Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Group Research Articles

Comorbid Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.

Background: This study evaluated the associations between inattention, impulsivity, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) across the menstrual cycle. Methods: This study enrolled 58 women with PMDD and 50 controls. Symptoms were assessed using the Attention and Performance Self-Assessment Scale and the Dickman Impulsivity Inventory during the pre-ovulatory (PO), mid-luteal (ML), and late luteal (LL) phases of the menstrual cycle. Results: The chi-square analysis revealed a significant association between ADHD and PMDD. Women with PMDD experienced a greater increase in scores of prospective everyday memory problems and difficulties maintaining focused attention from the PO phase to LL phase than the controls; in addition, they had higher scores in dysfunctional impulsivity during the LL phase than the controls. Among women in the PMDD group, those with ADHD had higher scores in prospective everyday memory problems and dysfunctional impulsivity during the PO and ML phases than those without ADHD. Women in the PMDD group without ADHD had a greater increase in scores of prospective everyday memory problems, difficulties maintaining focused attention, and dysfunctional impulsivity from the PO phase to the LL phase than the controls. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that women with PMDD were more likely to have comorbid ADHD and higher levels of inattention across the menstrual cycle. PMDD was associated with increased impulsivity during the LL phase, independent of ADHD, but it was not associated with a persistent elevation of impulsivity. Furthermore, PMDD women with comorbid ADHD experienced higher inattention and impulsivity during the PO and ML phases than those without it. Thus, ADHD comorbidity should be assessed when assessing or intervening in the symptoms of inattention and impulsivity in women with PMDD.

The Effect of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Diagnosis and Severity on Depression Sensitivity.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is thought to be associated with depressive disorder. In our study, the depression susceptibility of female patients with PMDD was assessed using the depression sensitivity scale, which is different from previous studies. The study was conducted on 32 PMDD patients aged 18-40 years who applied to the psychiatry outpatient clinic and 30 healthy controls. The mean age of women diagnosed with PMDD was similar ( p = 0.467). The probability of having a family history of PMDD was significantly higher in the PMDD group than in the control group (χ 2 = 11.182, p = 0.001). Previous psychotropic drug use (χ 2 = 8.862, p = 0.003) and family history of mental illness (χ 2 = 5.995, p = 0.014) were significantly higher in PMDD patients compared with the control group. The sociodemographic questionnaire, the Leiden Index of Depression Sensitivity (LEIDS), and the Premenstrual Assessment Form were administered to the participants. No significant difference was found between the patient and healthy groups regarding LEIDS scores ( r = 0.75, p > 0.05). In patients with PMDD, the clinical severity of PMDD was found to increase susceptibility to depression ( r = 0.460, p < 0.01). It was revealed that PMDD severity was associated with susceptibility to depression rather than PMDD diagnosis.

Attention, response inhibition, impulsivity, and decision-making within luteal phase in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder.

Cognitive impairment is a key feature of depressive disorder. Various forms of cognitive function have yet to be investigated in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) during early luteal (EL) and late luteal (LL) phases. Therefore, we evaluated response inhibition and attention in PMDD in these two phases. We also examined the associations between cognitive functions, impulsivity, decision-making style, and irritability. There is a total of 63 female participants with PMDD and 53 controls, as determined through psychiatric diagnostic interviewing and a weekly symptoms checklist. The participants completed a Go/No-go task, Dickman's impulsivity inventory, Preference for Intuition and Deliberation scale, and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory: Chinese Version-Short Form at the EL and LL phases. The women with PMDD had poorer attention in the Go trials at the LL phase and poorer response inhibition in the No-go trials at the EL and LL phases. Repeated measures analysis of variance revealed an LL exacerbation of deficit in attention among PMDD group. In addition, impulsivity negatively correlated with response inhibition at the LL phase. Preference for deliberation correlated with attention at the LL phase. Women with PMDD experienced LL declined attention and impaired response inhibition across the luteal phase. Response inhibition is linked to impulsivity. The deficit in attention links preference for deliberation among women with PMDD. These results reveal the different courses in different domains of cognitive impairment in PMDD. Further studies are required to elucidate the mechanism underlying cognitive dysfunction in PMDD.

Allopregnanolone Is Associated with a Stress-Induced Reduction of Heart Rate Variability in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Human survival and wellbeing require appropriate responses to stress, including a highly coordinated and efficient nervous system control of the heart rhythm. During stress, a greater disinhibition of the vagal nerve is reflective of poor stress adaptability, which may be relevant in premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)-a debilitating affective condition thought to be marked by dysregulated stress processing and sensitivity to allopregnanolone. In the present study, women with PMDD (n = 17) and healthy controls (n = 18), who did not take medication, smoke, or consume illicit drugs, and who were free of other psychiatric conditions, participated in the Trier Social Stress Test, during which we measured the high frequency of the heart rate (HF-HRV) and allopregnanolone using ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Relative to their baseline, women who have PMDD, but not the healthy controls, experienced a reduction in HF-HRV during stress anticipation (p ≤ 0.05) and stress (p ≤ 0.01). Their recovery from stress was significantly delayed (p ≤ 0.05). Absolute peak HF-HRV change from baseline was significantly predicted by baseline allopregnanolone only in the PMDD group (p ≤ 0.01). The present study shows how an interaction between stress and allopregnanolone-which have both been separately implicated in PMDD-underlies PMDD expression.

Mediating effect of negative perceived stress on the relationship between premenstrual syndrome and emotional eating.

Emotional eating is one of the eating behaviors in which negative emotions affect eating. During the luteal phase, premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and its associated psychological and physical symptoms can appear in some women, and a few of them suffer from premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), a severe form of PMS. Some women diagnosed with PMS/PMDD experience emotional eating during the luteal phase, which may be a coping mechanism for psychological stress. This study aimed to investigate how PMS/PMDD and negatively perceived stress are related to emotional eating. A total of 409 women aged 20 to 39 yrs with a body mass index (BMI) ranging from 18.5 to 29.9 kg/m2 participated in this study. Participants who responded to all the questions of the Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form, Negative Perceived Stress Scale, and Emotional Eater Questionnaire were divided into a PMDD and a non-PMDD group according to the cut-off value for PMDD diagnosis. Independent t-tests and mediation analyses were performed to compare the 2 groups. No significant differences between the 2 groups were found in terms of BMI; however, the average values for emotional eating, PMS, and negative perceived stress of the PMDD group were significantly higher than those of the non-PMDD group. Only negative perceived stress had a significant effect on emotional eating in the non-PMDD group. In the PMDD group, PMS was statistically significant for both negative perceived stress and emotional eating mediated by negative perceived stress. Consequently, it appeared to have a partial or complete mediation depending on the independent variable for the PMDD group. This study highlights the importance of managing negative perceived stress to control emotional eating in PMS/PMDD for improved women's health.

Depression and suicidal ideation among Pakistani rural areas women during flood disaster

Whether a history of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is associated with a subsequent risk of major affective disorders remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the risk of unipolar depression and bipolar disorder in women with PMDD compared with those without PMDD. This study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Women who were diagnosed with PMDD and had no history of any major affective disorder were included. The controls were women without PMDD matched for demographics and physical and psychiatric comorbidities. Cox regression was used to estimate the risk of unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. We included 8222 women with PMDD and 32,888 matched controls. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that the women with PMDD were associated with a higher risk of unipolar depression [hazard ratio (HR) 2.58; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 2.23–2.98] and bipolar disorder (HR 2.50; 95 % CI 1.62–3.88) than the controls. The PMDD group had a younger age at the diagnosis of unipolar depression (37.11 vs 41.59 years) and bipolar disorder (35.59 vs 42.02 years, p = 0.002), and shorter duration between enrollment and onset of unipolar depression (2.97 vs 5.33 years, p < 0.001) and bipolar disorder (3.05 vs 5.57 years, p < 0.001). Our results showed a strong association between PMDD and major affective disorders. Healthcare workers should be aware of patients with PMDD and the risk of developing major affective mental disorders.

Risks of major affective disorders following a diagnosis of premenstrual dysphoric disorder: A nationwide longitudinal study.

Whether a history of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is associated with a subsequent risk of major affective disorders remains unclear. This study aimed to examine the risk of unipolar depression and bipolar disorder in women with PMDD compared with those without PMDD. This study used data from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Women who were diagnosed with PMDD and had no history of any major affective disorder were included. The controls were women without PMDD matched for demographics and physical and psychiatric comorbidities. Cox regression was used to estimate the risk of unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. We included 8222 women with PMDD and 32,888 matched controls. After adjusting for potential confounders, we found that the women with PMDD were associated with a higher risk of unipolar depression [hazard ratio (HR) 2.58; 95% confidence interval (CI), 2.23-2.98] and bipolar disorder (HR 2.50; 95% CI 1.62-3.88) than the controls. The PMDD group had a younger age at the diagnosis of unipolar depression (37.11 vs 41.59 years) and bipolar disorder (35.59 vs 42.02 years, p=0.002), and shorter duration between enrollment and onset of unipolar depression (2.97 vs 5.33 years, p<0.001) and bipolar disorder (3.05 vs 5.57 years, p<0.001). Our results showed a strong association between PMDD and major affective disorders. Healthcare workers should be aware of patients with PMDD and the risk of developing major affective mental disorders.

Investigation of premenstrular dysphoric disorder comorbidity and related factors in patients with anxiety disorder

Aim: Because of the fact that the frequency of both anxiety disorders and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are high in women and that studies investigating PMDD comorbidity in patients diagnosed with anxiety disorder are limited, this study was aimed to investigate PMDD comorbidity and related factors in patients with anxiety disorders. Materials and Methods: 183 subjects who were followed up with a diagnosis of anxiety disorder in Necmettin Erbakan University Meram Medical Faculty Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic were included in the study and were evaluated with Sociodemographic Data Form, Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). PMDD comorbidity was investigated according to The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fourth edition (DSM-IV-TR) criteria by making psychiatric interviews. Results: 57 (31.2%) of 183 subjects diagnosed with PMDD constituted the PMDD group and the remaining 126 patients constituted the non-PMDD group. The mean BAI scores of the PMDD group were significantly higher than those of the non PMDD group, whereas the mean age of the PMDD group was significantly lower than that of the non PMDD group. The BMI of the PMDD group was significantly higher than that of the non PMDD group. Conclusion: PMDD is common in patients followed up with a diagnosis of anxiety disorder and what is associated with PMDD is be young age as well as excessive chocolate consumption.

Association of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and Eating Behaviors Among Nursing Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is the most severe form for premenstrual distress. This study's objective was to understand the association among PMDD, premenstrual syndrome (PMS), and eating behaviors. Cross-sectional design. The survey was composed of validated measures. Female students at a nursing school. PMDD and PMS diagnoses were made using the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST). Eating behaviors were assessed using the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-Revised 18 (TFEQ-R18). Of the 504 participants, according to the PSST, 80 (15.9%) met the criteria for PMDD, 222 (44%) had moderate-to-severe PMS, and the remaining 202 (40%) participants showed mild or no premenstrual symptoms. The total EAT-26 scores were significantly higher in the PMDD group than in the other groups (P<.001). According to the cut-off value (20 points) of EAT-26, the total prevalence of disordered eating behaviors was also significantly higher in the PMDD group (45.5%) compared with the moderate-to-severe PMS group (16.5%) and the no/mild PMS group (13.6%) (P<.001). According to the TFEQ-R18 scores, significantly higher scores for emotional eating and uncontrolled eating were found in the PMDD group than in the other groups (P<.001 for each). Given that PMDD is defined as a more severe form of PMS with more strict criteria, the findings in this study reflect that as the severity of premenstrual symptoms increase, disordered eating behaviors also increase. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to compare eating behaviors among PMDD, moderate-to-severe PMS, and no/mild PMS groups.

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder: Ranking the Symptoms and Severity in Indian College Students

Background: Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) are common conditions causing significant impairment in various domains of life. Both the conditions are associated with physical, emotional, and behavioral symptoms. There is dearth of studies regarding symptomatology and severity of the condition in Indian college students.Aim: Aim of this study is to categorize and rank the symptoms and severity of PMDD in college students in India.Materials and methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in various colleges of Mysuru. A total of 600 girls were approached over a period of 1 year. Confidentiality was assured and written informed consent was taken. Girls with irregular periods and those who had an absence of menstruation since last 3 consecutive menstrual cycles were excluded. A total of 571 filled up forms were taken for analysis. Data was analyzed using SPSS 22 version software. Chi-square test was used as the test of significance for qualitative data.Results: The mean age of participants was 21.12 ± 2.6 years. Majority of the subjects were unmarried and were from urban background. The prevalence of PMS/PMDD was 46.1%, out of which 10.2% met the criteria for PMDD. Physical symptoms (91.4%) were the most commonly reported symptom domain in the PMDD category, followed by anger or irritability (84.5%). Almost half of the subjects with no or mild PMS had reported physical symptoms. The least reported symptom was insomnia. PMDD group had reported maximum impairment in the domain of relationship with family members (77.6%), followed by home responsibilities and relationship with coworkers.Conclusion: This study suggests that the prevalence of clinically relevant PMS/PMDD is higher than widely cited estimates and is a cause of concern for health care authorities in India. Physical complaints are the most commonly reported among all the symptoms in all groups. There is a need to actively assess for premenstrual symptoms in young women for comprehensive treatment and good outcome.

Comparison of the Quality of Life in Three Groups: Women with Premenstrual Syndrome, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and General Population in Yazd

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome can lead to numerous problems for women and increase their susceptibility to depression compared to men. PMS is not a serious threat, but it can influence women's quality of life and mental health and reproductive. This research was conducted to compare the quality of life (QOL) in the three groups: women with premenstrual syndrome, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and general population in Yazd (a city in the center of Iran).&#x0D; Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 246 women referring to Yazd health centers. They were voluntarily or randomly selected. Data collection tools were quality of life questionnaire SF36 and the premenstrual syndrome screening tool. Obtained data were analyzed by SPSS18.0 with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test for comparison groups on SF-36 subscales.&#x0D; Results: Among samples, 102(41.5%) had premenstrual syndrome (PMS), in 20(8.1%) the diagnostic characteristics for premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) were found, and 124 (50.4%) were in general population (GP) group, respectively. Comparison groups with Kruskal-Wallis test on SF-36 subscales showed that except for physical function in other components of quality of life, PMS and PMDD groups and non-clinical populations were significantly different (p&lt; 0.05). Considering the Mann-Whitney test, women with PMDD reported a poor health-related quality of life as measured by the SF-36. Women with PMS and PMDD had lower mean score especially in the aspect of role limitation- emotional problems.&#x0D; Conclusion: Quality of life is significantly affected by premenstrual symptoms, especially in the aspect of role limitation- emotional problems. Further studies and training program regarding PMS is recommended to improve the quality of life in this population, particularly for those experiencing severe premenstrual disorders.

Estrogen levels, emotion regulation, and emotional symptoms of women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: The moderating effect of estrogen receptor 1α polymorphism

BackgroundThis study evaluated the association between estrogen levels, emotion regulation, depression, anxiety, and stress of women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). We also evaluated the moderating effect of estrogen receptor (ESR) α-Xbal polymorphism on the aforementioned association. MethodsA total of 100 women were diagnosed with PMDD based on psychiatric interviews and a prospective investigation of 3 menstrual cycles. A total of 96 normal individuals were recruited as controls. Their estrogen levels, depression, anxiety, stress, and ESR α-Xbal polymorphism in both premenstrual and follicular phases were assessed, and these data were included in the final analysis. ResultsThe PMDD group had high depression, anxiety, and stress and low emotional adjusting and tolerating in the premenstrual phase. Emotional adjustment was negatively associated with depression, anxiety and stress. No association was observed between PMDD and estrogen level. However, premenstrual estrogen level was negatively correlated with anxiety and stress in women with PMDD. The association was only significant in G carriers of ESR α-Xbal, as was the difference in premenstrual emotion regulation between the PMDD and control groups. ConclusionsThe results demonstrate the association between estrogen and anxiety in PMDD, supporting the claim that women with PMDD differ in their responses to normal estrogen levels. Furthermore, this association and dysfunctional emotional regulation in PMDD existed only among the G carriers of ESR α-Xbal polymorphism. Future studies should investigate the effect of estrogen on brain functions involving emotional regulation in women with PMDD, stratified by ESR α-Xbal polymorphism.

Emotional regulation difficulties and premenstrual symptoms among Israeli students.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) reported to affect 3-8% of women of reproductive age and resulting in marked emotional and occupational impairment. Despite its prevalence, the etiology of PMDD is largely unknown, and patients remain mostly undiagnosed and poorly treated. It has been suggested that PMDD is a manifestation of underlying depressive disorder which is associated with the inability to regulate emotions in an adaptive manner. Therefore, we hypothesized that women with PMDD would exhibit increased difficulty with emotional regulation. A total of 648 female Israeli college students were assessed by the Premenstrual Symptoms Screening Tool (PSST) and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS). Of these women, 166 (25.6%) met the criteria for PMS. Sixty-four (9.9%) suffered from PMDD. More emotion regulation deficits were observed in the PMDD and PMS groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, there were more emotional regulation deficits among the predominantly psychological and mixed symptom subtype compared to the predominantly physical symptom subtype group. This is the first study to report an association between emotional dysregulation and PMDD. These findings may lead to development of more individually tailored treatment protocols focused on improving emotional regulation techniques.

Nociceptive processing in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD): the role of menstrual phase and sex hormones.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is associated with increased pain, but there has been a lack of well-controlled research assessing pain responsivity, sex hormones, and their relationships in this group. This study was designed to address this gap in the literature. Healthy, regularly cycling participants (14 PMDD, 14 non-PMDD) attended pain testing sessions during the mid-follicular, ovulatory, and late-luteal phases of the menstrual cycle (order counterbalanced) and salivary estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone were assessed at each testing session. Pain sensitivity was measured from electrocutaneous threshold/tolerance, ischemic threshold/tolerance, sensory and affective ratings of electrocutaneous and ischemic stimuli, and the nociceptive flexion reflex threshold (NFR, a measure of spinal nociception). Women with PMDD had higher sensory pain ratings of electrocutaneous stimuli and trends for lower ischemic thresholds and higher affective pain ratings of electrocutaneous stimuli. However, there were no group differences observed in NFR threshold. Testosterone levels were also lower during the mid-follicular and ovulatory phases in PMDD. Correlations between pain outcomes and estradiol and testosterone indicated that these hormones are hypoalgesic, with estradiol having a greater hypoalgesic effect within the PMDD group. Overall, women with PMDD may have a phase-independent hyperalgesia, with pain amplification likely occurring at the supraspinal level rather than the spinal level, given the lack of group differences in NFR threshold. Because testosterone was hypoalgesic and lower in women with PMDD, and there were strong associations between pain and estradiol in PMDD, sex hormones may play a role in PMDD-related hyperalgesia.

Comparison of the effects of PMDD and pre-menstrual syndrome on mood disorders and quality of life: A cross-sectional study

In this study, we compared psychiatric symptoms, quality of life and disability in patients with pre-menstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) and pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). Forty-nine women with PMDD were compared with 43 women with PMS. All participants were asked to complete a socio-demographic data collection form, a Brief Disability Questionnaire, a medical study short form-36 (SF-36) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) forms. The patients with PMDD had higher HAD-A and HAD-D scores than the patients in PMS group (p < 0.01). No statistically significant differences were found on brief disability between two groups (p > 0.05), but both groups had medium level of brief disability. The PMDD group had a lower SF-36 scoring than the PMS group in every compared parameters (p < 0.01). PMS and PMDD may lead to brief disability, and PMDD may cause loss of quality of life and psychological problems. The evaluation of patients with PMS and PMDD pre-menstrual disorders should be more detailed.

Increased childhood abuse in patients with premenstrual dysphoric disorder in a Turkish sample: a cross-sectional study.

Abuse is considered to have a place in the etiology of various psychiatric disorders. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is one of the psychiatric disorders for which abuse could be an etiologic factor; however, few studies have investigated the relationship between abuse and PMDD. In this study, our aim was to investigate childhood abuse in patients with PMDD and compare them with healthy female subjects. This cross-sectional study included 70 women with PMDD (DSM-IV-TR criteria) who were admitted to the outpatient psychiatry clinic of Ankara Yenimahalle State Hospital, Ankara, Turkey, between December 2012 and December 2013. Additionally, 78 healthy controls were included in the study. Sociodemographic, familial, and reproductive period characteristics of the women were recorded. All subjects were administered the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Among the sociodemographic characteristics, being a university graduate (76.9%) and being a public servant (70.5%) were significantly higher in the healthy control group (P = .01 and P = .01, respectively). A family history of PMDD (31.4%), a history of postpartum psychiatric disorders (11.4%), and a history of attempted suicide (7.1%) were higher in the PMDD group compared with the healthy control group (P = .001, P = .003, and P = .024, respectively). Significant differences were also found between PMDD and healthy controls in PMSS score (P ≤ .001), CTQ total scores (P = .002), and subscale scores including emotional abuse and emotional neglect (P = .004), physical abuse (P = .009), and sexual abuse (P = .012). To our knowledge, the present study is the first to investigate associations between PMDD and childhood abuse from Turkey. More comprehensive studies on this topic with larger sample sizes are required to enrich the literature and enable practitioners to be more effective in clinical practice.

Anger in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder: Its relations with premenstrual dysphoric disorder and sociodemographic and clinical variables

PurposeThe aim of the present study was to investigate anger and anger levels in women meeting the criteria of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and to determine the relation between anger levels and the severity of PMDD and other variables. Methods50 women meeting the criteria of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder and 50 healthy controls were included in the study. Sociodemographic, familial and reproductive period characteristics of the women participating in the study were recorded. All subjects were administered the State–Trait Anger Scale and Premenstrual Syndrom Scale scales. ResultsA significant difference was found between the Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder group and the healthy control group in terms of Premenstrual Syndrom Scale scores and anger sub scores. When the state trait anger scale scores were examined, it was seen that subscles had higher scores compared to healthy women. In Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder group; there was a positive correlation between Premenstrual Syndrom Scale scores and trait anger, anger-in and anger control scores. ConclusionsAnger appears to be an important problem that makes life more difficult for subjects with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. Wide-scale further studies focused on anger and its relation with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder are needed to develop ways of coping with anger in Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder.

Survey of premenstrual symptom severity and impairment in Korean adolescents: Premenstrual dysphoric disorder, subthreshold premenstrual dysphoric disorder and premenstrual syndrome

The aims of the study were to examine the prevalence of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), subthreshold PMDD and premenstrual syndrome (PMS) among adolescents, and to assess the nature of symptoms and the impact on daily life functions, especially for PMDD and subthreshold PMDD. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among adolescents from an urban area. Participants included 984 girls divided into the following four groups, using a premenstrual symptoms screening tool: PMDD, subthreshold PMDD, moderate/severe PMS and no/mild PMS. An Adolescent Mental Problem Questionnaire, Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale, revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and a menstrual information questionnaire were also used. Sixty-three (6.76%) of the subjects met the criteria for PMDD and 58 (6.2%) were subthreshold PMDD. The subthreshold PMDD group included 79.3% who met the symptom criteria for PMDD, but their impairment was moderate, and 21.7% who were falling short by the number of symptoms for PMDD diagnosis, though reporting severe impairment. The symptom intensity and frequency of the subthreshold PMDD subjects were similar to those in subjects with PMDD. In these two groups, 69% had moderate to severe physical symptoms. Psychiatric problems, including depression and anxiety, were higher in the PMDD and subthreshold PMDD groups than in the moderate/severe PMS and no/mild PMS group. In total, 20% of adolescents reported suffering from distressing premenstrual symptoms, and girls with PMDD and subthreshold PMDD were very similar in their symptom severity and characteristics. Prospective daily charting is needed to confirm the accurate diagnosis and management of PMDD.

Subjective sleep problems in young women suffering from premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Subjective sleep problems in young women suffering from premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Comparison of The Neurocognitive Skills Between Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Patients: A Controlled Study

Background: This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of the cyclic reproductive hormonal changes on neurocognitive functions in the female of childbearing age. In the study, Generalized Anxiety disorder (GAD) patients and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) patients were compared with the healthy controls. Methods: One of the two psychiatric samples was the group of GAD (n = 38) which had 20 and higher on Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAM-A) score and the other was the group of PMDD (n = 48). Age matched healthy control group (n = 42) was also included into the study. Venous blood samples were taken twice for hormonal assays according to the menstrual phases. Frontal assessment battery, stroop test, and weschler verbal memory tests were also applied for the evaluation of neurocognitive changes with respect to menstrual phases. Results: Taken together with the repeated measures and the data analysis, the GAD group had significantly worse performance regarding overall neurocognitive functions (particularly memory skills, attention and psychomotor function) in their late luteal phase compared to the PMDD group. The control group had significantly better performance than the other two groups. Additionally, cyclic hormonal change rates of the both patient groups were significantly higher throughout the menstrual cycle than the control group. Conclusions: Previous studies indicate PMDD patients suffer from some neurocognitive impairment during late luteal phase due to the central role of female reproductive hormones. However, this study finds GAD patients had worse neurocognitive impairments than the PMDD patients. Therefore, further research should be conducted on complex information processing which involved in GAD patients.