Preparation Of Anodes Research Articles

ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Anodes for Oxygen Evolution by Electrodeposition of Composite Oxides of Pb and Ru on Ti.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Carbon anodes prepared from graphite particles pretreated in a gelatine solution

A new procedure for carbon anode preparation is described. First, carbon (graphite) particles are pretreated in an aqueous solution of gelatine. Then, the slurry is directly pressed on the copper substrate without addition of a special binder. It is shown that such anodes have lower irreversible loss (13–16%) than the classically prepared anodes. Efficiency reaches values close to 100% at latest in the third cycle. Reversible capacity can be as high as 340 mA h g −1. Stability of the new anodes up to 20 cycles is satisfactory only at higher concentrations of gelatine solution used in the pretreatment. Optimization of the new anode is a subject of further investigation.

Preparation of anodes for oxygen evolution by electrodeposition of composite oxides of Pb and Ru on Ti

Composite oxides of Pb and Ru have been deposited on Ti rotating disc electrodes and tested as anode materials for the oxygen evolution reaction (oer) from aqueous sulfuric acid. The composite oxides have been anodically deposited according to two different procedures: (i) the electrolysis of suspensions of RuO2 particles in Pb2+-containing electrolytes, or (ii) the electrolysis of solutions containing both Pb2+ and Ru3+. Both procedures are essentially successful, as the passivation of Ti (previously etched in aqueous HF) does not prevent oxide deposition. The former route leads to more active materials than the latter. Considering the oer overpotential and service life, the performance of these layers deposited on Ti is comparable to or better than those of oxides grown on a noble substrate (described in a previous paper).

Preparation of Ni–YSZ composite materials for solid oxide fuel cell anodes by the gel-precipitation method

Nickel oxide–yttria stabilized zirconia powder mixtures (Ni–YSZ) were prepared by the gel-precipitation method from aqueous or methanol solutions of the corresponding chlorides. The sinterability of the powder mixtures and hence their appropriateness as anodic material in solid oxide fuel cell technology (SOFC) is affected both by the history of the powder preparation and its composition. Relative densities of greater than 97% of theoretical of the mixed NiO–YSZ powder were achieved at sintering temperatures as low as 1300°C. In sintered samples, both NiO and YSZ, composites could be prepared as continuous phases if the chemical composition of the prepared powder mixture were carefully controlled. The continuity of the YSZ and Ni phases was preserved after reduction as well. If the ceramic YSZ phase was prepared as a continuous rigid framework there was practically no shrinkage of the sintered body during reduction, but the reduced matrices became porous and the relative densities were lowered. The microstructural and electrical properties of Ni–YSZ cermets, where the Ni content in the YSZ matrix is close to 35 vol.%, showed that the materials are appropriate for SOFC anode preparation.

The preparation of flexible polymeric anode and the measurement of its protective ability for cathodic protection

The preparation of flexible polymeric anode and the measurement of its protective ability for cathodic protection

Preparation and Characterization of Porous Ni-YSZ Cermet Anode for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Application

Porous and electrically conducting Ni-YSZ cermet is used as fuel electrode for solid oxide fuel eel (SOFC). The synthesis of NI-YSZ cermet through a solution chemistry route is discussed in this paper. The Ni concentration is varied between 10 and 60 volume percent (v/o). Porous structure of these cermets is obtained by proper control of sintering schedule. Electrical properties are evaluated as a function of nickel content. At around 30 v/o of Ni a sudden change in electrical conductivity takes place due to formation of a continuous Ni-chain.

Morphological and photoelectrochemical properties of porous, superimposed Au/TiO2 layers

Porous semiconducting ceramics deposited on a porous metallic film acting both as catalyst and electronic collector gave large photocurrents and considerably enhanced electrooxidation currents when irradiated in the presence of small amounts of alcohol vapours. The morphological properties of these layered materials, was studied by electron (SEM, ESEM) and atomic force (AFM) microscopy in order to observe the modification in shape and size of the precursor particles because such knowledge is helpful to the preparation of suitable anodes for photo-assisted processes in the gas-phase.

96/00263 Designed experiment for effects of normal QI, carry-over QI, and beta resin in pitch on prebaked anode properties. Part I. Preparation and testing of experimental pitches and bench-scale anodes

96/00263 Designed experiment for effects of normal QI, carry-over QI, and beta resin in pitch on prebaked anode properties. Part I. Preparation and testing of experimental pitches and bench-scale anodes

High‐performance human myocardial two‐dimensional electrophoresis database: Edition 1996

The master gel of the human myocardial two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) gel database contains about 3300 protein spots characterized in terms of isoelectric point (pI) and molecular mass. A high-performance technique was applied, using large gels (23 x 30 cm). Isoelectric focusing with anodic sample preparation and nonequilibrium running conditions (NEPHGE) was combined with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) in 15% acrylamide gels in the second dimension. The range of pI extends from pH 4.5 to 9.6. Seventy proteins were identified by combinations of amino acid analysis, N-terminal and internal sequencing, immunostaining, matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) peptide mass fingerprinting, post-source decay MALDI-MS and ladder sequencing by carboxypeptidase P. The identification of additional proteins, not found in the master gel, was achieved by immunoblotting. Unequivocal identification with high sensitivity and good yield was obtained by combining internal sequencing and MALDI-MS. In-gel digestion, the concentration and purification of peptides in a peptide collecting device, and the improved FRAGMOD program for peptide mass fingerprinting have added to the security and sensitivity of identification. The high-performance human myocardial 2-DE database was built up with proteins detected by the TOPSPOT program. Spots within six sections of the whole pattern are clickable. Protein description includes detailed information about identification, characterization, and links to the related SWISS-PROT, other 2-DE databases and Medline entries. The database is constructed in accordance with four of the rules for a federated database.

ChemInform Abstract: Electrolytic Reactions of Fluoro Organic Compounds. Part 13. Anodic Preparation of N‐(2,2,2‐Trifluoroethylidene)sulfenamides and Their Application to the Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Amines, Amino Ketone, and Aminoalkanoates.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Anodic Preparation of N-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethylidene)sulfenamides and Their Application to the Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Amines, Aminoketone, and Aminoalkanoates

Abstract N-(2,2,2-Trifluoroethylidene)sulfenamides (trifluoromethylated sulfenimines) were easily prepared in one step by anodic oxidation of 2,2,2-trifluoroethylamine and diaryl disulfides in MeCN/Et4NClO4 using MgBr2 as a redox mediator. The sulfenimines were highly useful building blocks for the preparation of trifluoromethylated amines, aminoketone, and aminoalkanoates.

ChemInform Abstract: Electrolytic Reactions of Fluoro Organic Compounds. Part 11. Anodic Preparation and Synthetic Applications of β‐Trifluoromethylated O, S‐Acetals.

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.

Electrolytic reactions of fluoro organic compounds. 11. Anodic preparation and synthetic applications of .beta.-trifluoromethylated O,S-acetals

Electrolytic reactions of fluoro organic compounds. 11. Anodic preparation and synthetic applications of .beta.-trifluoromethylated O,S-acetals

Studies on the best alkaline electrolyte for aluminium/air batteries

Two types of alkaline electrolyte, based on 4 M NaOH have been developed for use in aluminium/air cells or batteries. They contain either alkaline citrate or alkaline citrate cum stannate as an additive to suppress the self-corrosion of aluminium without any deleterious effects on the efficient functioning of aluminium anode at a high negative potential. The alkaline citrate cum stannate solution has been adjudged the best electrolyte in terms of electrochemical characteristics and electrolyte management. Hence, results pertaining to the use of alkaline citrate cum stannate are presented in this paper. An aluminium/air battery with this electrolyte can be used safely and effectively at ambient temperature. An added advantage is the employment of 99.8% pure aluminium for the preparation of alloy anodes. This is expected to reduce the cost of aluminium/air batteries. The best anode based on 99.8% pure aluminium is a quaternary alloy containing lead, gallium and indium.

ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Some Lithium Insertion Anodes for Secondary Lithium Batteries.

AbstractAn ambient temp. procedure for the preparation of LixWO2 (x = 0.5, 1.0), Lix Fe2O3 (1 ≦ x ≦ 6), and β‐LiAl is described which involves the in situ generation of Li‐naphthalide in THF.

Preparation and Characterization of Some Lithium Insertion Anodes for Secondary Lithium Batteries

The ambient temperature preparation and characterization of , , and with potential applications as alternative anodes for secondary Li batteries are described. Both α and γ forms of were found to insert a maximum of six both electrochemically and chemically. The potential plateaus associated with the electrochemical reduction of the two forms of varied slightly. Both and were amorphous and showed a practically useful rechargeable capacity of about 1 equiv of Li at the moderate rate of 0.5 mA/cm2. also loses substantial crystallinity upon Li insertion. However, most of the crystallinity was regained upon removal of this Li. It was found to be capable of cycling nearly 1 equiv of Li at low rates. Several Li‐Al alloys having the structure were prepared at ambient temperature from Al powder and Li‐naphthalide. The rechargeability of the chemically prepared was poor.

Coal softening route to binder pitch for carbon electrodes

New Zealand Buller coal has been found to behave like a very hard coal-tar pitch and solvent refined coal. Autoclave treatments of Buller coal/solvent mixtures at around 360 °C and moderate pressures beyond about 1 MPa have shown that the coal can be homogeneously softened (without hydrogenation) from its natural softening point range of 350–400 °C to any desired softening point, depending upon the solvent type, the coal: solvent ratio and the autoclaving conditions. It is suggested that pitches synthesized from this low-ash coal could be substituted for traditional pitches used in metallurgical electrode manufacture. Further laboratory work to test the synthetic pitches in carbon anode preparation and consumption is planned.

Ion source studies for particle beam accelerators

High power particle beam accelerators are being developed for use in inertial confinement fusion applications. These pulsed power accelerators require sources of low atomic number ions (e.g., protons, deuterons, carbon, or lithium). The sources must be of high purity for efficient accelerator operation and proper target coupling, must have a rapid ‘‘turn-on,’’ and must be compatible with ion diode configurations under development. A particular type of source presently being investigated is the flashover ion source which generates ions by means of the vacuum flashover of an insulating anode material when the high voltage pulse arrives at the diode. We have developed an applied-magnetic-field, extraction ion diode for the 0.03 TW Nereus accelerator specifically to investigate these sources. Extracted ion species are measured by means of a Thomson-parabola ion analyzer, dB/dt current monitors, and Faraday cups. Experiments have been performed to investigate the surface flashover mechanism and the effects of various dielectric source materials, anode preparation methods (including rf glow discharge cleaning), and vacuum conditions on ion species and diode operation.

Polycrystalline In2O3 and In2O3/Y2O3 photoanodes

Single crystal In2O3 shows promise as a photoanode for the decomposition of water. Because of various difficulties in the preparation of the single crystal material, two simple techniques were developed for the preparation of polycrystalline In2O3 anodes. One method involves the thermal decomposition of the nitrate while the other utilizes the chemical vapour deposition technique. Voltammograms and photoresponse spectra of these anodes are compared to the single crystal material. Among other observations, it is noted that the quantum efficiencies of the thermally decomposed films are comparable to the single crystal material. It is also shown that the on-set potential can be shifted to more negative values by forming the mixed oxide In2O3/Y2O3.

Electrophoretically Deposited CdS and CdSe Anodes for Photoelectrochemical Cells

The electrophoretic deposition of , , and their mixtures has been studied for the preparation of thin film anodes for photoelectrochemical cells. These films were obtained in a homogeneous state on glass substrates from the suspensions using polar organic dispersion media. Prior to photoelectrochemical experiments, the thin film anodes were thermally treated for 3 hr at 400°–600°C. An energy conversion efficiency of 2% was observed for the photoelectrochemical cells using these film anodes in electrolytes.