Mg alloy.

Ionic liquid-assisted preparation of hydroxyapatite and its catalytic performance for decarboxylation of itaconic acid

Ionic liquid-assisted preparation of hydroxyapatite and its catalytic performance for decarboxylation of itaconic acid

Preparation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) from waste eggshells for enhancing the granulation and treatment performance of aerobic granular sludge: Enhancement effects and mechanism insights

Hydroxyapatite (HAP), an inorganic mineral that is generated in situ within the core of aerobic granular sludge (AGS), plays a pivotal role in both the granulation process and system stability. Due to the slow precipitation rate of HAP, waste eggshells were utilized as a readily available source for preparing HAP by using the conventional hydrothermal (C-HAP) and microwave hydrothermal (M-HAP) methods. Subsequently, the prepared HAP was employed to promote AGS formation. Results showed that the prepared HAP exhibits superior morphology, crystallinity, functional groups, and specific surface area compared to the commercial grade HAP, whereby M-HAP outperforms C-HAP for functional groups and specific surface area. The addition of 0.5 g/L HAP facilitated the granulation process (within 20 days), leading to the development of structurally compact AGS, which was attributed to the microbial attachment onto HAP particles. Moreover, the presence of HAP greatly improved the nutrient removal efficiency (80.8 % of TN and 82.4 % of PO43−-P), most likely due to the enrichment of denitrifying and phosphorus-accumulating microorganisms (e.g., Candidatus_Competibacter and Flavobacterium). Further analysis revealed that an increase in the relative abundance of denitrification-related genes (e.g., narG and nirK) was responsible for the intrinsic mechanism behind the enhanced nitrogen removal, while phosphorus removal occurred through biomineralization and abiotic precipitation pathways. Overall, the present study highlights the potential of utilizing waste eggshells to enhance AGS systems for wastewater treatment, thus realizing a circular economy approach.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Hydroxyapatite Obtained from Eggshell via the Hydrothermal Process and the Precipitation Method

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a major component of the inorganic minerals in the hard tissues of humans and has been widely used as a biomedical ceramic material in orthopedic and dentistry applications. Because human bone contains several impurities, including carbonates, chlorides, fluorides, magnesium, and strontium, human bone minerals differ from stoichiometric HA. Additionally, natural bone is composed of nano-sized HA, and the nanoscale particles exhibit a high level of biological activity. In this paper, HA is prepared via the hydrothermal process because its reaction conditions are easy to control and it has been shown to be quite feasible for large-scale production. Therefore, the hydrothermal process is an effective and convenient method for the preparation of HA. Furthermore, eggshell is adopted as a source of calcium, and mulberry leaf extract is selectively added to synthesize HA. The eggshell accounts for 11% of the total weight of a whole egg, and it consists of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, magnesium carbonate, and organic matter. Eggshell contains a variety of trace elements, such as magnesium and strontium, making the composition of the synthesized HA similar to that of the human skeleton. These trace elements exert considerable benefits for bone growth. Moreover, the use of eggshell as a raw material can permit the recycling of biowaste and a reduction in process costs. The purpose of this study is to prepare HA powder via the hydrothermal method and to explore the effects of hydrothermal conditions on the structure and properties of the synthesized HA. The room-temperature precipitation method is used for the control group. Furthermore, the results of an immersion test in simulated body fluid confirm that the as-prepared HA exhibits good apatite-forming bioactivity, which is an essential requirement for artificial materials to bond to living bones in the living body and promote bone regeneration. In particular, it is confirmed that the HA synthesized with the addition of the mulberry leaf extract exhibits good in vitro biocompatibility. The morphology, crystallite size, and composition of the carbonated nano-HA obtained herein are similar to those of natural bones. The carbonated nano-HA appears to be an excellent material for bioresorbable bone substitutes or drug delivery. Therefore, the nano-HA powder prepared in this study has great potential in biomedical applications.

Preparation of modified hydroxyapatite and its effect on natural latex film

AbstractTo effectively screen pathogens or eliminate allergy symptoms caused by the protein in natural latex products, the strength of the natural latex film must be improved and the water‐soluble protein content in the latex products must be reduced. In this article, response surface methodology was used to optimize the reaction conditions for the preparation of hydroxyapatite (HA), and the reinforcement and adsorption of water‐soluble proteins on natural rubber latex (NRL) by HA modified by coupling agent KH550 were studied. Modified HA was homogenously dispersed in the NRL, and the tensile and tear strengths of the rubber film were increased by 37.45% and 40.86%, respectively. In addition, modified HA adsorbs the water‐soluble protein from the latex film. Compared with pure NR film, its protein content is reduced by 50.79%. This article has a reference value for the preparation of high‐performance natural latex film with low protein content.

Our first experience with the use of hydroxyapatite paste to improve the integration of the glenoid component of a reverse prosthesis with a bone defect of the scapula (case report)

The problem of reverse shoulder arthroplasty with various deformities of the glenoid is relevant for modern traumatology and orthopedics. In addition to various defects, the methods of solving which can be eccentric reaming of the glenoid by milling cutters, bone autoplasty, augmentation, the use of individual implants, orthopedic traumatologists have to deal with a decrease in the mineral density of the bone tissue of the scapula.The aim of this study is to demonstrate the possibility of using hydroxyapatite paste together with bone autoplasty in revision shoulder arthroplasty in conditions of a massive defect and reduced glenoid bone density.Discussion. The article presents a case of surgical treatment of a patient with the consequences of a fracture of the proximal metaepiphysis of the humerus and local osteoporosis of the glenoid by the method of reverse shoulder arthroplasty in combination with the use of hydroxyapatite paste. A detailed description of the operation technique is given.Conclusion. The described clinical case demonstrates the effectiveness of the technique of using hydroxyapatite preparations for shoulder joint replacement.

Preparation of Hydroxyapatite from Buffalo Bone and its Biodegradable Nanocomposite with Poly(Butylene Adipate‐co‐Terephthalate)

AbstractIs report, the extraction process for highly nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite (HAp) by thermal decomposition of the femur bone of buffalo and its utilization as filler to produce nanocomposite with poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate) (PBAT). Advanced analytical techniques (such as X‐ray diffraction [XRD], Fourier transform infrared [FTIR] spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy [SEM]) are employed to study the structural, chemical, and morphological properties of the HAp. The XRD analyses reveal that the crystallite size of HAp particles significantly increases from 10 (at 600 °C) to 40 nm (at 1100 °C) on increasing the calcination temperature. The formation of agglomerates (having diameters ranging from 1.75 to 2.72 µm) with thin flake‐like crystals of the HAp is revealed by the SEM analysis. The biodegradation properties of the 3D printed PBAT/HAp nanocomposites are investigated by water absorption and tris‐buffer tests. The extent of water absorption of the nanocomposites is found to increase with the amount of the nanofiller.

Bioinorganic Preparation of Hydroxyapatite and Rare Earth Substituted Hydroxyapatite for Biomaterials Applications.

Rare Earth elements in the lanthanide series are regarded as one of the finest options for the cationic substitution of calcium ions in hydroxyapatite (HA) because of their favorable impact on the biological characteristics of substituted HA. Neodymium and cerium were used to substitute 5% of calcium ions in HA, prepared via the wet precipitation method. Characterization tests for pure and substituted HA were conducted using XRD, FTIR, EDS, and FESEM. The results showed that changing part from calcium ions in hydroxyapatite to Nd and Ce ions altered its structure, composition, and morphology. Regarding the biological tests, the cytotoxicity test revealed a change in IC50 for both normal and cancer cell lines, where substitution part of the Ca ions with rare Earth elements led to increasing antitumor activity in comparison with HA without substitution; in addition, antibacterial and fungicide activity was evident for both HA and Nd-Ce/HA, with a modest increase in antibacterial activity of Nd-Ce/HA against S. epidermidis and E. coli in comparison with HA. These findings may shed light on the process by which Nd and Ce ions improve the biological characteristics of pure HA and the increased potential of these bioceramics.

Preparation of hydroxyapatite coated porous carbon nanofibres for DEX loading and enhancing differentiation of BMSCs.

The proliferation and differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in vitro are the key properties of bone tissue engineering for biomaterials. In this study, hydroxyapatite (HA) coated porous carbon nanofibres (PCNFs) were prepared to load dexamethasone (DEX) and further improve the differentiation ability of the BMSCs. Various characterisations were applied to reveal the DEX loading efficacy and biocompatibility, especially the differentiation strength. The results showed that HA could be successfully coated on the PCNFs by pretreating the surface using PEG conjugation. With an increase of HA, the particle diameter increased and the DEX loading decreased. In vitro experiments proved higher cell viability, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium nodule secretion ability and the RUNX2 protein expression, indicating that the as-prepared was of great biocompatibility and optimised osteoconductivity, which was attributed to the componential imitation to natural bone and the accelerated BMSCs differentiation. Consequently, the novel DEX loaded and HA coated PCNFs can provide potential applications in bone tissue regeneration.

Effect of S53P4 bioactive glass content on structural and in-vitro behavior of hydroxyapatite/bioactive glass mixtures prepared by mechanical milling

This work presents silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite preparation through planetary ball milling using biogenic hydroxyapatite and different wt% of S53P4 bioactive glass (5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) sources for the first time. The prepared mixtures showed a BHAp lattice contraction with SiO44− incorporation; rich- and poor-Si phases were subsequently identified. Furthermore, two types of interaction among the functional groups in the S53P4 and BHAp mixtures are proposed. First, the 95-5 (wt.%) sample displayed a BHAp lattice with SiO44−, CO32−, and OH− ions substitution. In samples with S53P4 BG content higher than 95-5, the lattice substitution was related to SiO44−, PO43−, and CO32− ions, and a dehydroxylation process occurred in the BHAp. Finally, the bioactive behavior of the samples was studied by immersion in Hank's solution for 7, 14, and 28 days. The results showed that the mixtures formed a bone-like apatite layer with a dune-like morphology that increased in size and quantity with increasing S53P4 content in the mixtures.

Internal coordination of vanadium industrial waste—Preparation of hydroxyapatite and fluorine wastewater purification

In the vanadium industry, raffinate poses potential environmental risks due to the presence of corrosive fluoride and toxic heavy metals, and waste neutralizing slag (NS) was largely stockpiled given the low economic value, resulting in extensive land occupation and secondary pollution risks. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) was synthesized uniformly from the NS using the hydrothermal method, with no surfactants or additives used except for the three inexpensive reactants required. It was discovered that the pH of the raw material, the temperature, and the length of the hydrothermal reaction all had a significant effect on the adsorption characteristics of the produced HAP. When the conditions for synthesizing HAP were set with a pH of 11.5, a hydrothermal reaction temperature of 120 °C, and a reaction time of 1.5 h, the HAP had the optimum impact on raffinate treatment. The products' characterization by XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS, and BET corroborated the successful synthesis of homogeneous HAP under the process conditions. The waste stream from the hydrothermal synthesis of HAP was recovered and crystallized to obtain a sodium sulfate by-product which was determined for purity. Adsorbed at room temperature for 1 h, the HAP synthesized by NS has a maximum percentage adsorption of 99.66 % and a saturation adsorption capacity of 43.64 mg/L for F ions in the raffinate. Additionally, the HAP removed over 95 % of the trace heavy metal ions Cr, As, and Cd from the raffinate. The saturated HAP was treated using a hydrothermal regeneration process, and the regenerated HAP retained a fluoride percentage adsorption still reaching 99.28 %. The thermodynamic and leaching experiments reveal that the desorption solution for the regeneration of HAP has the performance to increase the efficiency of vanadium recovery. This technique recycles waste NS to produce high-value HAP, which purification treatment of the raffinate with a high fluorine and contaminants content, solves the problem of treating two types waste of vanadium industry waste (NS and raffinate), and allows for the recycling of valuable element fluorine in vanadium industrial effluent.

Chitosan-Functionalized Hydroxyapatite-Cerium Oxide Heterostructure: An Efficient Adsorbent for Dyes Removal and Antimicrobial Agent.

The current research intended to employ a facile and economical process, which is also ecofriendly to transform camel waste bones into novel heterostructure for cleansing of diverse waste waters. The bones of camel were utilized for preparation of hydroxyapatite by hydrothermal method. The prepared hydroxyapatite was applied to the synthesis of cerium oxide-hydroxyapatite coated with natural polymer chitosan (CS-HAP-CeO2) heterostructure. Being abundant natural polymer polysaccharide, chitosan possesses exceptional assets such as accessibility, economic price, hydrophilicity, biocompatibility as well as biodegradability, therefore style it as an outstanding adsorbent for removing colorant and other waste molecules form water. This heterostructure was characterized by various physicochemical processes such as XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, and FT-IR. The CS-HAP-CeO2 was screened for adsorption of various industrially important dyes, viz., Brilliant blue (BB), Congo red (CR), Crystal violet (CV), Methylene blue (MB), Methyl orange (MO), and Rhodamine B (RB) which are collective pollutants of industrial waste waters. The CS-HAP-CeO2 demonstrated exceptional adsorption against CR dye. The adsorption/or removal efficiency ranges are BB (11.22%), CR (96%), CV (28.22%), MB (47.74%), MO (2.43%), and RB (58.89%) dyes. Moreover, this heterostructure showed excellent bacteriostatic potential for E. coli, that is liable for serious waterborne diseases. Interestingly, this work revealed that the incorporation of cerium oxide and chitosan into hydroxyapatite substantially strengthened antimicrobial and adsorption capabilities than those observed in virgin hydroxyapatite. Herein, we recycled the unwanted camel bones into a novel heterostructure, which assists to reduce water pollution, mainly caused by the dye industries.

Process optimization for the rapid conversion of calcite into hydroxyapatite microspheres for chromatographic applications

Microsphere hydroxyapatite (HAp) is widely used in various biomedical and chromatographic applications. The work described in this manuscript focuses on a dissolution precipitation method for production of HAp microspheres. This method overcomes certain drawbacks of conventional preparation methods used for HAp preparation, which produce polydisperse particles and are time-consuming and expensive. In the present work, the calcium carbonate (calcite) particles were directly and rapidly converted into HAp microspheres using an inexpensive dissolution precipitation method. The effects of the reaction temperature, time, and mechanical stirring rates were studied, and the reaction parameters were optimized. As confirmed by the XRD studies, the higher reaction temperature and time promote complete HAp conversion, while calcite residues were observed for lower temperatures and times. SEM images show the influence of reaction parameters on the surface microstructure of the microspheres produced. It was observed that the HAp microspheres undergo disintegration at a higher stirring rate. The reaction parameters optimized in this work were ideal for preparing HAp microspheres. The resultant HAp particles were utilized as matrices for chromatographic separation of protein mixtures.

Fabrication and characterization of strontium substituted chitosan modify hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications

The present study aimed to preparation of hydroxyapatite using strontium (Sr2+) and chitosan (CS) for the preparation of porous scaffold material like SrHA-CS. These synthesized nano-materials were alsofurther characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis to confirm the phase purity and crystallinity. The crystal-like morphology of the SrHA-CS was observed using a high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) which revealed rod-like morphology with the major elements confirmed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The size of the synthesized nanomaterial and their stability were analyzed through dynamic light scattering (DLS)and zeta potential. The hemolytic study indicates that SrHA-CS is non-toxic red blood cells of the humans. Besides, SrHA-CS is also active on disease-causing microorganisms and exhibit a strong zone of inhibition. The cytotoxic (MTT) assay systemically investigatedthe synthesized samplesagainst SaOS-2 human osteosarcoma cell lines it resulting in effectively induce cell proliferation without generating any harmful effect. The acridine orange/Ethidium bromide dual staining (AO/EB) under the fluorescence microscope data suggests that apoptotic cell nuclei became irregularly changed. Our present study findings concluded that the strongly recommend the developed SrHA-CSscaffold excellent materialhas mechanical and functional properties including biological activities while compared to other synthetic nano-materials. Hence, the synthesizedSrHA-CSmaterial can be considered as a promising cost-effective nano-material for human bone regenerative applications.

Formulation, characterisation and sensory evaluation of Bio‐Cal instant jelly fortified with chicken bone‐based nano‐biogenic hydroxyapatite

SummaryThis study was aimed to develop Bio‐Cal instant jelly enriched with nano‐biogenic hydroxyapatite (HAp) that was extracted from chicken bone bio‐waste. For HAp preparation, collected sample was proceeded for washing, drying, grinding, sieving, sintering (750°C) and ultra‐sonication. Resultant HAp was characterised by spectroscopy techniques. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) peak of PO43‐ was visible at 1019.76 cm−1 in nano‐biogenic HAp that corresponds to existence of calcium salt. Particle size ranged from 100 to 800 nm, whereas calcium content was found 26.9 ± 0.09 ppm by Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed irregular agglomerated nano‐sized crystals while X‐Ray diffraction (XRD) presented crystalline behaviour at 2θ with intensity 213 a.u. The Ca/P ratio based on Laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analysis was 1.82. HAp was further used to develop Bio‐Cal instant jelly with four different formulations; 0%, 0.33%, 0.66% and 1%. Texture profile analysis (TPA) was done to determine cohesiveness, adhesiveness and elasticity of jelly, whereas viscosity ranged from 0.68 ± 0.01 to 0.89 ± 0.01 mm. pH of all formulations lied within the range of 5.52 ± 0.04 to 5.57 ± 0.01. The best acceptability of jelly was seen in ‘nano‐biogenic HAp‐A1’ formulation with mean 7.87 ± 0.35 that may play significant role in minimising calcium risk among end‐users.

Principles of therapy of vascular occlusion in facial area provoked by introduction of calcium hydroxyapatite

The use of dermal fllers based on calcium hydroxyapatite has become widespread among cosmetologists. These fllers are considered highly effective in the fght against age-related skin changes, have a high safety profle and are not prone to cause an autoimmune response of the body. Due to specifcs of the fller, calcium hydroxyapatite provides both restoration of soft tissue volume loss and stimulation of neocollagenesis. Having a long experience of use, the fller has frmly taken its place in aesthetic medicine and is successfully used by many doctors around the world. However, with the increase in the use of fllers, the number of side effects also increases. Currently, there are no clear guidelines for the treatment of complications of injection by calcium hydroxyapatite, unlike fllers based on hyaluronic acid. Despite the low risk of developing serious complications as a result of unintentional vascular occlusion, a number of doctors are afraid to use calcium hydroxyapatite preparations due to lack of knowledge on its elimination. This article describes the basic principles of therapy for occlusive syndrome and can help doctors to take effective and timely therapeutic measures to correct it.

Surface and structural characterization of Cu-exchanged hydroxyapatites and their application in H2O2 electrocatalytic reduction

We report on the preparation of hydroxyapatite (HA) nanoparticles with high specific surface area, terminated with calcium-rich {010} facets, and their subsequent surface functionalization with copper by cationic exchange with copper nitrate solutions at different concentrations. Elemental analysis highlighted a progressive increase of the amount of copper incorporated into the HA, reaching a maximum of ∼ 7 wt%. A combined X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR investigation showed no significant structural differences after the Cu functionalization, confirming that the copper exchange occurs mainly at the surface until saturation and, for the higher Cu concentrations, also in the sub-surface/bulk layers of the material, without altering the HA crystal structure. The gradual substitution of surface Ca2+ by Cu2+ was studied also by IR spectroscopy using carbon monoxide as probe molecule. Finally, we assessed the catalytic activity of the materials testing the electrochemical reduction of H2O2 by cyclic voltammetry. We observed a progressive increase in catalytic activity correlated with the amount of Cu, suggesting the possible application of copper-exchanged HA as electrochemical H2O2 sensors.

Potential Antibacterial Activity of Hydroxyapatite Composite And Green Betel Leaf Extract (Piper betle L.) Against Streptococcus mutans Bacteria

Dental caries is a common oral disease and the main bacteria causing it is Streptococcus mutans. Hydroxyapatite is a material consisting of calcium and phosphate components that have dual abilities as remineralizing and antibacterial agents. In addition to hydroxyapatite, phenolic compounds and tannins in green betel leaf extract also have antimicrobial functions. Tannins and phenols act as poisons for microbes by inhibiting the enzyme activity of interfering microbes. The purpose of this study was to determine the physicochemical character and antibacterial activity of Streptococcus mutans from oral hydroxyapatite preparations and green betel leaf extract. In this study, hydroxyapatite and green betel leaf extract were used as oral preparations with variations in the addition of green betel leaf extract 0.1; 0.3; 0.5; 0.7 and 1 gram. The results of the FTIR analysis explain the absorption bands of the functional groups PO43-, OH and CO32- from hydroxyapatite, as well as the C=O and C-O groups from green betel leaf extract which have shifted the wave number, indicating that there has been a bond between hydroxyapatite and metabolite compounds in betel leaf extract. green. In PSA testing, the smallest particle size was indicated by the variation of hydroxyapatite composite and 0,3 gram green betel leaf extract, which was 690.08 nm. Testing the antibacterial activity of the hydroxyapatite-green betel leaf extract composite showed inhibitory activity against Streptococcus mutans bacteri.