Preliminary Coordination Research Articles

Students’ Translation of Verbal Representations to Graph in Solving HOTS-based SPtLDV Problem

Translation of representation is translating information presented from the source representation to the target representation based on the translation stages, including unpacking the source, preliminary coordination, constructing the target, and determining equivalence. Translation of representation is one process that plays an essential role in learning mathematics because it can be used as a strategy to solve mathematical problems. Translation of representations of verbal problems needs to be changed to other forms, such as mathematical models or tables, to facilitate understanding so that solutions to given problems can be determined. This study aims to describe the translation of high school student representation in solving HOTS-based SPtLDV problems. Data was collected in class X-1 of SMAN 1 Situbondo for the 2023/2024 school year by providing a representation translation test consisting of 1 HOTS-based SPtLDV problem item, which contained a translation of representations from verbal to graphs. Then, interviews were conducted with two selected subjects. Then, interviews were conducted with two selected subjects. The results showed that in solving the problem, both subjects had gone through four stages of translation representation. At the stage of constructing the target, a subject provides arguments related to the solution obtained by describing the results of solving the problem he encounters through representation in the form of written words. In this case, the subject can produce reasoned criticism without being instructed on the question or the teacher.

BEACH CLEAN-UP MOVEMENT: ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS CAMPAIGN IN THE COASTAL AREA OF SAMBELIA, EAST LOMBOK, NTB

The Sambelia coastal area in East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), is rich in marine biodiversity and has great tourism potential. However, the problem of waste, especially plastic waste, poses a serious threat to the sustainability of coastal and marine ecosystems in this region. The Beach Clean Up movement in the Sambelia coastal area aims to tackle the problem of beach waste while increasing environmental awareness among the local community. The methods used for the Beach Clean Up Movement include preliminary studies, activity planning, and coordination with stakeholders. The activity was attended by approximately 200 participants, consisting of 150 students, 10 lecturers, 30 local residents, and 5 tourists. The Beach Clean Up Movement succeeded in reducing the amount of rubbish on the beach, increasing the beauty and comfort of a tourist destination, and supporting the local economy. This activity also effectively increased participants' awareness and knowledge about the dangers of plastic waste and the importance of waste management. The education provided during the activity offered a better understanding of the importance of keeping beaches clean and reducing the use of single-use plastics, which is expected to bring long-term positive changes in waste management behavior.

Earthquake location based on Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) as a seismic array

We present a simple and fast method to estimate preliminary earthquake location coordinates using Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS). Strain rate data is recorded on a 25-km long fibre-optic cable located in the northern suburbs of Athens (Greece). We apply frequency - wavenumber analysis on two segments of the cable forming an L-shaped seismic array, which offers good azimuthal sensitivity, whereas, the spatial resolution (spacing) and signal coherency control the ability to reliably resolve the apparent slowness of an incoming wavefield, and hence, to estimate the hypocentral distance to the array. We attempt to locate a local earthquake (2021/9/23, ML=3.4, Thiva) NW to the DAS array (approximately 50 km NW of Athens), and a regional earthquake (2021/10/12, MW=6.3, off the East coast of Crete) using S-wave onsets filtered within two frequency bands (0.5 Hz - 2.5 Hz and 1.0 Hz - 5.0 Hz). The obtained backazimuths agree with the observed backazimuths based on the locations reported by the Institute of Geodynamics, National Observatory of Athens (NOA) for both earthquakes, with our location for the local earthquake being roughly 10 km South of the NOA location, whereas, the location that we obtained for the regional earthquake suggested larger errors in distance, projected in our slowness estimation, possibly due to the array spatial resolution and the complex structure of the Hellenic subduction zone.

Can new urbanization and ecological environment achieve synergistic development? Empirical evidence from 63 counties in Zhejiang, China.

As China's urbanization accelerates, ecological environmental issues have become increasingly prominent, and how to achieve the synergistic development of urbanization and ecological environment is worth exploring. The paper uses the Super-SBM model and the improved entropy method to calculate the ecological efficiency and the new urbanization in 63 counties in Zhejiang Province from 2000 to 2019. Furthermore, the coupling coordination degree between new urbanization and ecological efficiency is discussed with the coupling degree model, Markov chain, and spatial correlation methods, and its influencing factors are explored by the geographic detector. The results show that: (1) The development trends of new urbanization and ecological efficiency in Zhejiang Province counties both present a "U" shape. Their inflection points appeared in 2005 and 2006, respectively. The gap between counties is gradually narrowing. (2) The coupling coordination degree between new urbanization and ecological efficiency in Zhejiang Province counties also develops in a "U" shape with the minimum value appearing in 2006. Its temporal evolution is dominated by advancement towards a higher level and maintenance of the original type, with most countries advancing from General Disorder to Preliminary Coordination. There is a good positive correlation in the spatial distribution, showing significant High-High and Low-Low agglomeration. (3) In detecting the driving factors, the explanatory power of economic development, natural conditions and social conditions diminishes sequentially. The interaction groups mostly are nonlinear enhancements, and the rest are all two-factor enhancements. Social factors are the main interaction objects. (4) The empirical analysis verified the efficacy of the "Two Mountains" theory and the importance of government investment in the regional coordinated development.

Spatial Coupling of Mass Transit Networks and Business Centers in China's Megacities: A Complex Network Theory Approach

As fundamental nodal elements in urban spatial structures, the coupling and coordinated development of urban business centers and urban rail transit contributes to the optimization of these structures. Utilizing complex network theory, a model for the urban rail transit network was constructed. The importance and hub nature of urban rail transit stations were evaluated from different angles, including degree centrality, closeness centrality, betweenness centrality, and eigenvector centrality. These metrics examined the station's degree, closeness to other nodes, number of shortest paths, and centrality of neighboring nodes. The coupling relationship between urban rail transit and urban business centers was taken into account, leading to the creation of a coupling and coordination degree model for urban rail transit stations and urban business centers. An analysis of the spatio-temporal evolution of the coupling relationship between urban rail transit and business centers in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou from 2000 to 2020 was conducted. The findings indicated an interactive and mutually influencing coupling relationship between the urban rail transit network and urban business centers. Over time, the coupling and coordination degree of urban rail transit stations and urban business centers trended from being uncoordinated towards preliminary, moderate, and good coordination. Spatial heterogeneity existed in the coupling and coordination status of different circles, with the best coupling and coordination conditions being in the core area. There was a degree of variance in the coupling and coordination development situation of rail transit stations and business centers in the core areas of different cities. Among them, Shanghai's core area had the best spatial coupling and coordination development situation, Beijing's core area lagged in business center development compared to the construction of the urban rail transit network, while Guangzhou's core area saw urban rail transit network development lag behind its mature business centers. The application of these research findings aids in promoting sustainable urban development. While this study primarily measured the importance of urban rail transit network stations from the node centrality perspective, future studies could further examine the spatial coupling of urban rail transit and business centers from the viewpoints of accessibility and passenger flow.

How Do Assimilation and Accommodation Occur in The Translation Process of Representation?

This study aims to describe the translation process of representation in mathematics education students’ solving of mathematical problems in the form of graphs. The translation process involves four activities: unpacking the source, preliminary coordination, constructing the target, and determining equivalence. The study was conducted on 65 students who took Calculus at three different universities in East Java Province, Indonesia. Research data in the form of answers to mathematical problems, video recordings, and interviews were analyzed based on the activity of the translation process within the accommodation and assimilation framework. Based on data analysis, the characteristics of the representation translation process are obtained in three categories, namely the symbolic-algebraic translation process (SA), the verbal translation process (V), and the symbolic-conceptual translation process (SC). When “unpacking the source” and “preliminary coordination,” SA looks difficult, so it changes the equations and graphs for completion several times. V verbally smoothly performs four translational process activities. However, subject V has doubts about the graph made after reading the question back. SC uses graph equations until it finds a solution in the form of a graph. However, after reflection, SC resolves the problem with the theory of monotony. It is important for the future teacher to understand the translation process of representation, especially given the difficulty students have solving mathematical problems. Prospective teachers are expected to be able to develop meaningful learning with various forms of representation so that students can connect their concepts to problem solving.

SAFETY COMMUNICATION EDUCATION IN IMPLEMENTING SAFE BEHAVIOR OF EMPLOYEES AT PLN OFFICE TANJUNG MORAWA, DELI SERDANG DISTRICT

Safety communication is an interaction activity carried out by one worker with another worker so that the work carried out can run well and does not cause miscommunication which results in work accidents. Implementation of occupational safety and health communication aims to create safe behavior among workers. Prevention efforts that can reduce work accidents are by providing counseling about the application of safety communication. This PKM activity aims to educate employees about safe safety communication to workers. The method used in this activity includes counseling and discussion. This activity was carried out at the Tanjung Morawa PLN Office, Deli Serdang Regency. The targets for this activity were employees at the Tanjung Morawa PLN Office, Deli Serdang Regency, totaling 50 people. This activity was carried out in November 2022. The mechanism for implementing PKM activities is through several procedures which include: conducting a preliminary survey, arranging permits, coordination meetings, preparing facilities and infrastructure, preparing materials, preparing instruments, implementing activities and evaluating activities. From the results of the activities that have been carried out, it shows that the majority of participants have a working period of <5 years as much as 64%, the majority have high school education as much as 50%. There was an increase in knowledge about work safety communication before and after counseling by 38%. All participants in the activity took part in the activity enthusiastically. This PKM activity is expected to provide value to the community, especially workers at PT PLN Tanjung Morawa

Decision-Making Mechanism of Joint Activities for the Elderly and Children in Integrated Welfare Facilities: A Discussion Based on "Motivation-Constraint" Interaction Model.

In China, joint activities for the elderly and children in integrated welfare facilities lack systematic decision procedures. By learning from the “leisure constraint” theory, the study puts forward six influencing indicators of motivation and constraint in the aspects of preliminary coordination, activity space and effect. By using semi-structured interviews and questionnaire surveys analyzed by deviation value computation, the study analyzes the evaluation value of influencing factors in the decision procedure of potential activity cases, where administrators and nurses act as two decision makers. Further, it discusses the decision-making mechanism based on the “motivation–constraint” interaction model. Firstly, it analyzes the dominant forces in the decision procedure, which are “motivation oriented”, “negotiation oriented” and “constraint oriented”. Secondly, it reveals that administrators and nurses as two decision makers tend to give positive motivation evaluations and deliberative constraints evaluations, respectively. Additionally, it analyzes the decision procedures of activities with distinct feasibility differentiation. Thirdly, it positions the levels of occurrence potential as “should occur”, “occurred but should be improved”, “potentially could occur” and “hard to occur”. Eventually, it analyzes the requirements and potential for joint activities under different service modules, which provides a theoretical foundation for the systematic planning and development of the joint activities.

Preliminary Study of Vibrotactile Feedback during Home-Based Balance and Coordination Training in Individuals with Cerebellar Ataxia.

Intensive balance and coordination training is the mainstay of treatment for symptoms of impaired balance and mobility in individuals with hereditary cerebellar ataxia. In this study, we compared the effects of home-based balance and coordination training with and without vibrotactile SA for individuals with hereditary cerebellar ataxia. Ten participants (five males, five females; 47 ± 12 years) with inherited forms of cerebellar ataxia were recruited to participate in a 12-week crossover study during which they completed two six-week blocks of balance and coordination training with and without vibrotactile SA. Participants were instructed to perform balance and coordination exercises five times per week using smartphone balance trainers that provided written, graphic, and video guidance and measured trunk sway. The pre-, per-, and post-training performance were assessed using the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia (SARA), SARAposture&gait sub-scores, Dynamic Gait Index, modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction in Balance, Timed Up and Go performed with and without a cup of water, and multiple kinematic measures of postural sway measured with a single inertial measurement unit placed on the participants’ trunks. To explore the effects of training with and without vibrotactile SA, we compared the changes in performance achieved after participants completed each six-week block of training. Among the seven participants who completed both blocks of training, the change in the SARA scores and SARAposture&gait sub-scores following training with vibrotactile SA was not significantly different from the change achieved following training without SA (. However, a trend toward improved SARA scores and SARAposture&gait sub-scores was observed following training with vibrotactile SA; compared to their pre-vibrotacile SA training scores, participants significantly improved their SARA scores ( and SARAposture&gait sub-scores (. In contrast, no significant changes in SARA scores and SARAposture&gait sub-scores were observed following the six weeks of training without SA compared to their pre-training scores immediately preceding the training block without vibrotactile SA (. No significant changes in trunk kinematic sway parameters were observed as a result of training (. Based on the findings from this preliminary study, balance and coordination training improved the participants’ motor performance, as captured through the SARA. Vibrotactile SA may be a beneficial addition to training regimens for individuals with hereditary cerebellar ataxia, but additional research with larger sample sizes is needed to assess the significance and generalizability of these findings.

A Benzodiphosphaborolediide.

The first example of a diphosphaborolediide, the benzo-fused [C6 H4 P2 BPh]2- (12- ), is prepared from ortho-bis(phosphino)benzene (C6 H4 {PH2 }) and dichlorophenylborane, via a sequential lithiation approach. The dilithio-salt can be obtained as an oligomeric THF solvate or discrete TMEDA adduct, both of which are fully characterized, including by X-ray diffraction. Alongside NICS calculations, data strongly suggest some aromaticity within 12- , which is further supported by preliminary coordination studies that demonstrate η5 -coordination to a zerovalent molybdenum center, as observed crystallographically for the oligomeric [{Mo(CO)3 (η5 -1)}{μ-η1 -Mo(CO)3 (TMEDA)}2 ] ⋅ [μ-Li(THF)][μ-Li(TMEDA)].

Russian State Policy for the Development of the Far East at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century

The proposals of the authorities on the development of the Far East at the beginning of the 20th century are considered. The relevance of studying the past experience in the development of this region is due to the increased attention of the authorities to the introduction of large-scale programs to strengthen the eastern borders of the state. The authors note the increased scientific interest in the study of the history of the Far East development at the beginning of the 20th century. An analysis of government actions in the Amur region during this period allowed the authors to determine their relationship with the foreign policy position of the empire in the Far East. It was determined that the formation of the Committee for the Settlement of the Far East was aimed at consolidating the actions of the central and provincial authorities. The authors note that at the stage of preliminary coordination of the directions of the Committee’s activities, the members of the government did not have a holistic idea of the regional development strategy. A comparative analysis revealed that the proposals of the central and regional authorities did not have any fundamental differences. The pragmatism of the proposals of local governors was noted. The authors come to the conclusion that the creation of the Committee for the Settlement of the Far East and the organization of the Amur expedition were undertaken under the influence of an external threat and aimed at strengthening the military-industrial potential of the region. The authors note that the administrative and economic development of the region was not a priority for the central authorities.

Profile of Student's Mathematical Representation Translation on the Verbal Problem

Translation among forms of representation defines as changing process one form of representation to other representations. Translation activities from one representation (source) to another (target) are very important in expressing mathematical ideas. In translating among representations, students are not only interact with the basic concepts contained in the information, but also they must be able to connect parts of these basic concepts with different things related to the intended representation. The purpose of this qualitative research is: 1) to analyze the tendency of mathematical representations to be used in solving mathematical problems given in verbal representations, and 2) to analyze the translational structure of the target representations made. The research subjects were 3rd year students of Mathematics Education at Universitas PGRI Semarang. The research data were taken by means of tests and interviews immediately after solving the math problems given in the form of verbal representations. The results showed that the group students who were solving the verbal questions indicated that they tended to translate from the verbal representations to symbolic representations in presenting definitions and in proof. However, this symbolic representation still contained verbal representations such as in the source problems. The stages of representation in this research followed the translation stages: unpacking the source, preliminary coordination, constructing the target, but left for determinant of equivalence. High-ability group of students in solving the questions tend to translate from verbal representation to symbolic representation. Further, some of them translate verbal to visual representation to increase understanding. The translation stages are unpacking the source, preliminary coordination, constructing symbol representation, constructing visual representation, determining the equivalence of the visual representation to verbal representation, and determining the equivalence of the symbol representation form to verbal representation.

Development of Methods for Navigational Referencing of Circumlunar Spacecrafts to the Selenocentric Dynamic Coordinate System

The initial form of present-day space optical observations contain considerable geometrical and brightness distortions. This problem can be solved based on geometrical correction and transformation of reference object coordinates into commonly accepted cartographic projections. In this work, the method of coordinate transformation to the reference selenocentric dynamic system by using a base of reference selenographic objects as electronic maps is considered. The transformation process presupposes the formation of a photogrammetrically corrected image and identification of observed objects included into the electronic maps. Height data of on the Moon’s surface are determined from known observed selenographic coordinates with respect to reference objects by software tools. Preliminary selenographic coordinates can be determined using both ground positional observations and onboard goniometric devices such as a laser interferometer.

Students’ mathematics representation ability from picture form to equation

Conceptual thought is the basic thought in mathematics learning. Process of learning mathematics involves a representation interpretation from a representation form to others. The aim of this research was to analysis the representation process from picture form to mathematics equation. Moreover, this research was descriptive qualitative research. The data were gotten by using test and interview towards 34 students with heterogeneous ability in Surakarta. There were 4 stages in this research, they were unpacking the source, preliminary coordination, constructing the target and determining equivalency. This process involved some other representations such as symbol, schema, verbal, and numeric. Furthermore, the research result showed that the students still had not been able to do the representation process from picture form to equation well. Interpretation process started from picture to equation through other representation mediators like symbols, words and so on. Every student had various ways to do his or her representation. The problem about students’ low mathematics representation could be finished by using a learning medium-based RME. Besides, the suggestions for further research is to do deeper research related to students’ characteristics and to do the opposite research that is an analysis of the presentation process from the equation to picture form.

ALTERATION REPRESENTATION IN THE PROCESS OF TRANSLATION GRAPHIC TO GRAPHIC

Purpose of the study: This research aims to analyze the alteration representation in the process of translation graphic to graphic where students were asked to solve derivative and integral graphics problems. Methodology: This research used a pseudo-experimental study with Pretest-posttest nonequivalent Group Design. This research was conducted on 24 mathematics education students. Students were asked to solve derivative and integral graphics problems. Some samples of students were interviewed to determine the translation process. Main Findings: The results of the study showed that the subject used two different methods to carry out the translation process. Thus, all students perform the process of translating the graphic representation into graphs with two different methods, namely the interval and the symbolic. Applications of this study: The implications of this study indicated that the translation process can help students solve problems, especially problems with graphs and algebra, also revealed activity in the translation process different from that of other researchers before. Novelty/Originality of this study: Researchers express a new activity to the translation by calling the conversion Intermediary In the stages of Preliminary Coordination (PC) and Objective Construction (CT), S1 and S2 show different forms.

Fragmentation of the Thinking Structure of Translation in Solving Mathematical Modelling Problems

Fragmentation of the thinking structure is the process of construction of information in the brain that is inefficient, incomplete, and not interconnected, and hinders the process of mathematical problem solving. In solving mathematical modeling problems, students need to do translation thinking which is useful for changing the initial representation (source representation) into a new representation (target representation). This study aims to discover how the occurrence of the fragmentation of the thinking structure of translation within students in their solving of mathematical modeling problems. The method used is descriptive qualitative with the instrument in the form of one question for the mathematical modeling of necklace pendants and semi-structured interview sheets. The results showed that there were three errors that occurred in solving mathematical modeling problems. First, the error in changing a verbal representation to a graph. Secondly, errors in changing a graphical representation to symbols (algebraic form). Thirdly, errors in changing graphical representation and symbols into mathematical models. The three errors that occur are described based on the four categories of Bosse frameworks (Bosse, et al., 2014), namely: (1) unpacking the source (UtS), (2) preliminary coordination (PC), (3) constructing the target (CtT), and (4) determining equivalence (DE). In this study, there were 3 subjects who experienced fragmentation of the thinking structure in solving mathematical modeling problems. One of the highlights is the fragmentation of the structure of translation thinking often starts from the process of unpacking of the source due to the incompleteness of considering all the available source details.

Translation process of mathematics representation: From graphics to symbols and vice versa

The objective of this research is to examine the process of translation of mathematical representation from symbols to graphics and vice versa. Translation of representation refers to a basic skill to develop a concept, understanding, and to promote students’ mathematical thinking. This qualitative descriptive research employed task-assigning and task-based interview method. It is revealed that the students can perform every process of the translation of representation from symbol to graphic and vice versa. Translation among mathematical representations comprises four steps, i.e. unpacking the source, preliminary coordination, constructing the target, and determining equivalence. The process of translation of mathematical representations between graphics and symbols can be done without involving another form of representations. The students follow each process that is relatively similar, even though the construction of the translation output is somewhat different.

A Metal‐Containing N‐Heterocyclic Germylene Based on an Oxalamidine Framework

A metal‐containing N‐heterocyclic germylene based on a N‐mesityl (Mes)‐substituted oxalamidine framework is reported. The precursor (MesN=)2C–C(–N(H)Mes)2 (1H2) was converted into its rhodium complex [Rh(κ2N‐1H2)(cod)][OTf] (2) (cod = 1,5‐cyclooctadiene; OTf = triflate) in 62 % isolated yield. Subsequent reaction of 2 with Ge{N(SiMe3)2}2 gave the crystalline N‐heterocyclic germylene [Rh(cod)(μ‐1)Ge][OTf] (3) in 50 % yield. The compounds under study were fully characterized by various methods, also including X‐ray crystallographic studies on single crystals of 2 and 3. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that π conjugation in the bridging oxalamidine framework is increased and n(N)–p(Ge) π bonding is decreased upon κ2N metal coordination; a further weakening of the Ge–N bond occurs through triflate coordination to the GeII atom. Nevertheless, preliminary coordination studies revealed that 3 behaves as 2‐electron (L‐type) germylene donor ligand. More details can be found in the article by Eric M. B. Moos, Wolfram Feuerstein, Felix Krämer, and Frank Breher. DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800298.

Students’ Translation Ability of Mathematical Representations (Symbolic and Visual) Based on Their Learning Styles

This qualitative study aims to describe students’ ability of translation between mathematical representations (visual and symbolic) of visual, auditory or kinesthetic learners. The students’ translation ability between mathematical representations was seen from the process undertaken during the translation, namely: unpacking the source, preliminary coordination, constructing the target, and determining equivalence. The participants of this study were three junior high school students with different learning styles, having the similar mathematical ability. The participants were given a translation ability test between mathematical representations and followed by semi-structured interviews. Then, the data were analysed by step of data condensation, data display and conclusion. The results of this study showed that at the unpacking the source stage, they are able to unpack the representations of a given resource by identifying the information contained in the source representations. At the preliminary coordination stage, they can prepare a formula or strategy as a first step to determine the target representations. In the constructing the target, they can transfer information obtained from the source representations to form a target representations. At the determining equivalence, they consider the target representations made by the representations of the given source.

A Metal‐Containing N‐Heterocyclic Germylene Based on an Oxalamidine Framework

A metal‐containing N‐heterocyclic germylene based on a N‐mesityl (Mes)‐substituted oxalamidine framework is reported. The precursor (MesN=)2C–C(–N(H)Mes)2 (1H2) was converted into its rhodium complex [Rh(κ2N‐1H2)(cod)][OTf] (2) (cod = 1,5‐cyclooctadiene; OTf = triflate) in 62 % isolated yield. Subsequent reaction of 2 with Ge{N(SiMe3)2}2 gave the crystalline N‐heterocyclic germylene [Rh(cod)(μ‐1)Ge][OTf] (3) in 50 % yield. The compounds under study were fully characterized by various methods, also including X‐ray crystallographic studies on single crystals of 2 and 3. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that π conjugation in the bridging oxalamidine framework is increased and n(N)–p(Ge) π bonding is decreased upon κ2N metal coordination; a further weakening of the Ge–N bond occurs through triflate coordination to the GeII atom. Nevertheless, preliminary coordination studies revealed that 3 behaves as 2‐electron (L‐type) germylene donor ligand. Treatment of 3 with [Ir(cod)Cl]2 furnished the heterobimetallic complex [Rh(cod)(μ‐1)Ge‐Ir(cod)Cl][OTf] (4), as evidenced by NMR spectroscopic investigations and DFT calculations.