Fruit Preparations Research Articles

Preparation and Characterization of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Starch as Solid Medicinal Additive

Preparation and Characterization of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Starch as Solid Medicinal Additive

Immunomodulatory effects of Diospyros peregrina fruit preparation (DFP) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) by utilizing dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation and T helper (TH) cell differentiation.

Diospyros peregrina is a dioecious plant which is native to India. It belongs to the family of Ebenaceae and is extensively used to treat various ailments, such as leucorrhoea and other uterine-related problems. Though few studies have been on D. peregrina for their anti-tumour response, little is known. Therefore, this intrigued us to understand its immunomodulator capabilities on various types of cancer extensively. Our primary focus is on NSCLC (Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer), which is ranked as the second largest form of cancer in the world, and the treatments demand non-invasive agents to target NSCLC effectively. In an objective to generate an efficient Lung Cancer Associated Antigen (LCA) specific anti-tumour immune response, LCA was presented using dendritic cells (DCs) in the presence of D. peregrina fruit preparation (DFP). Moreover, we also investigated DFP's role in the differentiation of T-helper (TH) cells. Therefore, this study aimed at better LCA presentation mediated by DFP by activating the LCA pulsed DCs and T helper cell differentiation for better immune response. DCs were pulsed with LCA for tumour antigen presentation in vitro, with and without DFP. Differentially pulsed DCs were irradiated to co-culture with autologous and allogeneic lymphocytes. Extracellular supernatants were collected for the estimation of cytokine levels by ELISA. LDH release assay was performed to test Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) mediated lung tumour cell cytotoxicity. Thus, DFP may be a potential vaccine to generate anti-LCA immune responses to restrict NSCLC.

Evaluation of the Thermal Energy Potential of Waste Products from Fruit Preparation and Processing Industry

In the context of a changing climate and increasing efforts to use renewable energy sources and waste materials and to green the environment, new sources and technologies for energy recovery from waste are being sought. This study evaluates the possibilities of energy generation potential from waste products of fruit species used in the food processing industry. The results indicate good potential for energy use of materials from fruit processing due to low input moisture content of around 15 wt. %, an average energy lower heating value (LHV) of 16.5 MJ·kg−1, an average low ash content of 4.9% and meeting most of the emission limits of similar biofuels. Elemental analysis and combustion residue studies indicate safe operation within existing standards. The results of our analyses and experience from similar studies allow us to recommend most of the studied waste materials for energy generation use directly in processing plants at the local level.

Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables and Gastric Cancer Risk: Answers From Case-Control Study

Several dietary and non-dietary factors and genetic predispositions may play an important role in gastric carcinogenesis. The association between fruit and vegetable with gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between fruit and vegetable intake and GC risk. This case-control study enrolled 173 patients with GC and 313 GC-free controls between March 2015 and August 2018. Dietary data was collected separately from each patient using an interview-based food frequency questionnaire. The results showed a significant ( P ≤ .05) inverse association between grape and melon consumption and GC development. In contrast, the consumption of 100% orange juice, orange, pear, and strawberry increased significantly ( P ≤ .05) the risk of GC. However, mixed vegetables, vegetables fried with olive oil, and onion consumption showed a significant ( P ≤ .05) protective effect against GC. No association was detected for the other examined fruits and vegetables (dates, watermelon, peach, green beans, peas, carrot, and stuffed vegetables). Although many fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of GC, others may increase it. The method of vegetable and fruit preparation may affect the nutritive value. More studies are warranted to confirm our findings.

Relationship between Physicochemical, Techno-Functional and Health-Promoting Properties of Fiber-Rich Fruit and Vegetable By-Products and Their Enhancement by Emerging Technologies.

The preparation and processing of fruits and vegetables produce high amounts of underutilized fractions, such as pomace and peel, which present a risk to the environment but constitute a valuable source of dietary fiber (DF) and bioactive compounds. The utilization of these fiber-rich products as functional food ingredients demands the application of treatments to improve their techno-functional properties, such as oil and water binding, and health-related properties, such as fermentability, adsorption, and retardation capacities of glucose, cholesterol, and bile acids. The enhancement of health-promoting properties is strongly connected with certain structural and techno-functional characteristics, such as the soluble DF content, presence of hydrophobic groups, and viscosity. Novel physical, environmentally friendly technologies, such as ultrasound (US), high-pressure processing (HPP), extrusion, and microwave, have been found to have higher potential than chemical and comminution techniques in causing desirable structural alterations of the DF network that lead to the improvement of techno-functionality and health promotion. The application of enzymes was related to higher soluble DF content, which might be associated with improved DF properties. Combined physical and enzymatic treatments can aid solubilization and modifications, but their benefit needs to be evaluated for each DF source and the desired outcome.

Standardisation of Recipes for Preparation of Value-Added Products f0072om Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus undatus)

Standardisation of Recipes for Preparation of Value-Added Products f0072om Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus undatus)

Diospyros malabarica fruit preparation mediates immunotherapeutic modulation and epigenetic regulation to evoke protection against non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

Ethnopharmacological relevanceDiospyros malabarica is an ethnomedicinal plant with hypoglycaemic, anti-bacterial, and anti-cancer properties and it belongs to the Ebenaceae family which is well known for its medicinal uses since ancient times and application of its bark and unripened fruit has been significantly mentioned in Ayurvedic texts. The Diospyros malabarica species which is known as the Gaub in Hindi and Indian Persimmon in English is native to India, however, it is distributed throughout the tropics. Aim of the studyAs Diospyros malabarica fruit preparation (DFP) possesses medicinal values, the study aims to evaluate its role as natural, non-toxic, and cost-effective dendritic cells (DCs) maturing immunomodulatory agent and also as an epigenetic regulator to combat Non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) which is a type of lung cancer whose treatment options such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, etc. are accompanied with some adverse side effects. Thus, immunotherapeutic strategies are in high demand to evoke tumor protective immunity against NSCLC without causing such side effects. Materials and methodsPeripheral Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) derived monocytes of normal subjects and NSCLC patients were utilized to generate DCs matured with either LPS (LPSDC) or DFP (DFPDC). Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction (MLR) was carried out with the differentially matured DCs co-culturing T cells and cytotoxicity of lung cancer cells (A549) was measured through LDH release assay and cytokine profiling was carried out via ELISA respectively. PBMCs of normal subjects and NSCLC patients have transfected separately in vitrowith CRISPR-activation plasmid of p53 and CRISPR-Cas9 knockout plasmid of c-Myc to analyze epigenetic mechanism(s) in the presence and absence of DFP. ResultsDiospyros malabarica fruit preparation (DFP) treated DC upregulates the secretion of T helper (TH)1 cell specific cytokines (IFN-γ and IL-12) and signal transducer and activator of transcription molecules (STAT1 and STAT4). Furthermore, it also downregulates the secretion of TH2-specific cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10). Diospyros malabarica fruit preparation (DFP) enhances p53 expression by reducing methylation levels at the CpG island of the promoter region. Upon c-Myc knockout, epigenetic markers such as H3K4Me3, p53, H3K14Ac, BRCA1, and WASp were enhanced whereas H3K27Me3, JMJD3, and NOTCH1 were downregulated. ConclusionDiospyros malabarica fruit preparation (DFP) not only increases the expression of type 1 specific cytokines but also augments tumor suppression modulating various epigenetic markers to evoke tumor protective immunity without any toxic activities.

Preparation and evaluation of fresh pineapple, passion fruit and ginger blended ready-to-serve drink

Preliminary work was executed at the processing laboratory of ICAR (Research complex) for NEH Region, Arunachal Pradesh Centre, Basar, to prepare and assess the physico-chemical properties of fresh juice blends. The experiment comprised of nine treatments consisting of fresh pineapple, passion fruit and ginger juice blends in different ratios following CRD with three replications. It was found that the treatment (T5) passion fruit-ginger juice at the ratio of 90:10 blended RTS beverage exhibited the highest pH (4.33), ascorbic acid (18.73 mg per 100 ml) and beta carotene (245.33 µg per 100 ml). The TSS and acidity percent were non-significant as all the sample treatments were maintained almost uniform at 15 ºBrix and 0.30 percent. Further, it also revealed that both the sugar i.e. reducing and total sugar of the fresh mixed RTS drink was recorded maximum in (T2) pineapple-passion fruit juice ratio of 70:30. Organoleptic traits of freshly mixed ready to serve drinks after evaluated by a member of juries based on 9 Points Hedonic Scale vividly indicated that treatment (T1) pineapple-passion fruit RTS at 50:50 ratio recorded the most favoured taste, colour, flavour ultimately attributing to the highest overall acceptability.

Effect of Antioxidant Activity of Red Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) Peel on Fibroblast Proliferation in the Healing Process of Oral Ulcers in Wistar Rats

The purpose of this study is to understand effect of antioxidant activity of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel on fibroblast proliferation in the healing process of oral ulcers in wistar rats. This type of research is a quasi-laboratory experiment with a randomized post test only control group design. This research will be carried out from May to June 2022, including the preparation of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel extract, antioxidant activity tests, making wounds until the time for wound healing, as well as histopathological examination. The population of are wistar rats bred at Eldwin Laboratory is 300 individuals. Based on the calculation, the total sample in this study is 10 multiplied by 3 so there are 30 samples. The data obtained is not normally distributed then the statistical test is continued with kruskal-willis test to determine differences in the effectiveness of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel extract in all groups. The results show that there is an effect of antioxidant activity of red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) peel extract on fibroblast proliferation in the healing process of oral ulcers in wistar rats. Keywords: Antioxidant Activity, Red Dragon Fruit, Peel, Fibroblast Proliferation

Immunomodulatory Role of Diospyros peregrina Fruit Preparation in Breast Cancer by Utilizing Macrophage Mediated Antigen Presentation and T Helper Cell (Th) Differentiation

Diospyros peregrina is dioecious plant native to India and belonging to the family of Ebenaceae, is largely utilized in treatment of various ailments. Little has been known about the antitumor activity of Diospyros peregrina with only 1 previous study on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in mice. Therefore, it prompted us to extensively explore the immunomodulatory effect in various cancer forms. The focal point of this study revolves around breast cancer, which is the second most common cancer in the world. In view of the increasing demands for noninvasive treatments, natural plant-based agents open up promising applications in cancer immunotherapy METHODS: CD4+ lymphocytes were isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of breast cancer patients and normal donor blood samples using magnetic-activated cell sorting (MACS) and cultured separately. Utilizing the plastic surface adherence property, the macrophages were isolated from CD4 negative lymphocytes of both breast cancer patients and normal donors. For the presentation of tumor antigens invitro, macrophages were pulsed with breast tumor associated antigen (BTAA) in presence or absence of Diospyros peregrina fruit preparation (DFP). Differentially pulsed and irradiated macrophages were co-cultured with autologous and allogenic lymphocytes. Supernatants hence collected from CD4+ lymphocytes were utilized for cytokine profiling using ELISA and proliferation was assessed by MTT assay. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) generated from CD4 negative lymphocytes culture (2×105) was incubated with MCF-7 (2×104) to check cytotoxicity using LDH release assay. CD4+ lymphocytes were treated in presence or absence of DFP, were analyzed using immunoblotting and RT-qPCR, to check DFP mediated T helper (Th) cell differentiation through investigation of signatory cytokines and transcription factors. It was found that DFP elevated the proliferation of CD4+ T lymphocytes (Th) in response to BTAA. DFP also helped in presenting BTAA pulsed macrophages directing in the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte mediated immune response. Results indicated that DFP preferentially highlighted Th1 commitment with type-1 specific cytokines IFN-g and IL-12 and was indifferent in Th2 manifestation. DFP was not only involved in the upregulation of Tbet mounted type-1 mediated immune response and activation of STAT1 but also it downregulated STAT6 and GATA3, the functional activators and regulators of type-2 immune response. Moreover, it was observed that DFP inhibited the tumor-promoting environment modulated through Tregs by downregulating Foxp3 and STAT5. Further, it was detected that DFP directs Th1 bias and results in attainment of better suppression of breast tumor CONCLUSION: The results collectively pointed out that DFP favored cell-mediated immune response from BTAA antigen presentation on macrophages and also helping in the robust proliferation of an entire spectrum of T helper lymphocytes which furthermore strengthen the underlying immune responses, hence, fencing the body, of the progression of breast cancer.

Rheological parameters of mixed Brazilian Cerrado fruits sugar-free preserves: the effect of body agents.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the bodying agents (erythritol, sorbitol, xylitol, and polydextrose) and their mixtures on the preparation of mixed Brazilian Cerrado fruit preserves (marolo, soursop, and sweet passion fruit). Mixture design was used for product optimization and the preserves were evaluated by texture profile, stress relaxation test, and uniaxial compression test. The research data were analyzed using regression equations on SAS software. The results indicated that the rheological parameters were affected by the body agents. Erythritol should not be used as an isolated component because it provoked changes in the properties of the final product (harder and brittle preserves); xylitol and sorbitol made preserves more elastic, cohesive, and more fragile; and polydextrose showed a synergistic effect with erythritol for rupture deformation and lesser effects for hardness, adhesiveness, and gumminess.

Differential antimicrobial extract activity of Graviola (Annona muricata) on gram positive and gram- negative antibiotic-resistant bacteria

New agents are needed with the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Identification of plants with activity against MDR bacteria is of increasing importance. The antimicrobial activity of commercially available Graviola preparations against 38 clinical and laboratory isolates, representing MDR and drug-sensitive Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, was measured by broth microdilution. Commercially Graviola fruit, as well as leaves/stems preparations, exhibited both inhibitory and cidal activity. However, the fruit preparation showed significantly less activity than the leaves/stems preparation. The Graviola leaves/stems preparation activity titer ranged from 1:4 to 1:16 against MDR Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria; including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). However, the preparation had no effect on Lactobacillus. In addition, further extractions of the leaves/stems were tested against MRSA and MSSA in an in-vitro biofilm wound infection model. The polar extracts of the stems/leaves exhibited the highest bactericidal activity in preventing and inhibiting biofilm formation. Thus, Graviola leaves/stems extracts showed differential activity for phytochemical utility against multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Formulasi Detergen Cair Ekstrak Buah Pedada (Sonneratia alba)

The pedada fruit extract (Sonneratia alba) contains saponin compounds which can be used as a natural foam in liquid detergents. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pedada fruit extract as an additive to produce natural detergents that are environmentally friendly according to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI). This research consisted of preparation and extraction of pedada fruit with 96% ethanol, preparation of liquid detergent, and characterization the physical properties of liquid detergent. The formulation of liquid detergent used three treatments of adding pedada fruit extract, namely the addition of 5% (F1), 10% (F2), and 15% (F3). Data analysis used a completely randomized design (CRD) with one factor, namely the difference in the addition of pedada fruit extract to liquid detergent. The analysis was carried out in two repetitions. The results showed that the ethanol extract of pedada fruit was detected contain saponins. The treatment with ethanol extract of 5% (F1) is closest to the requirements of SNI 06-4075-1996 for liquid detergent with a pH value of 8.29 ± 0.04, viscosity of 37.7 ± 1.55 cPs, foam height of 2.5 cm, foam stability was 88.5±0.70%, specific gravity was 2.6±0.14 g/mL, and sedimentation volume was 0.975±0.021 mL.

Role of Diospyros peregrina fruit preparation in suppressing regulatory T (Treg) cells in the tumor microenvironment of breast and lung cancer

BackgroundThe most frequent cancers in the world are breast cancer and lung cancer. Regulatory T cells (Treg) are the subtype of T cells that promotes equilibrium between immunological surveillance and immune tolerance, and they are commonly found in high amounts within tumours. The presence of Treg cells in the tumour microenvironment results in immune suppression, due to which immune cells are not able to kill the tumour cells. Diospyros peregrina (Gaertn.) Gürke is an ethnomedicinal plant with hypoglycaemic, diuretic, and anti-cancer effects. This genus, Diospyros, is native to India but distributed throughout the tropics and is characterized by its ability to produce triterpenes of the lupine series and various other bioactive compounds. Diospyros peregrina fruit preparation (DFP) substantially increases tumour protective immunity by suppressing Treg cells. PurposeThis project aims to suppress the regulatory T cells in the tumour microenvironment by giving Diospyros peregrina fruit preparation (DFP) treatment to Treg cells, which will help in controlling and combating breast cancer and lung cancer. MethodFor this project's work, we isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from the blood, and the isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used to isolate CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. Then, Diospyros peregrina fruit preparation (DFP) was prepared, which was used to treat CD4+CD25+ Treg cells. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), and RT-qPCR were used to determine the effect of DFP treatment on Treg cells. ResultDiospyros peregrina fruit preparation (DFP) treatment suppresses the expression of CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+Treg cells within tumours. DFP-treated CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Treg cells increase the cytotoxicity within the tumours compared to non-treated Treg cells. DFP treatment help in reducing the release of (T helper type 2) TH2 cell cytokines (Interleukin-10) IL-10 as well as (Interleukin-4) IL-4 and escalating the release of (T helper type 1) TH1 cell cytokines (Interleukin-12) IL-12 and (Interferon-γ) IFN-γ, it also increases the transcriptional activity of T-box transcription factor TBX21 (TBX21) and reduces the expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 and GATA3. ConclusionDiospyros peregrina fruit preparation (DFP) treatment augments the expressions of TH1-specific cytokines and transcription factors, and DFP treatment diminishes the expressions of both TH2 and Treg-specific cytokines and transcription factors.

Associations of Maternal and Paternal Parenting Practices With Children's Fruit and Vegetable Intake and Physical Activity: Preliminary Findings From an Ecological Momentary Study.

BackgroundChildhood obesity prevention interventions routinely focus on changing maternal parenting practices. Failure to assess how fathers’ weight-related (ie, diet and physical activity) parenting practices contribute to children’s energy balance behaviors limits the understanding of their paternal role within the family. Examining the independent and interacting effects of fathers’ and mothers’ weight-related parenting practices on children’s diet and physical activity addresses this important research gap.ObjectiveThis study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate the within-subject and between-subject independent and interactive effects of maternal and paternal encouragement to eat and preparation of fruits and vegetables (F/V) and encouragement of and taking their child to be physically active on their child’s self-reported F/V intake and physical activity engagement.MethodsParticipants included mother-father-child triads (n=22 triads, n=205-213 prompts/occasions) in the Mothers and Their Children’s Health Study and the University of Southern California Fathers Study. Simultaneously, mothers and fathers (agesmean 44.2 years, SD 5.6, and 45.2 years, SD 8.1, respectively), and their children (agemean 12.0 years, SD 0.7) completed up to 8 randomly prompted EMA surveys per day on separate smartphones for 7 days. At each prompt, mothers and fathers each reported whether they did the following in the past 2 hours: (1) encouraged their child to eat F/V, (2) prepared F/V for their child, (3) encouraged their child to be physically active, or (4) took their child to be physically active. Children self-reported whether they consumed F/V or were physically active in the past 2 hours.ResultsResults from Bayesian multilevel logistic models (all in log-odd units) indicated that at the within-subject level, greater maternal encouragement (β=2.28, 95% CI 0.08 to 5.68) of eating F/V was associated with greater child report of eating F/V, but paternal encouragement (β=1.50, 95% CI –0.83 to 4.52) showed no effects above and beyond maternal encouragement. Additionally, greater than usual paternal encouragement (β=2.28, 95% CI 0.08 to 5.54) and maternal encouragement (β=2.94, 95% CI 0.36 to 6.69) of physical activity had significant independent effects and were associated with greater child report of physical activity. No other within-subject or between-subject associations nor interactive effects were significant.ConclusionsFindings from this study suggest that fathers play a role in supporting their children’s physical activity but not their intake of F/V. Future EMA studies should recruit larger samples to evaluate the independent and interacting roles of mothers’ and fathers’ weight-related parenting practices on child’s obesogenic behaviors.

Waste management in municipal markets

Municipal markets are approximately 90 years old in Ecuador, although some of them have modern buildings, the process of organic solid waste has not changed. Object of study of this work is the municipal market “Las Manuelas” located in the province of Guayas in the canton of Durán. Organic solid wastes could be used for the elaboration of new biopolymers, so the objective of this research is to determine the environmental impact of the activities articulated to this process. The observation technique was applied to make the process flow diagram and the methodology of the matrix of importance of environmental impacts. Results obtained showed that the activity of preparation of vegetables and fruits within the municipal market presented the highest I with a value of -42, under these parameters the need to establish preventive actions that can contribute to the circular economy was manifested.

Effectiveness of strawberry serum (Fragaria Sp.) on rabbit skin

Strawberries (Fragaria Sp.) are type plant from family Roseceae that have various content chemical that is Anthocyanins, Ellagic acid, cateehin, quer -cetin, kaempferol, vitamins A, B and C. Fruits strawberry have function as antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory so that extract fruit strawberries can used as antidote radical free and will more maximum when used in form care face like serum preparations. Purpose of study this for knowing effectiveness from preparation of serum extract fruit working strawberries _ as antioxidant for care face. The method used in the research this that is method experimental with the results of the data obtained were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA method (one-way variant) using how SPSS uses confidence level 95% or = 0.05. Study this cover extract fruit strawberry use method maceration.

Effectiveness of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon, cv. Pilgrim) vacuum impregnation: The effect of sample pretreatment, pressure, and processing time

This study aimed to determine the effects of vacuum impregnation (VI) on the effectiveness of enrichment of cranberry fruit with ascorbic acid. During the research, different strategies of fruit preparation that might improve impregnation in a ternary solution containing ascorbic acid, citric acid, and sucrose were tested. The evaluation of the processes was based on an analysis of impregnation efficiency, selected quality parameters, and alterations of internal structure. The results confirm that VI proceeds efficiently with heat-treated or bisected cranberry. The pressure and length of the individual process stages also affect impregnation efficiency. The lower the pressure and/or the longer the impregnation time, the higher the ascorbic acid content in the fruit. It can be concluded that VI is an effective method for enriching difficult to process berries with valuable compounds.

Food safety behavioural changes among the population in Sub-Saharan Africa during the COVID-19 first wave

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is known as a region that is highly affected by foodborne illnesses; and like the rest of the world, SSA is also deeply concerned about the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the risk of infection by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus from food products and food packaging being thought to be very low, it does not exclude possibilities of cross-contamination. This study aimed at assessing that risk based on the population’s key food safety Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices (KAP) that might be considered important to limit eventual virus propagation. A cross-sectional study consisting of an online survey was carried out between June and July 2020 (during the first wave of COVID-19 in the region). This study was targeted at Sub-Saharan Africans aged at least 18, and 817 participants from 5 developing countries (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, and Nigeria) and South Africa (a middle-income country) were recorded. Most of the respondents appeared to be aware of COVID-19, its symptoms, and the protective measures. The awareness of the pandemic led to a reduction in street foods consumption, a rise in the preference for cooked foods, and a greater awareness of hygiene during food preparation and washing of fruits and vegetables before eating. Females appeared to be more knowledgeable on food safety KAP. Globally, higher KAP scores were revealed as the respondents were mature (age, employment, marital status, household, monthly income) and they were able to make responsible choices. Though the risk of the spread of COVID-19 through food contamination appears limited, efforts need to be made to sensitize the public (especially the most exposed communities) about the challenge behind food safety.

A review on preparation of various fruit based spread

India is a developing country where wheat and rice are essential foods that offer calories and protein to a substantial population. Throughout history, grain has been a significant contribution to human nourishment. The majority of people are currently employed and have busy lives. As a result, they seek out convenient and time-saving products. Instant food is in high demand these days. Bread spread is an immediate meal item that fits people’s busy lifestyles and is a simple way to provide nutrition. In this, various spread like peanut butter, Butter diary fat spread, Moringa leaves based spread, Jackfruit seed-based spread and the like. This paper analyses various such spreads for their nutritional benefits and easy usage.