Prepaid System Research Articles

The settlement mechanism of diagnosis-intervention packet payment scheme in China：A policy review and lessons learned

The settlement of the medical insurance fund is the key point of the implementation of the big data diagnosis & intervention packet (DIP) under the regional global budget. This study proposed the framework with key methods for the settlement of DIP on medical insurance funds through on-site survey and policy literature analysis. The results show that the settlement framework, featuring “Fund pre-allocation”, “Monthly pre-settlement” and “Annual settlement”, integrates ideas of both the pre-payment system and post-payment system. “Monthly pre-settlement” being the key part of the settlement process, plays an important role in breaking down the year-end pressure of medical insurance management organizations and healthcare institutions, and guiding providers' reasonable behaviors. “Annual settlement” acts as the core link of settlement, which determines the annual medical insurance fund payment amount of healthcare institutions, which needs to rely on and integrate key elements such as regional global budget, DIP grouping database and correction, and healthcare institution supervision and assessment. The settlement process, measurement methods, and key parameters must be clarified by introducing settlement and related supporting policies, which provide technical support and institutional guarantees for the implementation and effectiveness of the DIP reform.

Impacts of DRG-Based Prepayment Reform on the Cost and Quality of Patients with Neurologic Disorders: Evidence from a Quasi-Experimental Analysis in Beijing, China.

As one of the pioneering pilot cities in China's extensive Diagnosis Related Groups (DRG) -based prepayment reform, Beijing is leading a comprehensive overhaul of the prepayment system, encompassing hospitals of varying affiliations and tiers. This systematic transformation is rooted in extensive patient group data, with the commencement of actual payments on March 15, 2022. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of DRG payment reform by examining how it affects the cost, volume, and utilization of care for patients with neurological disorders. Utilizing the exogenous shock resulting from the implementation of the DRG-based prepayment system, we adopted the Difference-in-Differences (DID) approach to discern changes in outcome variables among DRG payment cases, in comparison to control cases, both before and following the enactment of the DRG policy. The analytical dataset was derived from patients diagnosed with neurological disorders across all hospitals in Beijing that underwent the DRG-based prepayment reform. Strict data inclusion and exclusion criteria, including reasonableness tests, were applied, defining the pre-reform timeframe as March 15th through October 31st, 2021, and the post-reform timeframe as the corresponding period in 2022. The extensive dataset encompassed 53 hospitals and encompassed hundreds of thousands of cases. The implementation of DRG-based prepayment resulted in a substantial 12.6% decrease in total costs per case and a reduction of 0.96 days in length of stay. Additionally, the reform was correlated with significant reductions in overall in-hospital mortality and readmission rates. Surprisingly, the study unearthed unintended consequences, including a significant reduction in the proportion of inpatient cases classified as surgical patients and the Case Mix Index (CMI), indicating potential strategic adjustments by providers in response to the introduction of DRG payments. The DRG payment reform demonstrates substantial effects in restraining cost escalation and enhancing quality. Nevertheless, caution must be exercised to mitigate potential issues such as patient selection bias and upcoding.

Monitoring Pemakaian Daya Listrik Rumah Berbasis IoT

The current prepaid and postpaid electrical payment systems still have limitation, in monitoring electrical powerconsumption. In postpaid electricity, recording through officers is still done manuallywhen monitoring electrical power usage, whereas for the prepaid system users cannot know electrical power usage in real time. Based on these conditions, a toolwas designed that capable of calculatingthe electrical power used by using home appliancesin real time and can be monitored remotely. This system is designed using the N. meanwhile, it can beode MCU ESP8266as the main controller and the PZEM-004T sensor to measure voltage (V), current(A), plectrical Powerower (W), and energy (kWh), as well as fees that must be paid (Rp) accordingly. Usage, whre the data will bedisplayed on a 20x4 LCD for on-site monitoring. Meanwhile, it canbe monitored remotely using Blynk IoT application whichis connected to the internet network. Generally this system can work with in error rate of <5%, where testing is carried out for 20 minutes for indescent lamp loads.

The role of institutional diversity in sustainable water use: Performance comparison among water user organizations

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the performance of water user organizations (WUOs) in the agricultural sector in terms of their managerial efficiency. A survey was carried out across the study area to evaluate 67 WUOs, including irrigation cooperatives, municipalities, village legal entities (VLEs) and water user associations (WUAs). The findings were then used to create a management performance index. It has been determined that municipalities excel in terms of physical performance, irrigation cooperatives in enterprise and social performance and WUAs in institutional and investment performance. The general management performance index revealed that the most successful WUOs in the Konya closed basin were WUAs. Therefore, proposals have been put forward to begin institutionalization processes in other institutions to attain the successful institutionalization in WUAs. Additionally, the shift towards prepaid systems is recommended to mitigate collection problems, while water should be priced according to the full cost method. Finally, supporting the use of alternative energy sources for irrigation is crucial.

The construction of Bert fusion model of speech recognition and sensing for South China electricity charge service scenario

Electric charge service and management is an important part of electric power work. The effective recovery of the electric charge relates to the smooth development of daily work and continuous improvement of the operation and management of power supply enterprises. With the large-scale implementation of the card prepayment system, the problem of electricity customers defaulting on electricity charges has been solved to a large extent, but some large electricity users still fail to pay electricity charges on time. Therefore, under the current situation of power grid development, it is still necessary to strengthen the service and management of electricity charges to promote efficient recovery of electricity charges. Speech recognition technology has increasingly become the focus of research institutions at home and abroad. People are committed to enabling machines to understand human speech instructions and hope to control the machine through speech. The research and development of speech recognition will greatly facilitate people's lives shortly. The development of 5G technology and the proposal of 6G technology make the interconnection of all things not only a hope but also a reality. To realize the interconnection of all things, one of the key technical breakthroughs is the development of a new human–computer interaction sensing system. Under the guidance of relevant theories and methods, this paper systematically analyzes the user structure, electricity charge recovery management and service system, existing problems and causes in South China, and clarifies the necessity of design and application of electricity charge service system in South China power supply companies. The experimental data and empirical analysis results show that the optimized Bert fusion model can provide more digital support for the power supply companies in South China in terms of electricity charge recovery efficiency, management level system improvement, and electricity charge service.

Investigating the impact of prepaid meters on communal water points in Malawi: A case study of Lilongwe peri‐urban areas

AbstractIn the peri‐urban areas of Lilongwe, the capital city of Malawi, water is mostly obtained from communal points. Increased indebtedness resulted in the disconnection of more water points. This prompted the Lilongwe Water Board (LWB) to implement a new prepaid metering system to provide access to water 24 h a day and increase revenue collection. This study investigated the impact of prepaid meters on communal water points. Specifically, the impact of prepaid meters on water affordability, users' perceptions of the new system, the influence of prepaid meters on revenue collection, and the reliability of the new system were examined. A mixed‐methods approach was employed in this study. In total, 111 households were sampled. A questionnaire and focus group discussion were used to collect data. The results of the study indicated a high level of satisfaction with the new system, as 98.2% (109) of the sampled households expressed their contentment. Chi‐square was employed to check the relationship between household income and preference of the system in terms of accessibility and affordability. The p value of the chi‐square test was 0.956, indicating no significant relationship between household income and the preferred metering system. Hence, the prepaid system has proved affordable as low‐ and high‐income people are satisfied with the system, while 1.8% (2) are dissatisfied because they resist drawing water on credit. The LWB reported that the new system increased revenue collection and guaranteed residents' access to clean water. Additionally, 68.5% (76) of the households had functional hand‐washing facilities that ensured hygiene practices. The system suffers from low pressure at the water point during cloudy weather. The study recommends that the LWB consider resizing the system to ensure water access during cloudy days. In conclusion, clean water leads to good health for citizens. Generally, citizens in good health are more productive in developing a nation.

Smart Prepaid Electric Energy Meter Monitoring System Using Machine Learning and Internet of Things (IoT)

Energy is very precious for the living beings in recent times. The Energy consumption is consistently as increases as the population increases so the need power is also increases, The revenue in electricity system are increasing and also gets hard to monitoring the each system. It is quite Impossible to check out the consumer’s residence at regular intervals. In this paper, a new procedure of using NODE MCU to monitor and control the energy meter power supply by remotely disconnect and reconnecting the service of a particular consumer. An notification is sent to the utility central server and consumer through wi-fi module whenever the load consumption is exceeds the consumer desired value. The NODE MCU, and WEB page handle the Real-time Monitoring the load consumption notification and shows current pursuing with costs through the online page. In this exploration, we complete the accuracy of meter perusing with the help of an LCD that shows which prone to KWh, voltage, current and power factor perusing. Key Word: IOT, Smart Monitoring, Prepaid System.

Effects of all-units discount on pricing and replenishment policies of an inventory model under power demand pattern

A profit optimisation inventory problem is studied for the products whose demand is interconnected with the per unit selling price and products’ consumption duration as a multiplicative form of the impacts of the selling price as a logit-function and time as a power function. A reduction opportunity of the unit purchase price is offered to the retailer against an order quantity-based prepayment schedule. This study identifies when an inventory procedure is profitable or non-profitable by examining all possibilities of the optimum order quantity under an order quantity-based advance and discount scheme. Combining all the derived theoretical results, an efficacious solution algorithm is established to determine the optimal solution to the problem. Several numerical problems of businesses are solved in order to clarify the algorithm and derive results as well. Finally, the effects of the all-units discount and prepayment system on the retailer's best pricing and replenishing strategies are explored by implementing sensitivity analyses.

ANALYSIS OF COSO-BASED INTERNAL CONTROL SYSTEM OF UNCOLLECTIBLE RECEIVABLES (Case study PT. PLN ULP Rantepao)

. Implementation of adjustments in the payment system from postpaid to prepaid for PT. PLN ULP Rantepao with the objective of reducing bad debts, but the accounts receivable report demonstrates an increase in bad debts over the last 3 years. The goal of this research is to examine the internal control system for bad debts in accordance with COSO. The descriptive qualitative method was used in this research. Using a random sampling technique, interviews, documentation, and observation were conducted. The sample used in this research is saturated. The significance of this research stems from the fact that bad debts have a significant impact on the company's financial health performance. (1) Changes to the prepayment system have no effect on the reduction in bad debts, according to the research results. (2) The internal control system at PT. PLN ULP Rantepao has not been properly implemented in terms of the 5 COSO components. Instances in which the risk assessment, control environment, and monitoring activities have been implemented, but only a few of each COSO component's items have been implemented. In the meantime, neither control activities nor information and communication have been properly implemented. (3) Control activity is relatively more influential in fostering the emergence of bad debts due to the low paying power and awareness of customers in meeting their obligations. This research will be more interesting if it is continued by investigating the failure factors of changing the prepaid payment system in an effort to reduce bad debts using a variety of research methods.

Perhitungan Estimasi Upaya Pengembangan Software Pulsa Online dengan Fuzzy C-Means dan Fuzzy K-Means

Top-up can be done by prepaid and postpaid. Top-up at this time can also be done by way of online purchases. Credit with a prepaid system is a real-time top-up. Payments are made before the customer uses credit. Prepaid credit is different from postpaid which is not real-time and is done after the customer uses credit. Before credit can be used, it is necessary to create a credit server first. In this case, limited resources become an obstacle in completing the credit server creation which will later be used by credit users. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the effort in the development of the server application, so that the estimation can be known, both in terms of resources, and processing time to estimates in terms of costs. In this case, the appropriate method should be used to overcome the obstacle and reduce the risk of software development. There are several ways to use the Fuzzy K-Mean and Fuzzy C-Means methods to complete the creation of impulse servers, perform analysis and interpretation, and provide information and actions for the quality of research output, education, and evaluation research. The result of the grouping comparison is to produce a derivative formula for the Fuzzy K-Mean and Fuzzy C-Means algorithms.

Piped water revenue and investment strategies in rural Africa

Abstract Viable pathways to universal safely managed drinking water access in rural Africa involve a blend of infrastructure types, service delivery arrangements, and sources of finance. Priorities are shaped by institutional and economic barriers and are often based on assumptions regarding user demand and revenue sustainability. Improved understanding of how alternative approaches affect revenue generated from user payments can enhance long-term viability and repayment capacity of rural piped water services. We analyse more than 3,900 monthly records from operators in Ghana, Rwanda, and Uganda and model revenue patterns for novel service area archetypes. Results indicate on and off premises connections exhibit complementary revenue patterns, with volumetric revenue determined by tariff level rather than connection type and waterpoints with the greatest dispensing capacity generating the most aggregate revenue. The prepaid credit payment approach, which is increasingly promoted to enhance revenue collection efficiency, is not associated with revenue advantages compared to pay-as-you-fetch and monthly billing approaches when tariff level is controlled. These patterns are recurrent at multi- and single country scales and across service areas where public and enterprise-led investment approaches to infrastructure development are taken, suggesting the findings may be applicable beyond the study domain. Infrastructure investment strategies can promote revenue and equity goals through off-site piped water, but more evidence is needed to understand the trade-offs of prepaid credit systems.

Smart Energy Meter

India uses electromechanical electricity meters, but considers the drawbacks of electricity theft, meter reading errors, billing, and consumers hesitating to pay utility bills on time. Therefore, such systems are being replaced by more sophisticated and accurate digital and electronic gauges. This paper proposes a new methodology for implementing a control-based global system for mobile communication networks (GSMs) to integrate prepaid metering system setup and remote load control. This provides a secure smart card solution for new types of prepaid power systems. It aims to reduce the number of utility bill obstacles using smart card technology. The LCD display is used to show the amount of energy consumed. Users can replenish the counter as needed by sending an SMS to the server. Users must make the first replenishment to address the issue of unpaid invoices and human error in invoices. This ultimately guarantees a legitimate return.

Institutional analysis for scaling alternate wetting and drying for low-emissions rice production: evidence from Bangladesh

ABSTRACT This article provides a comprehensive institutional analysis to better understand the key conditions and incentives relevant for the uptake of alternate wetting and drying (AWD) – a climate-smart irrigation practice in Bangladesh. Practicing AWD in rice production can reduce water consumption by 30% and mitigate methane emissions by 30–70% without yield penalty. Primary research was conducted in Rangpur, Rajshahi, Mymensingh, and Sherpur Divisions. The analysis depicts the dynamic among the stakeholders involved in scaling AWD using the Net-Map tool, and demonstrates the influence of irrigation management systems in the selected catchment areas and the impacts of AWD in rice farming. Findings reveal that AWD-practicing farmers, pump owners, and the Upazila Irrigation Committee are the three most powerful influencers for scaling AWD. The pre-paid irrigation system significantly improves water efficiency and cost-effectiveness when practising AWD. Additionally, AWD leads to a lower frequency of pumping resulting in reduced costs compared to the continuous-flooding practice. Finally, the results guide the formulation of recommendations to create favourable conditions for AWD scaling, which contributes to reducing greenhouse gas emissions and advancing sustainable rice production in Bangladesh.

Post-, pre- and non-payment: Conflicting rationalities in the digitalisation of energy access in Kibera, Nairobi

Energy infrastructures are on the cusp of digitalisation processes. This paper builds upon scholarship on prepaid meters and debates on conflicting rationalities within urban studies to provide a more nuanced examination of the ways in which different actors contribute to the deployment, appropriation and use of digital prepaid systems. We focus on Kibera, Nairobi, to examine Kenya Power's “rationality” for the deployment of the digitaltechnologies, and the ways in which actors incorporate social relations into these systems and negotiate them through these systems. Specifically, we consider the politicians, donors, residents of Kibera and informal power distributors. We show how upon the deployment of the digital systems in Kibera, residents and informal power distributors enact rationalities that conflict with those of the utility provider, donors and politicians. These conflicting rationalities make the formalisation of electricity provision in slum areas through “technological fixes” a particularly daunting task. Ultimately, we contend that this study of actors' conflicting rationalities in the deployment of digital prepaid electricity systems is an important contribution to studies of digital geography as it explains the complexities relating to digital interventions and offers critical perspectives on their hybrid outcomes and politics within contested urban geographies in the global South and elsewhere.

Pre-Paid Water Meter System Using Smart Card Technology

To limit water waste, the system has been built to allow for the least amount of water loss possible. The memory IC has been employed as a smart card on which the recharging is done in this Prepaid Smart Card system for Water Supply. As the water passes through the pipe, the units on the smart card will drop. The solenoid valve will close the water supply when this unit hits zero. The microcontroller IC has therefore been in charge of the process. In order to properly utilis the available water, the notion of prepayment system is used. This system will assist the society in raising water awareness. Memory IC, Microcontroller, Prepaid, Recharge, Solenoid are some of the terms used in this article.

Converged Charging Method for Transportation Satellite SMS Service

This article introduces a billing method of pre-paid and post-paid transportation satellite short message service. It aims to solve the problem that the handheld transportation satellite equipment in China cannot use the SMS service due to the two staged dial prepaid system can’t charge and bill. The billing platform is connected with the SMS billing of the post-paid business support system, and uses the time series prediction algorithm Prophet to capture and early warning of abnormal SMS entries.

Smart Automatic Petrol Pump System Based on RFID and ESP8266

Traditional methods of monitoring petrol pump in gas station by humans on site are unable to meet the expectations for efficiency, accuracy and cost. Setting up an RFID and ESP8266 based petrol station monitoring system is a good approach to improve monitoring efficiency and to improve management efficiency in stations. Although there are still some problems to be solved for RFID and WIFI technologies, their unique features still make the monitoring system based on them a promising system. The architecture of the RFID as prepaid system and ESP8266 as monitoring system in petrol station is presented in this paper.

Preferensi Masyarakat Terhadap Sistem Prabayar dan Pascabayar untuk Jaringan Gas Rumah Tangga di Wilayah Cikarang

Government, through the Head of the Communication Bureau, Public Information Services and Cooperation, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources, conveyed a plan to build household gas networks in more than 50 districts and cities that aim to balance the mix of fossil energy use in society. The prepaid system is a payment system that allows users to enjoy services after making a payment. It aims to limit the service as needed, while the postpaid system allows its users to use the service indefinitely during the time span given by the service provider. Currently, the household gas network is equipped with postpaid meters, but it does not rule out the possibility of a prepaid system being applied if it is able to provide better convenience and comfort. Based on the research we conducted to determine public response of Cikarang society against the payment system, as much as 55% of the total sample studied preferred to use the postpaid system rather than the prepaid system on the household gas network. However, it is possible to use prepaid payment system for household gas networks (respondent's result is 35%) if the supporting facilities are continuously improved and developed for better service in the future.

Hardware Implementation of Prepaid Power Consumption Using Coin Box System

For enhancement of technology our implemented system is helpful for the human beings for in this world. Basically in guest house, lodges, hotels and rest houses the power consumption is not measurable by the customer and the owner. So that it is important to control the consumption of power proportional to the payment otherwise the owner pays the higher bills and faces the loss in running the hotel. For we develop the pre-paid system for power consumption by using some simple discreet components and microcontroller programmed for desired output. Using highly advanced ICs and with the help of growing technology the proposed hardware has been successfully implemented but by using pre-paid card in place of token/coin we can make a more advanced system. Moreover, this system, for enhancing the requirement the technology the system can be replaced with GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication) Modems, it will help the tracking of the consumers load on a regular basis is possible, it help in the maximum demand for tracking, more over instead of recharging the chip has be detected through online theft, the readily used in cell phones available recharge cards (smart cards can be introduced. Using with given mechanisms, consumers much user friendly for recharging their meters and at their convenience.

Determinants of prepaid systems of healthcare financing: a worldwide country-level perspective

In this paper we examine determinants of prepaid modes of health care financing in a worldwide cross-country perspective. We use three different indicators to capture the role of prepaid modes in health care financing: (i) the share of total prepaid financing as percent of total current health expenditures, (ii) the share of voluntary prepaid financing as percent of total prepaid financing, and (iii) the share of compulsory health insurance as percent of total compulsory prepaid financing. In the econometric analysis, we refer to a panel data set comprising 154 countries and covering the time period 2000–2015. We apply a static as well as a dynamic panel data model. We find that the current structure of prepaid financing is significantly determined by its different forms in the past. The significant influence of GDP per capita, governmental revenues, the agricultural value added, development assistance for health, degree of urbanization and regulatory quality varies depending on the financing structure we look at. The share of the elderly and the education level are only of minor importance for explaining the variation in a country’s share of prepaid health care financing. The importance of the mentioned variables as determinants for prepaid health care financing also varies depending on the countries’ socio-economic development. From our analysis we conclude that more detailed information on indicators which reflect the distribution of individual characteristics (such as income, family size and structure and health risks) within a country’s population would be needed to gain deeper insight into the decisive determinants for prepaid health care financing.