Preparation Of Grains Research Articles

The effect of plant extracts on the microbiological parameters of grain

Currently, ensuring high quality and food safety is an important condition for a rational diet, maintaining health, mental and physical performance and supporting the body's defense systems. The current ecological situation is one of the factors determining the nutritional status of the population. Extracts of leaves and stems of rosehip, sea buckthorn and barberry were used as plant raw materials. The use of these plant raw materials is explained by the fact that their extracts of leaves and stems contain polyphenols with antioxidant, antimicrobial and carcinogenic properties. The effective amount of extracts of plant raw materials has been established. The obtained extracts were injected in an amount of 0.05% by weight of their solids. The optimal duration of hydration is 6 and 12 hours, but depending on the effectiveness of the time ‒ 6 hours. The grain is moistened at 23 ° C (room temperature). The effect of plant extracts on the microbiological sowing of grain during soaking and preparation of grain for production and prevention of microbial destruction of bakery products during storage is investigated. Extracts of rosehip leaves and sea buckthorn stems showed a pronounced antimicrobial effect against fungi of the genus Pénicillium. This eliminates the diseases of bread and improves its rheological properties.

Modernization of the granular materials dryer

BACKGROUND: The solving of priority tasks for the development of the agro-industrial complex considers the creation of advanced scientific developments. Innovative research of technical means and technologies of mechanization of agricultural production is not an exception in this regard. In the agricultural sector of Russia, crop production occupies a key place, in which the cultivation of grain crops is a priority. In the whole range of operations in the production of grain, the most important part of it is post-harvest processing of grain. One of the main stages in the post-harvest processing of grain is drying, in which the raw materials are brought to the moisture regain (down to 14%). Proper preparation of grain for storage ensures its reliable safety.
 AIMS: Modernization of the granular materials dryer by means of new technical solution at the level of patentability.
 METHODS: Research of the state of the issue on the topic under consideration with the help of a review of literary sources. Patent search for technical devices of grain dryers. Studying the principle of their functioning and design features. Analysis and generalization of the material for the adoption of a new design solution.
 RESULTS: The use of innovative technologies with the new generation harvesters, characterized by high productivity, has significantly reduced the duration of harvesting, and this, in turn, has significantly aroused the interest in drying. The use of dryers with improved quality indicators of functioning significantly reduces the time for preparing raw materials for long-term storage, reduces grain losses in the field during harvesting, and, in addition, makes it possible to carry out the process of transferring grain from the field to a special long-term storage warehouse in the shortest possible time and with the least losses. There are various ways of drying granular materials. These are main methods based on increasing the temperature of the processed material. Drying of grain with the help of heated air has become the most widespread.
 CONCLUSIONS: As a result of the conducted research, the drawbacks of existing technical devices for granular materials drying, as well as the principles of their functioning, have been revealed. A detailed analysis of literary sources, including a patent search, made it possible to upgrade the processed raw materials dryer, characterized by a simple and reliable design.

Классификация устройств для измельчения фуражного зерна и направления совершенствования конструкций

The preparation of grain for feeding is one of the most important operations of feed processing. Nowadays, the most widespread way of preparation of grain for feeding is its reduction in size. At the moment the variety of reducing devices is rather wide and is characterized by the diversity of constructive solutions. The choice of the specific constructive solution for the needs of an agricultural enterprise depends on the tasks which are set by the agricultural goods producers during animal feeding. At the same time, scientifically the directions of improvement and modernization of reducing devices are of interest with the purpose of the choice of a scientific research direction. In the article the results of the review of forage grain grinders used in agricultural production are given. The main trends of construction improvement are considered, the directions of the scientific research are defined. Keywords: REDUCTION IN SIZE, GRAIN GRINDER, CONSTRUCTION, IMPROVEMENT, GRAIN SEPARATION, VIBRATION

THE QUALITY OF GRINDING OF GRAIN FEEDS DEPENDING ON THE CONSTRUCTION PARAMETERS AND OPERATING MODES OF VIBRATING DISC CRUSHER

Full-fledged animal feeding is the basis for the successful functioning and effective development of the livestock production industry and can be ensured only if a sufficient amount of feed is produced, the loss of their nutritional value during their harvesting, storage, and also the correct preparation of feed for feeding is reduced. Grain feeds used at concentrated feed. They contain a large amount of nutrients that are easily absorbed. Their use in the feeding system allows you to balance the rations of animals in terms of energy, protein, amino acids. The compilation and selection of components of feed rations is carried out by technologists depending on the species, age group, morphological and biological indicators of animals and many other factors. At the same time, regardless of the technology and feeding scheme chosen by the specialist, concentrated feed based on wheat, barley, corn and other agricultural crops that have undergone preliminary technological processing remains an indispensable source of nutrients for animals. Moreover, a particularly important indicator that affects the productivity of animals is the quality of grinding concentrated feed. As a result of grinding feed, a significant number of parts are created from a larger surface area, which helps to speed up digestion and increase the absorption of nutrients. Grinding is one of the most energy-intensive operations used in the production of animal feed. Therefore, scientific research is aimed at minimizing the consumption of energy resources by crushers and increasing the grinding process is an urgent task. The article presents the results of experimental studies of the preparation of grain for feeding farm animals using a vibrating disc crusher, which was designed on the basis of the Department of Department of General Technical Disciplines and Labor Protection of the Vinnytsia National Agrarian University and passed preliminary experimental tests, which proved the prospects of its use in the processes of grinding grain raw materials. The choice of the range of design parameters was performed on the basis of assessing the compliance of the degree of grinding of the finished product with zootechnical requirements for the target fraction of the finished product.

Бажай-Жежерун С. А., Береза-Кіндзерська Л. В., Башта А. О. РОЗРОБЛЕННЯ СПОСОБУ ОТРИМАННЯ ПЛАСТІВЦІВ ОЗДОРОВЧОГО ПРИЗНАЧЕННЯ НА ОСНОВІ ЗЕРНА ТРИТИКАЛЕ

We have developed and scientifically grounded the method of obtaining flakes of increased biological value from triticale grain. The technological process includes stages: preparation of grain for processing, hydrothermal treatment of prepared raw materials under low temperature conditions in three cycles, each of which includes intensive moisture and prolonged distraction, which contributes to the biological activation of grain; flattening, drying of flakes; screening, packing. After the first intensive moistening of the grain, it is provided for its treatment with infrared irradiation with constant mixing, the thickness of the grain layer is 20…25 cm. At the same time, the capacity of infrared lamps is 230…260 W/m2, the distance from the grain placement plane to the lamp is 25…30 cm, the duration of the process is 58-60 s. It has been experimentally established that IR irradiation pre-soaked within 2…4 hours of grain, stimulates physiological parameters, in particular energy and germination ability, further intensifies the processes of vitamins synthesis in grain. It is noted that in the process of this complex treatment, the amount of vitamin C increases 2…3 times, tocopherols – 3…4 times, compared with the initial content of triticale grain, significantly increases the content of B vitamins, in particular, thiamine and riboflavin. It has been established that grain irradiation for longer than 60 seconds is undesirable due to excessive grain overheating, which negatively affects the biological activation process. The influence of biological activation, which is combined with IR irradiation, on the change in the content of vitamins and basic energy compounds of grain is investigated. The indicators of microbiological stability of flakes based on triticale grain prepared according to the developed method are investigated. It has been established that microbiological contamination does not exceed the acceptable values and during 6 months of storage such grain products are safe in terms of microbiological purity.

Multicomponent Solid Fuel Production Technology Using Waste Water

An assessment is given to the problems of urban wastewater sludge utilization in our country and abroad, with determination of formation and usage level. Global trends in the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions exacerbate the urgency of solving the designated tasks. At the same time, recently, in connection with the EU’s plans to introduce a cross-border carbon levy, it has become necessary to reduce the carbon footprint from burning traditional fuels, which is an urgent problem of modern society. One of the directions that provide a solution to this problem is the replacement of part of the hydrocarbon fuel by the consumption of multicomponent solid fuel based on the use of combustible waste that is part of the multicomponent fuel. This solid fuel can be used to meet the needs of small consumers, for example, in the autumn-summer period to generate a drying agent for the preparation of grain on the threshing-floor, in small boiler houses, in sand drying plants of locomotive depots, heat installations of hangars and workshops, as well as in other heat-generating installations operating on solid fuels. At the same time, solving the problem of reducing the carbon footprint for Belarus is closely related to another urgent task – reducing the energy component of industrial products and the environmental consequences of storing accumulated and generated waste. The paper presents the results of joint scientific research in the field of application of modern technologies and equipment using electrohydraulic treatment to reduce and minimize the level of anthropogenic and polluting substances in wastewater sludge. The described technological equipment, technology and post-treatment modes reduce the content of harmful substances in the wastewater sludge composition even with short-term treatment. An assessment of the effectiveness of the developed technology for the use of sewage sludge is given, using the method of wet multicomponent briquetting to obtain a multicomponent fuel. The presented process flow diagram of multicomponent briquetting using sewage sludge and plant-wood waste directly shows the undeniable advantages of using watered wastewater sludge as a raw material for the production of solid fuel. At the same time, the optimally selected ratio of components and moisture content of the briquetted composition solves a number of technologically difficult problems that cannot be realized using traditional briquetting technologies. The presented data of the conducted research and the developed technology make it possible to expand the area of using wastewater sludge as a secondary renewable material resource.

Functional and morphological diagram of the installation for the preparation of grain molasses

The existing processes for the preparation of grain molasses are described. The flow diagrams for functioning of the most common installations for its production are shown. A functional and morphological analysis was performed, a morphological matrix was developed, and the most rational version of the design layout and process flow diagram of the installation was selected. The functional and morphological diagram of the installation for the preparation of grain molasses constructed using the methods of the theory of solving inventive problems is provided.

The Experimental Determination of Optimum Parameters of the Equipment for Processing Grain in Preparation for Grinding

Introduction. Modern technology of grain processing pays special attention to the qualitative and efficient preparation of grain for milling. At small enterprises with a reduced technological process, this is almost the only way to improve product yield and quality. Without proper multi-stage preparation of grain for milling at small enterprises, it is impossible to achieve the required quality and quantity of products produced by industrial mills. Grain peeling is one of the most effective ways to clean the surface from dirt and remove outer shells. The removal of outer shells allows increasing the yield of high-grade flour at reduced milling diagrams. The efficiency of the peeling process is significantly infuencet by the design and operating parameters of the peeling machine. The purpose of this work is the experimental determination of optimal conditions for grain processing in the peeling and drying machine (the optimal combination of factors). Materials and Methods. To determine optimal conditions for grain processing in the peeling and drying machine, the method of extreme planning of the experiment was applied. The method of random balance was used to select the most significant factors based on their influence on the optimization parameter. The method of steep ascent on the response surface (the Box – Wilson method) was used to find the optimum area (the planning matrix was realized and statistical analysis of results and steep ascent on the response surface was carried out). Verification of the results was carried out on the software Statistica 10.0. Results. On the basis of experiments, a mathematical model of the technological process of wheat processing in the peeling and drying machine there were obtained, which linked the structural and mode parameters of the machine with the humidity of the treated grain. The results of the experiment confirmed the operability of the developed machine when working with high-humidity grain; they are fundamental for the machine’s further modernization. Discussion and Conclusion The analysis of the controlled factor dispersion diagram allowed us to select the most significant of them based on influence on the selected optimization parameter, the white flour color obtained from the treated grain. As a result of the evaluation of experimental data of the conducted studies, the design and mode parameters of the developed machine were determined, corresponding to the areas of the optimal optimization parameter: shaft rotation speed is 1400 rpm, angle of inclination of stamping on the sieve drum is 15 degrees, the initial moisture content of the processed grain is 15.50%, and the machine productivity does not exceed 700 kg/h.

Technological Improvements of Grain Preparation for Milling in Small Enterprises

Introduction. In small enterprises with simplified technological process of graded milling, preparations, which involve cleaning, peeling and moistening grain, play an essential role for ensuaring high quality of graded flour. Modern equipment for the low-productive mills implies only dry cleaning of grains in an abrasive machine with their further cold conditioning. The equipment designed for graded milling with deep multiple cleaning, washing and hydrothermal treatment is not possible. It significantly increases the cost of flour. The aim of the study is to increase both qualitative and quantitative indicators of graded flour in small enterprises through peeling and drying of grains before milling. Materials and Methods. The quality analyses of grain processing according to such indicators as ash content (whiteness), moisture, quantity of fractured grains were carried out according to State Standards of the Russian Federation and the methods established in science and practice. The degree of peeling was determined by the whiteness indicator with a photoelectric whitener SKIB-M (GOST 26361-2013 “Flour. Test method for whiteness”). Grain moisture was determined according to GOST 13586.5-2015 by the drying cabinet DEC-3M (drying electrical cabinet, model type 3M). The number of fractured grains was determined according to GOST 30483-97. Results. The research result revealed the dependence of grain processing on the technical aids. А combined peeling–drying machine was developed on this principle. The authors have developed rational operations of grain processing, which increase the whiteness of the received flour on average 4–7 conventional units. The standard instrument for whiteness definition has been studied and set. According to the given results optimal operating parameters for grain processing before milling have been developed: machine productivity (Q = 700 kg/h); the period of grain processing (t = 72 s.); optimum moisture content (from the point of view of obtained flour whiteness) of grains received for milling (W = 14 %); radiant power (P = 1 000 W). Conclusions. The research proved the fact that peeling of grains is one of the most effective ways of increasing the grade of end products of small enterprises with simplified technological process of graded milling. The efficiency of peeling seeds of wheat with humidity higher than 16 % decreases that speaks for the need to dry grains. The authors of the article introduce the equipment and technology for grain processing before graded milling, which provide grain peeling and, if necessary, drying. The operating parameters of the peeling-drying machine for preparation of grains for milling have been determined. The developed technology provide, if necessary, drying the remoistened grain to necessary standards that gives the chance to produce high-quality flour from the grains processed hydrothermally without processing moisture conditions required. The machine productivity in the mode of drying should be connected with the power of microwave infrared radiation, and its time and power should be limited to a maximum permissible grain temperature, which does not exceed 60 ºС. Keywords: peeling, whiteness, moisture, drying, preparation of grain for grinding For citation: Anisimov A. V., Rudik F. Ya., Zagorodskih B. P. Technological Improvements of Grain Preparation for Milling in Small Enterprises. Vestnik Mordovskogo universiteta = Mordovia University Bulletin. 2018; 28(4):603–623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15507/0236-2910.028.201804.603-623 Acknowledgments: The study was conducted as part of an agreement with the Foundation for Assistance to Development of Small Enterprises in Scientific and Technical Sphere (No. 180GS1 / 6784, 25 December 2014) under the “START-1” program together with “Healthy Food” LLC.

Intensification of preparation for grain milling

In this work the actual scientific and production task of increase of efficiency of preparation of grain for simple grinding is solved. This is done by wet cleaning the surface from dirt and insects. Is the achievement of optimum grinding condition parameters with the intensification of the process of ultrasonic vibrations. Analytically and experimentally investigated and installed structural-regime parameters of the ultrasonic plant and technology for cleaningand courage of grain. The authors consider the regularities of the influence of structural and regime parameters on the intensity of grain processing in an ultrasonic plant.

АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА НАПИТКОВ НА РАСТИТЕЛЬНОМ СЫРЬЕ

At the present time, the interest of consumers to healthy nutrition products, which contain functional components and have a favourable effect on physiological functions of the organism, is increasing. When manufacturing food products according to particular consumer appeals, the use of plant raw material has a wide range of perspectives. Plant raw material is of great value due to its specific combination of biologically and physically active components. There are categories of consumers with various health deviations, such as lactose intolerance or allergy to casein, contained in milk. An alternative to drinking milk of animal origin is using milk of plant origin, as well as food products on its basis. Non-alcoholic beverages, based on plant raw material with the use of grain, oily and bean raw material, are considered to be functional beverages. The raw material used for their production contains a unique collection of essential components, which have favourable effect on structures and functions of the organism. In order to produce plant-based beverages, the following agricultural crops are used: wheat, rye, oat, barley, buckwheat, soy, amaranth, and hemp. Biochemical composition, as well as correlation of macro- and micronutrients in the mentioned types of plants differ significantly. Therefore, physical-and-chemical properties, organoleptic properties and nutrition value of the produced beverages will be different. Grain, oily and bean crops contain nutritive substances necessary for functioning of various systems of the organism; they are the source of protein, vitamins, carbons, minerals and dietary fibre. Moreover, mentioned raw material is characterised by the presence of the following biologically valuable components: polyunsaturated fatty acids, phospholipids, vitamins, and antioxidants. Plant-based beverages can be produced following various process charts. Technology of these beverages can be divided into the following stages: reception, storage and preparation of grains; steeping and germinating of grains, fermentation, extraction, filtration, homogenization, and component mixing.

The instruments of higher order thinking skills

This research developed the standard of instrument for measuring the High Order Thinking Skill (HOTS) ability of PGSD students. The research method used is development research with eight steps namely theoretical studies, operational definition, designation construct, dimensions and indicators, the preparation of the lattice, the preparation of grain, an analysis of legibility and Social desirability, field trials, and data analysis. In accordance with the type of data to be obtained in this study, the research instrument using validation sheet, implementation observation, and questionnaire. The results show that the instruments are valid and feasible to be used by expert and have been tested on PGSD students with 60% of PGSD students with low categorization.

Topochemical synthesis of plate-like Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 templates from Bi4Ti3O12

Abstract Plate-like templates for the development of grain oriented microstructures are required for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics with directionality of properties. Plate-like Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 templates with perovskite structure were synthesized by the Topochemical Microcrystal Conversion (TMC) method from bismuth layer-structured ferroelectric compound Bi4Ti3O12. The TMC-derived NBT templates, with diameters of 5–15 µm and an average thickness of 0.7 µm, maintained the morphology of Bi4Ti3O12 precursors, showing a high degree of preferred pseudocubic orientation. The Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 particles prepared could serve as good templates for the preparation of grain oriented lead-free NBT-based piezoelectric ceramics.

TEM foil preparation of sub‐micrometre sized individual grains by focused ion beam technique

Analysis of presolar silicate grains provides new knowledge on interstellar and circumstellar environments and can be used to test models of the Galactic chemical evolution. However, structural information of these grains is rare because sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy is very difficult due to the small dimensions of these grains (<0.5 mum). With the use of the focused ion beam technique thin foils from these grains for transmission electron microscopy analysis can be prepared. Nevertheless, reaching the required precision of some tens of nanometres for the preparation of the transmission electron microscopy foil in the place of interest is not trivial. Furthermore, in the current samples, the grain of interest can only be identified by its different isotopic composition; i.e. there is no contrast difference in scanning electron microscopy or transmission electron microscopy images which allow the identification of the grain. Therefore, the grain has to be marked in some way before preparing the transmission electron microscopy foil. In the present paper, a method for transmission electron microscopy foil preparation of grains about 200 to 400 nm in diameter is presented. The method utilizes marking of the grain by Pt deposition and milling of holes to aid in the exact orientation of the transmission electron microscopy foil with respect to the grain. The proposed method will be explained in detail by using an example grain.

Influence of hydrothermal processes on selected physical properties of oat grain

The article proves the existence of a strong correlation between the range of parameters of hydrothermal treatment of oat grain (temperature of moistening, steam pressure, time of moistening) and the moisture content of the grain. The study is based on a multidirectional scheme and allows for conducting analysis of the influence of hydrothermal treatment on the physical properties of oat grain, mainly on its moisture content. The results obtained facilitated the elaboration of a scheme for calculating changes in the geometrical center of grain after it is subjected to steam moistening. It explains a complicated mechanism of changes in the geometrical properties of moistened grain and their effect on the bulky array, which is very important in the proper processing and preparation of grain. The obtained results and their analysis demonstrated practical directions and possibilities of hydrothermal treatment of oat grain before processing.

A novel technique for preparation of grain oriented BLSF piezoelectric ceramics

Grain oriented bismuth layer-structured ferroelectrics (BLSFs) ceramics CaBi4Ti3.95V0.05O15 were prepared by screen-printing method. The particle size of starting materials is a very important factor for the grain orientation annealed ceramics. Highly textured ceramics can only be obtained by using nanosized TiO2 and the mechanism for grain orientation was proposed. The electrical properties of the textured ceramics showed strongly anisotropic. The dielectric constant and loss tangent in the perpendicular plane is larger than that of the parallel plane. The remanent polarization in the perpendicular plane (2.64 μC/cm2) is also much larger than that of the parallel plane (0.31 μC/cm2). Compared with other grain orientation techniques, screen-printing was a simple and effective technique to fabricate grain oriented BLSFs ceramics.

Preparation of Grain Oriented BNKT-Based Perovskite Solid Solutions

Preparation of Grain Oriented BNKT-Based Perovskite Solid Solutions

High-Pressure, High-Temperature Synthesis and Characterization of Boron Suboxide (B6O)

Boron suboxide, nominally B6O, was synthesized by reducing B2O3 with B up to 10 GPa in a multianvil press at temperatures between 1200 and 1800 °C. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and parallel electron energy-loss spectroscopy (PEELS). We used high-pressure techniques to synthesize boron suboxide of improved purity and crystallinity and less oxygen-deficient (i.e., closer to the nominal B6O composition) in comparison to products of room-pressure syntheses. We describe the preparation of grains ranging from 20 nm to 40 μm in diameter, as well as the first synthesis of micrometer-sized B6O icosahedral twins and euhedral “crystals”. The best materials are obtained for starting mixtures containing an excess B2O3 reacted at 1700−1800 °C between 4 and 5.5 GPa. After the products were washed in water, well-crystallized single-phase product dominated by icosahedrally twinned particles to 30 μm in diameter was easily recove...