Animal Premises Research Articles

Detection of virulent and ESBL-resistant Salmonella species from cattle and associated farm environment

The aim of this study was to explore the virulence characteristics and antibiotic resistance in Salmonella species isolated from cattle farms. During the study, 10 cattle farms were selected and from each farm, 35 samples consisting of faeces, milk, udder swabs, hand swabs, floor swabs, animal drinking water, pit water, composite fodder sample, and dairy utensil swabs were collected. Accordingly, 350 samples were collected from 10 farms and processed for the detection of Salmonella spp. Presumptive Salmonella isolates were confirmed by PCR and characterized for virulence and antibiotic resistance genes. From 350 samples, 19 (5.40%) Salmonellae were recovered, and out of 19 Salmonellae, 12 were ESBL producers. Similarly, out of 19 isolates, spvC was the predominant gene detected (42.10%), followed by stn (31.5%), and spvR (26.31%), whereas, invA, and iroB genes were detected in all 19 Salmonella isolates. Most of the Salmonella isolates were multi-drug resistant strains exhibiting resistance to nalidixic acid (94.73%), tetracycline (36.84%), and ceftazidime (42.10%). Out of 12 ESBL-positive Salmonellae, 9 (75%) isolates harboured ESBL genes, viz. blaSHV and blaTEM (25% each) and blaCTX-M and blaOXA (16.66% each). Six Salmonella isolates showed the presence of tetA gene. The current study indicated healthy cattle and the associated farm environments could be a source of virulent and drug-resistant Salmonellae. The current study also advocates phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic resistance monitoring at farm animal premises and agricultural ecosystems.

Methods of assessing emissions of contaminants from sties into the air

Provision of competitiveness in the sphere of animal farming in Ukraine requires the introduction of innovative systems of technological support involving modern microprocessor control-measurement systems and devices. The method of continuous automatic record of emissions of contaminants from animal premises reveals patterns in emissions of the main air contaminants and allows their mass concentrations and dynamics of emissions to be tracked over 24 h period. By employing this method, we determined the coefficients of 24 h emissions of carbon dioxide and methane from premises for fattening young swine. The coefficients of 24 h emission of ammonia were found to be significantly lower in the sty with a slatted floor in pens for the winter, spring, and autumn periods compared with the sties with concrete floor. However, coefficients of 24 h emission of methane were significantly higher by 76.1–286.9% in the sty with a slatted floor, which is associated with the peculiarities of technology of the self-cleaning system. Two-times removal of manure from the sty with concrete floor significantly reduced the average annual coefficients of emission of carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane, by 12.1%, 22.4%, and 13.5%, respectively. Analysis of emission of the main contaminants from the sties with slatted and concrete floor in pens indicated a significant effect of this factor on the amount of emission, structure, and presence of seasonal and daily variability in those parameters. Accumulation of experimental materials regarding emission of contaminants will allow average actual parameters of emissions from small pig farms to be identified, which will allow adequate assessment of the effect their activity has on the environment, particularly in residential areas, and substantiate the minimal allowable distances to sanitary-protective zones.

DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGIES, MECHANIZATION AND AUTOMATION’S METHODS OF PREMISES FROM EXCREMENT CLEANING AND ORGANIC FERTILIZERS’ PREPARATION

Premises for animals and poultry keeping from excrement cleaning and organic fertilizers preparation - are one of animals and poultry keeping laborintensive and energyintensive processes. At the same time, excrements are an extremely important raw material for organic fertilizers’ producing and necessary for cultivated crops’ high yields and soil fertility maintain obtaining. There on all farms’ categories, manure yield in manure’s physical weight is 294 million tons per year or 211 million tons in terms of litter manure. At cows tied keeping, up to 20% of the working time spent on animal maintenance on premises for excrements’ cleaning is spent. Various technical means and technologies have been created and used to manure removal from premises mechanizing and organic fertilizers preparation. In the System of machines for the period up to 2030, 39 names and standard sizes of technical means are provided, 10 of them are new, 17 ones are subjects for modernization, 11 ones without modification’s use are recommended. The analysis of their development, conditions and effectiveness’ application is given. The acceleration of livestock technological progress mechanization and automation, resourcesaving production’s technologies use will also contribute to social, demographic and environmental problems of the village’s successful solution. The environmental problems solution caused by production should also be carried out along the way of livestock production’s owners endowing at land of sufficient area for the entire excrement’s output using.

ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КОНТРОЛЬ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ АММИАКА НА ПРЕДПРИЯТИЯХ АГРОПРОМЫШЛЕННОГО КОМПЛЕКСА

The microclimate of the industrial premises of the agro-industrial complex is of great importance. It is necessary to maintain normal values of temperature, relative humidity, and it is also necessary to take into account the concentration of harmful gases that negatively affect the body of farm animals and poultry, lead to premature failure of buildings, structures and equipment, increase the cost of their repair, which affects the cost of products. The maximum concentration of ammonia in the air of premises for animals is allowed no more than 20 mg / m3 . In order to reduce the influence of harmful factors, a measuring device IKG-1 has been developed that allows monitoring the content of ammonia in the air of agricultural premises. The meter allows you to quickly measure the concentration of ammonia (NH3) within 10 minutes. The measurement limits are 20...200 mg/m3 in the air of the working area of industrial premises. The characteristics of the ammonia concentration meter IKG-1 are compared with the readings of the device of industrial manufacture UG-2, which has passed standardization. Scientific research and production testing have shown that the developed ICG-1 meter determines the concentration of ammonia 2-3 times more accurately and 3-4 times faster than the gas analyzer UG-2. The use of a gas determinant of ammonia concentration in the air makes it possible to ensure general safety standards during the operation of buildings and structures due to the efficient operation of ventilation equipment with air conditioners.

Animal Welfare Control-Inspection Findings and the Threshold for Requesting a Police Investigation.

An increasing proportion of animal welfare violations in Finland are related to companion animals. However, only a small number of these issues are investigated or prosecuted. The aims of this study were (i) to describe the inspection findings and the resulting actions of the official municipal veterinarians in the Finnish Capital Region and (ii) to identify the factors that predict their submissions of investigation requests to the police. Our data consisted of animal welfare complaints and official veterinarians' inspection reports and decisions from 811 cases of animal welfare control in the Finnish Capital Region. The data covered the period from March 2019 to April 2020. We performed logistic regression analyses to identify the factors that best predict when official veterinarians detect non-compliances and report the cases for police investigation. In 86% (696/811) of the cases, the veterinarians performed at least one animal welfare inspection, and/or received information from the police, or otherwise investigated the complaint. The most common forms of non-compliance were lack of basic maintenance and care (42%, 295/696) and insufficient veterinary care (27%, 185/696). The veterinarians requested for a police investigation in 9.6% (44/460) of all cases with detected non-compliances. The best predictors for detecting non-compliances with the animal welfare legislation were complaints of insufficient veterinary care (OR 1.9, CI 1.1–3.4), the cases assessed by the information from the police and/or an animal shelter (OR 15.2, CI 7.9–29.2), at least one inspection in an animal's premises with prior warning (OR 11.2, CI 5.5–22.6), and without prior warning (OR 17.0, CI 9.7–29.5). Complaints of violence against animals were negatively associated with detecting non-compliances (OR 0.5, CI 0.3–0.9). However, the detection of violence against animals predicted requests for police investigations (OR 9.3, CI 3.1–27.9), as did the execution of permanent urgent measures by official veterinarians (OR 4.9, CI 1.9–12.9). To improve the animal welfare control system and the investigation of crimes against animals, cooperation between officials should be developed. Further studies are needed to improve the understanding of the prevalence of violence against animals, and to advance methods used by animal welfare control to identify cases of violence.

Analysis of environmental dust in goat and sheep farms to assess Coxiella burnetii infection in a Q fever endemic area: Geographical distribution, relationship with human cases and genotypes.

Real-time PCR analysis of environmental samples (dust and aerosols) is an easy tool to investigate the presence of Coxiella burnetii in the farm environment. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of C.burnetii DNA in dust collected inside animal premises from 272 small ruminant farms in Bizkaia (northern Spain), a region with recent reports of human Q fever cases and outbreaks. Within each farm, 5 samples of dust were collected from difference surfaces, and data on animal census, management procedures, characteristics of the premises and geographic location were collected. Real-time PCR analysis of the dust samples detected presence of C.burnetii DNA in 98 farms (36.0%), flock-prevalence being higher in sheep (38.9%) or mixed ovine-caprine production systems (36.8%), compared to goats (25.0%). Larger bacterial burdens were observed in mixed farms, compared to sheep (p<.05). Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis identified 5 different genotypes, with SNP8 being the predominant genotype (73%), followed by SNP6 (11%), SNP2 (9%), SNP4 (5%) and SNP1 (2%). Proportion of farms where C.burnetii DNA was detected differed among the different agricultural counties, and a higher proportion of C.burnetii DNA positive farms was associated with the occurrence of recent human Q fever outbreaks at several geographical locations. Dust sampling in domestic ruminant farms coupled with real-time PCR to screen for the presence of C.burnetii and estimate bacterial load can be a useful tool to identify herds and regions with high prevalence, define priority actions and monitor the effect of control measures. If combined with molecular genotyping and spatial distribution maps, it can help to identify farm contamination sources and trace the origin of human outbreaks.

Staphylococci and fecal bacteria as bioaerosol components in animal housing facilities in the Zoological Garden in Chorz\xf3w

Zoos are places open for a large number of visitors, adults and children, who can admire exotic as well as indigenous animal species. The premises for animals may contain pathogenic microbes, including those exhibiting antibiotic resistance. It poses a threat to people remaining within the zoo premises, both for animal keepers who meet animals on a daily basis and visitors who infrequently have contact with animals. There are almost no studies concerning the presence on the concentration of airborne bacteria, especially staphylococci and fecal bacteria in animal shelters in the zoo. There is no data about antibiotic resistance of staphylococci in these places. The results will enable to determine the scale of the threat that indicator bacteria from the bioaerosol pose to human health within zoo premises. This study conducted in rooms for 5 animals group (giraffes, camels, elephants, kangaroos, and Colobinae (species of monkey)) in the Silesian Zoological Garden in Chorzów (Poland). The bioaerosol samples were collected using a six-stage Andersen cascade impactor to assess the concentrations and size distribution of airborne bacteria. Staphylococci were isolated from bioaerosol and tested for antibiotic resistance. In our study, the highest contamination of staphylococci and fecal bacteria was recorded in rooms for camels and elephants, and the lowest in rooms for Colobinae. At least 2/3 of bacteria in bioaerosol constituted respirable fraction that migrates into the lower respiratory tract of the people. In investigated animal rooms, the greatest bacteria contribution was recorded for bioaerosol fraction sized 1.1–3.3μm. Bacterial concentrations were particularly strong in spring and autumn, what is related to shedding fur by animals. Among the isolated staphylococci which most often occurred were Staphylococcus succinus, S. sciuri, and S. vitulinus. The highest antibiotic resistance was noted in the case of Staphylococcus epidermidis, while the lowest for S. xylosus. In addition to standard cleaning of animal rooms, periodic disinfection should be considered. Cleaning should be carried out wet, which should reduce dust, and thus the concentrations of bacteria in the air of animal enclosures.

Are Animal Models Useful in Medical Research?

Animals, from the pomace fly to the mouse, are widely utilized in research project. They are crucial for allowing scientists to find out more about human biology and health, and for developing new medicines. The use of animals in research project has long been the topic of heated debate. On the one hand it's considered morally wrong to use animals during this way solely for human benefit. On the other hand, our understanding of health and disease would impede after removing animals completely from the lab, and consequently affect the event of latest and vital treatments [1]. No responsible scientist wants to use animals or cause them unnecessary suffering if it are often avoided, and thus scientists accept controls on the utilization of animals in research [2]. Are animal models useful? Animal models are wont to address a spread of scientific questions, from basic science to the event and assessment of novel vaccines, or therapies. The use of animals is not only supported the vast commonalities within the biology of most mammals, but also on the very fact that human diseases often affect other animal species. It is particularly the case for many infectious diseases but also for quite common conditions like Type I diabetes, hypertension, allergies, cancer, epilepsy, myopathies then on. Not only are these diseases shared but the mechanisms are often also so similar that 90% of the veterinary drugs wont to treat animals are identical or very similar to those used to treat humans. Due to observations and testing on animal models, a number of major breakthroughs in basic science and medical research are possible. Most vaccines, which save many human and animal lives per annum, are successfully developed using animal models. However the results obtained on animals aren't necessarily confirmed in further human studies [3]. No animal model is ever perfect and there are still many differences between model organisms and humans [1]. To help minimise the harm animals may experience while being studied within the laboratory, researchers are required to follow a group of principles, the ‘three Rs’. These three Rs Reduction, Refinement, Replacement was proposed by Russel and Birch in 1959 [4]. Replace: Replacing an animal experiment to the best possible extent, as long as adequate alternatives are available. Reduce: The reduction of animal experiments and therefore the number of laboratory animals to the best possible extent. In so doing, it's important to use as many animals as are needed to get a statistically significant outcome. An adequate number of animals are required for the results to be sufficiently significant. Refine: The methods and treatment of the animals during the experiments, and with reference to the way they're kept, should make sure that the distress caused to them is minimized to the best possible extent which their well-being is taken under consideration as far as possible [5]. The inspection and licensing of animal premises, the training and competence of all personal designing projects, performing animal procedures and taking care of animals are the regulatory provisions with which research on animals is conducted and therefore the mandatory authorization of each project by a competent authority upon ethical evaluation by an Animal ethics panel. The criteria for evaluation are supported the 3Rs rules and a cost-benefit analysis to guage if the potential harm to the animals, which must be reduced to the lowest possible level, is outweighed by significant progress in terms of data on human or animal health. Modern medical research facing the greatest challenges that concern complex, multifactorial, diseases such as cancer, infectious diseases, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, pathological consequences of aging among others, for which all experimental approaches are indispensable. Research on animal models will remain for an extended time a crucial step for fundamental discoveries, for testing hypotheses at the organism level and for the validation of human data. Likewise, animal protection requires permanent consideration. These two objectives, far away from being antagonistic, must be anchored in high-quality science [3].

Size distribution and concentration of fungal aerosol in animal premises of a zoological garden

The exposure to airborne dusts and microorganisms is associated with respiratory diseases and other health effects. Currently, research concerning fungal aerosol and particulate matter levels in animal enclosures of zoological gardens is very scarce. Such premises are characterized by numerous sources of air contamination, and they are both working environment and popular tourist attractions. This study aimed to assess the levels of fungal aerosol in animal premises (tapirs, giraffes, pygmy hippos, monkeys, meerkats, pheasants, ostriches, exotarium) of the Kraków Zoo. The bioaerosol samples were collected using a six-stage Andersen impactor to assess the concentrations and size distribution of airborne fungi. Particulate matter (PM10, PM4, PM2.5 and PM1) concentration was assessed using DustTrak Aerosol Monitor. PM concentrations were relatively low (0.048–0.204 mg/m3) and did not exceed the limit values for occupational exposure. Also, the levels of fungal aerosol in almost all cases did not exceed the limit values. The smallest concentration of the total fungal aerosol was observed in the rooms for hippos (approx. 970 CFU/m3) while the highest—in exotarium (16,800 CFU/m3). The share of respirable fraction of bioaerosol was quite high—from 62.6% in monkey houses to 89.2% in exotarium. Having in mind that bioaerosol-forming fungi may contain allergenic species, attention should be paid to thorough cleaning of animals and their premises, and maintaining appropriate levels of microclimatic parameters in the rooms.

Coordination of energy parameters of the ultraviolet bactericidal recirculator of air of livestock premises

Annotation Purpose. Coordination of energy parameters of the ultraviolet bactericidal recirculator of air of animal premises for achievement of the set value of bactericidal efficiency. Methods. Methods of analysis, mathematical modeling and engineering methods of calculation of ultraviolet bactericidal installations are used. Results. Methods of application of ultraviolet bactericidal (UVB) installations for cleaning and disinfection of indoor air are analyzed. Substantiated design, UVB air recirculator. The dependences of the bactericidal power of UVB radiation sources in the recirculator on air productivity and bactericidal efficiency are determined. The specific power of UVB radiation to achieve the specified value of bactericidal efficiency and rational values of bactericidal efficiency of recirculates for industrial enterprises and general purpose premises are established. Conclusions 1. The specific power of UVB radiation to achieve the specified value of bactericidal efficiency in the range of 80…99.9% with the use of UVB air recirculators. To ensure bactericidal efficiency of 80%, the specific power of bactericidal radiation is 6.5 W/100 m3, and for 99.9% 4.3 times more than – 27.9 W/100 m3. 2. Due to the need to significantly increase the installed capacity of irradiators, ultraviolet air recirculators with bactericidal efficiency of more than 95% should be used in premises of categories 1 and 2, as well as in agricultural production facilities for feasibility study. 3. To achieve a recirculator RPB 1.0 with air productivity = 1000 m3/h bactericidal efficiency = 90% required bactericidal radiation power = 93 W, and for = 99% – = 186 W. Keywords: ultraviolet bactericidal recirculator, air purification and disinfection, bactericidal power of ultraviolet irradiators, bactericidal efficiency of recirculator.

Convective flows along the bodies of animals

The production of high-quality livestock products is associated with the creation of optimal microclimate parameters in the premises for animals. Animals are a source of heat, and the convective flows formed along the body and the associated temperature mass-transfer fields, as well as the stresses arising under conditions of non-equilibrium interaction with the external environment, are of practical interest. In solving the stated problem of heat and mass transfer, we adopted an approximately convective flow consisting only of a vortex layer of free turbulence and considered the momentum equations of the lifting forces arising from heating and the amount of excess heat in the jet. It was assumed that the heat transfer per unit area of the warm surface is constant in height and length of the cylinder. As a result of a theoretical study of heat and mass transfer, the dependences of speed, excess temperatures, and convective flow were established. Analysis of the obtained dependences made it possible to conclude that the speed along the body increases with increasing mass of animals. This creates the prerequisites for using the heat generated by them to maintain the necessary temperature parameters of the air in the room. It is concluded that it is necessary to use only the upflows to provide animals with the necessary amount of oxygen. The resulting convective flow along the body of animals of different masses varies with a constant increase in the growth of animals. The upflows formed around the body of the animal are strong enough and lead to the rise of significant masses of air. Taking into account the physiology of cattle, it was concluded that the prepared air should be supplied to the heads of animals, as up to 30% of heat and carbon dioxide is released during exhalation, and animals’ bodies should be flooded with air in piggery.

The research of disinfective properties of kontravir for disinfection of veterinary objects

In this field, complex disinfectants were contrasted using effective concentrations against bacteria and spore-forming microorganisms. A significant problem for the owners is the emergence of resistance of strains of microorganisms in the existing production and the same disinfectants. Investigation of trusted working concentrations of disinfectants that do not have a corrosive effect on metal structures. According to the results of research and production, contrast is an effective disinfectant for reducing E. coli and S aureus at 0,3 – 0,5% concentration at exposure for 30 min. and consumption of 100 - 400 cm3 / m2.&#x0D; Laboratory researches were carried out in laboratories of microbiological faculties of veterinary medicine of Sumy National Agrarian University. Disappearance gaps and disinfection on the market in Kyiv. Samples were drawn in the refrigerators from the walls, ceilings and floors. Refrigerated chambers made of stainless steel are made up of rubber and plastic elements. Metals are very vulnerable to corrosion with more concentrated acids and alkali. This was taken into account when choosing a disinfectant and its effective organizations. As a disinfectant used the drug contrast (manufacturer PE "Kronos Agro", Ukraine). The disinfectant was taken at a dose of 100 ml per 1 m2. To produce the culture was prepared basic products containing 1000 mg of the drug in 1 ml of distilled water. The experimental solutions were prepared for study with the main formulations developed. Representatives had extraordinary effects. The disks were leaked through the disinfectant to obtain a zone of retention of high bacteria and fungi.&#x0D; The reliability of disinfectant destroying the micro-organisms of E. coli and S. aureus test cultures was also known. For the trusted production preparations, the contrast at the trusted enterprises was carried out by the rehabilitation of the premises of the educational laboratory of the Sumy National Agrarian University (premises for animals, dairies, refrigeration chambers).&#x0D; Renovation and test activities were performed at 0,1, 0,25 and 0,5 % of exposed contrast with exposure for 60, 30 and 10 min. the disinfectant was consumed 250 cm3 / m2. Upon completion of the studies, the investigated tests were investigated with distilled water (flow rate - 1000 cm3 / m2). Water that has been washed away test products, presented in specially prepared capabilities. Test results for this after disinfection were also investigated with distilled water, which was found on the disinfectant. To study the corrosion activity of the disinfectant used metal plates 1h1sm2. The metal samples were welded to the fifth mark after the commission before and after the study. 0,5; 1,0; 1,5; 2,5 % contrast solutions were used in the study. For comparison, in the experiments used 2% of productive. M. bovis mycobacterial cultures were grown on Pavlovsky's glycerol medium. The bacterial culture was transferred into sterile vials and sterile isotonic material containing 0,05 cm3 / mg was added. A large amount of delay zone in Petri dishes containing 0,5 % of S. aureus disinfectant, 3,5 times S. cholerase 1,8 S. Enteritidis 2 more than 0,5% formal form . Higher indicators of bacterial properties of the disinfectant contrast at a concentration of 0,5%.

Bacterial bioaerosol concentration and size distribution in the selected animal premises in a zoological garden

Currently, there are almost no studies concerning bioaerosol and particulate matter levels in animal enclosures of zoos. Numerous air contamination sources can be found there, and zoos are both working environments and popular tourist objects. The aim of this study was to assess bacterial aerosol levels in premises for animals (giraffes, monkeys, pheasants and ostriches) of the Kraków Zoo. Bioaerosol samples were collected using six-stage Andersen impactor to assess the concentration and size distribution of airborne mesophilic bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and staphylococci. Particulate matter levels (PM10, PM4, PM2.5 and PM1) were assessed using DustTrak Aerosol Monitor. The results showed that the concentration of airborne bacteria varied significantly between enclosures for the analyzed animal groups and various groups of bacteria reached their maximum concentrations in premises for different animals. The mean share of respirable fraction of bacteria was quite high—68%, with values ranging from 12.8% for Gram-negative bacteria to 98% for mannitol-positive staphylococci, indicating potential harmfulness to the health of exposed people. Dust concentrations remained at similar, relatively low levels (maximum of 0.105 mg/m3 for PM10 in rooms for giraffes). This study showed that neither bacterial bioaerosol levels, nor dust concentrations exceed the permissible values provided by Polish guidelines, but comparing the values with other countries’ limits suggests that the air could be considered as contaminated. The animals are a significant source of bioaerosol; therefore, attention should be paid to thorough cleaning of animals themselves and their premises and to maintaining appropriate levels of microclimatic parameters prevailing in the rooms.

The purification of the environment from hydrogen sulphide by using wet electro-filter

As a result of industrialization modern agro-industrial production and development of the industrial base, animal production meets with some problems. Without solving this problem, further, development becomes difficult. One such problem related to increasing a specific density of planting animals on limited. As a result, this problem leads to worsening sanitation and hygiene on the territory of animal stock and outside. One of the most hazardous and dangerous gas components is hydrogen sulfide. This component generates in animal premises. The hydrogen sulfide is very dangerous for animals, peoples and technological equipment. One from modern solutions is the wet electro filter filtration technology with wet one zoned filter. The technology combines the high efficiency of purification, high technology, and automatization. The theoretical process models and lab research showed the high efficiency of environment purification from hydrogen sulphide. Using the technology supplies a level of hydrogen sulphide in the environment of animal premises in acceptable limits. These lead to increase in production figures and agro-industry culture.

Bactericidal and disinfective properties of disinfectant «GK-10»

The article presents the results of research on bactericidal properties of the new domestic disinfectant «GK-10», which is a transparent solution of light yellow color, without mechanical inclusions with a specific odor. It is well mixed with water. It is based on alkyl dimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (QAC) and dodecylbispropylentriamine (1,3-prodadiene) (tertiary amines). Was found bactericidal dilution (BD), bactericidal concentration (BC), phenolic coefficient (FC) and protein index (PI). Thus, the most susceptible to the action of the disinfectant were were gram-negative bacteria E. coli, where cell death occurred at 10 and 30 minute exposures at concentrations of 0.19 and 0.14%, respectively. Due to the action of the disinfectant on the gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, cell death came at these exposures at concentrations 0.27 and 0.19%, respectively. The least susceptible to the action of the disinfectant were vegetative forms of B. subtilis, the death of these bacteria came at concentrations 0.37 and 0.27% at 10 and 30 minutes of exposure, respectively. Effects of disinfectant was over 5.38 and 2.74 times higher on microorganisms of E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, of the decontamination effect of phenol, and in the presence of protein, the activity of the disinfectant is reduced by 6.45 times. The efficiency of the disinfectant for the strains of microorganisms at the disinfestation of the test-object surfaces is determined. It has been established that for test cultures of E. coli and S. aureus 0.05–0.3% of disinfectant concentration is ineffective, and 0.5% its disinfectant concentration for disinfection of hard surfaces in preventive disinfection of premises for animals is insufficient for exposure in 120 minutes. For spore form B. subtilis 1.0% disinfectant concentration was ineffective. 1.0% concentration is effective for aseptic cleaning: slaughterhouses, processing shops, laboratory facilities, means of transporting products of animal origin, soaking clothes before washing, and also for treating surfaces of wood, metal and glazed tile at exposures of 60 minutes and more, and when spore forms of microorganisms, the working concentration of insoluble in disinfection of objects subject to veterinary control should be 3% and above. It has been proved that the disinfectant «GK-10» is effective at a concentration of 0.5% at exposure for 180 minutes and at a concentration of 1.0% at an exposure of 120 minutes for the sanation and preventive disinfection of premises for animals.

Investigations of Phlebotomus perniciosus sand flies in rural Spain reveal strongly aggregated and gender-specific spatial distributions and advocate use of light-attraction traps.

The spatial and temporal distribution of Phlebotomus perniciosus (Diptera: Psychodidae) (Newstead, 1911), the sand fly vector of pathogens of public and animal health importance, was investigated in a high sand fly density rural area in Spain using light-attraction and sticky-interception traps. Traps were placed inside animal buildings and outside at increasing distance from animals. A total of 8506 sand flies were collected, 87% with light traps. Species frequency differed between trap types. The abundance of P. perniciosus decreased exponentially with increasing distance to animals and, while females were most common in the animal enclosure, males predominated in adjoining storage places. Increasing CO2 concentration had an additional positive effect on female abundance only. Both male and female density increased with rising temperature, and there was some indication that females were more active than males at higher relative humidity. The study confirms that P. perniciosus aggregates around animal premises, although male and female distributions differ and should be analysed separately to account for biological and behavioural differences. This provides further evidence that light traps offer an accurate estimation of the relative spatial and temporal abundance of P. perniciosus, conferring an added value for the study of this species and the risk of pathogen transmission.

Questionnaire survey of detrimental fur animal epidemic necrotic pyoderma in Finland

BackgroundIn 2007, a previously unrecorded disease, fur animal epidemic necrotic pyoderma (FENP), was detected in farmed mink (Neovision vision), foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and Finnraccoons (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Finland. Symptoms included severe pyoderma with increased mortality, causing both animal welfare problems and economic losses. In 2011, an epidemiologic questionnaire was mailed to all members of the Finnish Fur Breeders’ Association to assess the occurrence of FENP from 2009 through the first 6 months of 2011. The aim was to describe the geographical distribution and detailed clinical signs of FENP, as well as sources of infection and potential risk factors for the disease.ResultsA total of 239 farmers (25%) returned the questionnaire. Clinical signs of FENP were observed in 40% (95% CI 34–46%) of the study farms. In addition, the survey clarified the specific clinical signs for different animal species. The presence of disease was associated with the importation of mink, especially from Denmark (OR 9.3, 95% CI 2.6–33.0). The transmission route between Finnish farms was associated with fur animal purchases. Some risk factors such as the farm type were also indicated. As such, FENP was detected more commonly on farms with more than one species of fur animal in comparison to farms with, for example, only foxes (OR 4.6, 95% CI 2.4–8.6), and the incidence was higher on farms with over 750 breeder mink compared to smaller farms (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.6–9.0). Contact between fur animals and birds and other wildlife increased the risk of FENP on farms. Responses also indicated that blocking the entry of wildlife to the animal premises protected against FENP.ConclusionsFENP was most likely introduced to Finland by imported mink and spread further within the country via domestically purchased fur animals. Some potential risk factors, such as the type and size of the farm and contact with wildlife, contributed to the spread of FENP. Escape-proof shelter buildings block the entry of wildlife, thus protecting fur animals against FENP.

Бактерицидні та дезінфікуючі властивості деззасобу «Арквадез-плюс»

The results of research bactericidal properties of new domestic disinfectant «Arquadez–plus» which is a transparent light color, without mechanical inclusions, solution with a specific odor, and created on the basis of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), in particular, the composition of the disinfectant include: alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride and dimethyldipetylammonium chloride. Was found bactericidal dilution (BD), bactericidal concentration (BC), phenol coefficient (PC) and protein index (PI). Most susceptible to the effect of disinfectant was gram-negativ bacteria of E. coli, where cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 0.0129 and 0.0092%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for gram-positive bacteria S. aureus, cell death came at these exposures at concentrations of 0.0252 and 0.018%, respectively. Microorganisms P. vulgaris were the least susceptible to the action of the disinfectant; the death of the microorganisms came at concentrations of 1,0204 and 0.5206%, for 10 and 30 minute exposures, respectively, and, due to the action of the disinfectant on the test culture of S. typhimurium, the death of cells came under given conditions, at concentrations of 0.5206 and 0.2656%, respectively. The action of disinfection preparation for vegetative cells of B. subtilis cell death came on the 10 and 30 minutes exposures at concentrations of 0.0494 and 0.018% but in the spore form, at concentrations of 0.5206 and 0.3719%, respectively. The disinfectant effect of this disinfectant is 79.4 and 28.9 times higher on microorganisms E. coli and S. aureus, respectively, of the decontaminant effect of phenol, and in the presence of a protein, the activity of the disinfectant is reduced by 1.4 times. The efficacy of disinfection preparation of microorganisms on surfaces in the decontamination of test-objects.It is established that test-cultures of E. coli, S. aureus and P. vulgaris at 0.05% concentration of disinfectant is ineffective and for the test culture of S. typhimurium, its 0.1% concentration is ineffective.For vegetative and spore form of B. subtilis disinfection preparation concentration at 1.0%. Is ineffective at the 0.5–1.0% concentrations is effective for processing rigid surfaces, at preventive disinfection of premises for animals and birds at exposure for 60 minutes, and at spore forms of microorganisms its working concentration should be 2.0%, at exposure in 120 minutes and 3.0% at exposures in 30 minutes or more. Proved that the disinfectant «Arquadez-plus» in a production environment at a concentration of 1.0% by wet surface irrigation facilities for animals and working solution 0.25–0.3 liters per 1 square meter with an exposure of 2 hours, showing high disinfectant properties.

Распространение Buxtonella sulcata (Jameson, 1926) крупного рогатого скота в Курганской области

Objective of research: To study the infection rate with B. sulcata in various age groups of cattle in summer at different management technologies in the Kurgan region. Materials and methods. Samples were collected from animals kept under different management technologies (private sector, stabling&amp;amp;pasture, stabling) in the Kurgan region in July 2016. Samples weighing 10 g were taken from animals of different age groups from the rectum or by usual fecal gathering in animal premises. The collected material was preserved with 2% potassium dichromate. At the Laboratory for Protozoology and Sanitary Parasitology of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Fundamental and Applied Parasitology of Animals and Plants named after K.I. Skryabin, 68 samples were examined under the microscope by methods of successive washings and formalinether sedimentation; cyst counting was performed in a counting chamber Mc Master. Results and discussion. The results of random coproscopic examination of cattle of different age groups in farms of the Kurgan region in summer period revealed their infection with Buxtonella sulcata. Extensity of infection in the private sector ranged from 33% to 50%, in farms with stable management — from 10 to 62,5%, stable and pasture management — from 0 to 85,7%.

Role and importance of light in farm animals and birds

Photoperiod is the most common environmental factor monitored by animals to alter long-term physiological processes, particularly reproduction and production through its effect on physical activity, hormonal regulation, behaviour etc. Lighting of animal premises is essential elements of animal (Mitev, 2012). Solar radiation directly or indirectly exerts a profound effect on the behavior of animals. In the form of visible radiation (light), the photoperiod governs diurnal and seasonal activity patterns of the animal. Photoperiod is important for the improvement of production efficiency and profitability (Dahl, 2005).