Pre-harvest Application Of Salicylic Acid Research Articles

Exogenous application of salicylic acid regulates antioxidant enzyme activities and quality attributes of Umran ber (Ziziphus mauritiana) fruits under cold storage

The present study was carried out to observe the influence of pre-harvest application of salicylic acid (1, 2 and 3 mM) on shelf life and quality attributes of ber fruits cv. Umran (Ziziphus mauritiana Lamk.) under cold storage conditions (7.5±10C and 90–95% RH). The cold-stored fruits were assessed for various physico-chemical attributes and enzymatic activities at 7 days interval up to 28 days of storage. Above study revealed that fruits treated with salicylic acid @3 mM resulted in reduced physiological loss in fruit weight, spoilage and increased firmness, soluble solids content, antioxidant activity and carotenoids. Furthermore, it suppressed activities of cell wall degrading enzymes like PG, PPO, PME and increased the activity of superoxide dismutase peroxidase and catalase enzymes. It was concluded that pre-harvest spray of salicylic acid @3 mM was more effective in regulating enzymatic activities, thereby improving quality attributes and shelf life of ber fruits up to 21 days at cold storage.

Effect of Pre-Harvest Application of Salicylic Acid on Strawberry Growth and Resistance Against Gray Mold Disease

Effect of Pre-Harvest Application of Salicylic Acid on Strawberry Growth and Resistance Against Gray Mold Disease

Effect of pre-harvest application of salicylic acid, potassium silicate, and calcium chloride, on storability and quality attributes of table grape

Pre-harvest application of potassium silicate, calcium chloride and salicylic acid as spraying treatments is a promising strategy for the management of fruit quality and exhibits a high potential in controlling post-harvest losses of horticultural crops. The aim of this study was to investigate the storability of ‘ARAA18’ cultivar after some pre-harvest treatments that were applied during two consecutive growing seasons. The ‘ARRA 18’ table grape variety is one of the ‘ARRA’ group varieties that have been recently introduced to Egypt. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at three different stages during the growing season before harvest. The plants were sprayed with potassium silicate (K2SiO3), salicylic acid, and calcium chloride, while untreated vine trees sprayed with water served as control. Mature clusters were harvested, then placed in carton containers and stored in cold storage at 0±1 °C to study the storability of ‘ARRA18’. Records of physical and chemical quality parameters were taken at 7-day intervals. All treatments reduced weight loss, berry softening and decay incidence comparing to control under storage conditions. K2SiO3 generally showed the highest significant effect compared to other treatments and control. Hence, the use of (K2SiO3) at both applied concentrations and (SA) at 100 ppm, significantly proved to be the most effective treatments in keeping the overall quality of stored grapes.

Preharvest Application of Salicylic Acid, Calcium Acetate and Proline for Improving Fruit Quality and Shelf Life of “Early Swelling” Peaches

Preharvest Application of Salicylic Acid, Calcium Acetate and Proline for Improving Fruit Quality and Shelf Life of “Early Swelling” Peaches

Pre-harvest Chemical Sprays Extend the Shelf Life and Maintain the Quality of Curry Leaf (Murraya koenigii Sprenge)

Curry leaf being perishable commodity and is mostly subjected to excessive post-harvest losses and quantity deterioration in a short span of time. Pre-harvest management system can minimize the losses of curry leaf and by enhancing the shelf life. Thus the present research was conducted to evaluate the effect of chemical spray on shelf life extension and quality of curry leaf. The experimental treatments were comprised of three chemicals (salicylic acid, sodium carbonate and ascorbic acid) at different concentration and the total number of treatments were ten and replicated thrice following completely randomized design (CRD). The results revealed that pre-harvest application of salicylic acid (SA) @ 100 ppm retains the freshness of curry leaf with extended shelf life without any deterioration in quality. On comparison between treatments, salicylic acid @ 100 ppm delayed physiological loss in weight (25.19%), retained chlorophyll content (1.195 mg/g) and ascorbic acid content (3.510 mg/100g). This was followed by ascorbic acid (AA) @ 100 ppm which prevented the degradation of beta-carotene in curry leaf upto seven days of storage at ambient condition. GC-MS analysis of bioactive compounds extracted from essential oil of curry leaf confirmed the presence of limonene compound in salicylic acid treated sample which is related with extending the shelf life. Hence individual and combined effect of SA @ 100 ppm followed by AA @ 100 ppm considered to be the best pre-harvest treatment for enhancing shelf life and maintaining the quality of curry leaf.

MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSE OF STRAWBERRY TO SALICYLIC ACID APPLICATION

Salicylic acid is considered a plant growth regulator due to its immense role in plant growth and development. During the last decade, strawberry has emerged as one of the most important berries owing to its high nutritional and medicinal value. A study was carried out at PMAS-Arid Agriculture University during the years 2017-2018 and 2018-2019 to study the Preharvest application of salicylic acid - SA on strawberry (Cv. Chandler) growth and fruit quality. The treatment include T1 (Control), T2 (2 mM SA), T3 (4mM SA) and T4 (6 mM SA), applied during 2017-2018 and 2018-19 season at PMAS-Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi. SA @ 4mM concentration proved to be the best regarding plant height (14.60 cm), average number of leaves per plant (5.27), leaf area (68.40 cm2) , and , average fruit weight (13.53 g) and postharvest parameters like total soluble solids (5.10 oBrix), ascorbic acid (12.41mg/100 ml of juice ) and total sugar contents (6.54 %). The similar trend was observed regarding the antioxidant enzymes activity (SOD. POD and CAT) and physiological parameters (photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductance). Therefore foliar application of SA @4mM is recommended to be the best for growth and fruit quality of strawberry.

Pre-Harvest Application of Salicylic Acid, Abscisic Acid, and Methyl Jasmonate Conserve Bioactive Compounds of Strawberry Fruits during Refrigerated Storage

The short shelf-life and loss of bioactive compounds of strawberry fruit are the most important problems during strawberry refrigerated storage. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the pre-harvest foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) (2 and 4 mM), abscisic acid (ABA) (0.25 and 0.50 mM), and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) (0.25 and 0.50 mM) three times, 10 d apart, at fruit development and ripening stages on storage ability and bioactive compounds of strawberry fruit (cv. Festival) stored at 4 °C for 12 d. Our results showed that fruit obtained from both concentrations of ABA and 0.25 mM MeJA was firmer and had higher total soluble solids (TSS) than fruit from non-treated plants. However, all previous applications had no significant effect on weight loss, pH, or color. Applications of 4 mM SA and 0.25 mM MeJA conserved fruit from ascorbic acid (AsA) loss compared to control at the end of the storage period. In addition, all pre-harvest applications remained higher in total phenolic compounds (TPC) and anthocyanin contents compared to controls at the last storage period. Hence, the pre-harvest application of SA, ABA, and MeJA could be used to conserve TPC and anthocyanin as well as the quality of strawberry fruits during refrigerated storage.

Salicylic Acid Foliar Application Increases Crop Yield and Quality Parameters of Green Pepper Fruit during Postharvest Storage

The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) as a preharvest treatment on crop yield throughout the crop cycle of green pepper fruit as well as on its quality parameters, including functional quality, at harvest and during 21 days of storage at 7 °C. Thus, ‘Herminio’ pepper plants were treated with SA at 0.5, 1 and 5 mM, and higher crop yield (kg per plant, number of fruits per plant and average fruit weight) and quality parameters (firmness, green color and total acidity) at harvest were obtained with the 0.5 mM dose, as well as greater phenolic compounds content and total antioxidant activity. These quality traits and functional quality were also maintained at higher levels for this treatment than in controls during postharvest storage, leading to a delay of fruit quality losses. In addition, the decay incidence for 0.5 mM SA-treated pepper fruits reached a ca. value of 2% at the end of the storage, which was lower than untreated fruits (16.6%). These results suggest that preharvest application of SA at low doses tested on pepper plants could be a useful tool to increase crop yield and fruit quality parameters at harvest and maintain them during storage, delaying quality losses and decay incidence.

Preharvest application of salicylic acid induces some resistant genes of sweet pepper against black mold disease

Pepper fruits are subjected to various postharvest diseases such as black mold caused by Alternaria alternata. The efficacy of exogenous applications of salicylic acid (SA) in bulk and nanoscale forms to control the black mold was studied. In vitro studies revealed that both SA bulk materials and SA nanoparticles (SANPs) at 1.4 mM significantly suppressed the growth of A. alternata, yet SANPs showed a higher suppressive effect compared to SA bulk equivalent. Examinations using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed hyphal and conidial deformations in addition to changes in cellular structure of A. alternata when treated with both forms of SA at 1.4 mM concentration. The preharvest spraying of SANPs at 1.4 mM displayed the highest significant suppression of disease severity under artificial inoculation and natural infection of pepper fruits. The efficiency of SA bulk materials and SANPs as elicitors to stimulate the innate immune responses in pepper plants were also investigated. The basic PR-1 gene (CaBPR1), beta-1, 3-glucanase (CaBGLU) and peroxidase (CaPO1) defense-related genes showed upregulation expression in leaves of pepper plants treated by both forms of SA. The expression of the three studied genes was affected by SA concentrations. Levels of expression of PR-1, β-1, 3-glucanase and peroxidase genes were the highest (8.8, 8.1 and 7.2 fold change, respectively) in pepper tissues treated with SANPs at 1.4 mM. This study contributes to our understanding of the potential use of SA nanoparticles as a safe strategy to inhibit the fungal infection.

Enrichment of Olive Fruits in Antioxidant Content by Pre-Harvest Salicylic Acid Treatment.

We here study the effect of the pre-harvest application of salicylic acid at two different concentrations on the olive phenolic composition. Influence of the cultivar and harvesting day were considered. As a result, the total phenol content increased significantly, particularly when using 200 mg mL−1 of salicylic acid. However, the free radical scavenging activity was cultivar dependent. For instance, when the olives were harvested on day 3 and treated with 200 mg mL−1 of salicylic acid, the antioxidant activity decreased from 161 to 278 µg mL−1 for Arbequina, whereas it increased from 397 to 258 µg mL−1 for Picual. Generally speaking, oleuropein and hydroxytyrosol contents enhanced with the application of 200 mg mL−1 of salicylic acid. The results found suggest that exogenous salicylic acid is an interesting agronomic practice to enrich olive fruits in antioxidants.

Quality preservation of sweet cherry cv. 'staccato' by using glycine-betaine or Ascophyllum nodosum

Pre-harvest application of exogenous compounds has been employed in many crops, as a cultural practice, to promote their adaptation to a new climate-changing environment. Effect of foliar pre-harvest application of salicylic acid, glycine-betaine complex and seaweed extract (Ascophyllum nodosum) on the cherry quality from ‘Staccato’ cultivar was studied. Treatments significantly affected (p < 0.01) the fruit size, soluble solids content, pH, colour, polyphenols, vitamin C and antioxidant activity. Glycine-betaine and A. nodosum treated cherries presented higher dimensions, soluble solids content and pH and lower acidity. In addition, these cherries had a higher content of polyphenols and vitamin C and antioxidant capacity, but lower values of L*, C*ab and hue angle, meaning that both treatments can rise the fruit ripening process. Therefore, the pre-harvest application of glycine-betaine and A. nodosum can be a good alternative to promote the adaptation of sweet cherry tree to stressful environmental conditions, without compromising the fruit quality.

Preharvest Application Effect of Salicylic Acid and Calcium Nitrate on Physicochemical Characteristics of Fresh Jujube Fruit (Ziziphus jujuba. Mill) During Storage

The present study was conducted on Chinese jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) in order to investigate the effects of preharvest application of salicylic acid and calcium nitrate on total soluble solids, titrable acidity, fruit firmness, total soluble solids/titrable acidity, electrolyte leakage, weight loss, pH, fruit length, fruit width, seed length, and seed diameter. Results indicated that salicylic acid and calcium nitrate increased fruit firmness, titrable acidity and reduced total soluble solids/titrable acidity, ion leakage and weight loss, but fruit width was increased only by calcium nitrate and total soluble solids was reduced only by salicylic acid. Fruit length, seed length, seed diameter and pH were not significantly changed. Maximum fruit firmness (4.22 N) was obtained in treatment containing calcium nitrate 2%. Treatment containing salicylic acid 2 mM and calcium nitrate 2% had the highest amount of titrable acidity (0.45 mg/100g FW). The lowest ion leakage (29.26%) and the highest fruit width (16.6 mm), observed in calcium nitrate 2%. Treatment containing salicylic acid 4 mM had the lowest amount of total soluble solids/titrable acidity (57.01) and weight loss (3.78%). The lowest TSS content (23.11%) observed in salicylic acid 4 mM. Based on the results salicylic acid and calcium nitrate played an important role in maintaining and extending post-harvest quality of fresh jujube fruit and could cause at least a 10-day delay in the reduction of the amounts of these attributes.

Chinese jujube physicochemical characteristics, storability and marketing in response to preharvest application of salicylic acid and calcium nitrate

Our study was conducted on Chinese jujube ( Ziziphus jujuba Mill .) to investigate the effects of preharvest application of salicylic acid and calcium nitrate on total soluble solids, titratable acidity, fruit firmness, total soluble solids / titratable acidity, electrolyte leakage, weight loss, PH, fruit length, fruit width, seed length, and seed diameter . Results indicated that salicylic acid and calcium nitrate increased fruit firmness, titratable acidity and reduced total soluble solids / titratable acidity, ion leakage and weight loss, but fruit width was increased only by Calcium Nitrate and total soluble solids was reduced only by salicylic acid. Fruit length, seed length, seed diameter and PH were not significantly changed. Maximum fruit firmness (4.22 N) was obtained in treatment containing calcium nitrate 2%. Treatment containing 2 mM and calcium nitrate 2% had the highest amount of titratable acidity (0.45 mg/100g FW). The lowest ion leakage (29.26%) and the highest fruit width (16.6 mm), observed in calcium nitrate 2%. Treatment containing salicylic acid 4mM had the lowest amount of total soluble solids / titratable acidity (57.01) and weight loss (3.78%). The lowest TSS content (23.11%) observed in salicylic acid 4mM. Based on the results salicylic acid and calcium nitrate played an important role in maintaining and extending post-harvest quality of fresh jujube fruit and could cause at least a 10-day delay in the reduction of the amounts of these attributes.

Effect of pre-harvest application of salicylic acid on the postharvest fruit quality of the Amrapali mango (Mangifera indica)

The shelf-life of mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruits is only 5 to 6 days under ambient conditions, which can be increased efficiently, if the rates of biological activities and/or changes are reduced by pre and/or post-harvest treatments. Hence, three different concentrations (75, 150 and 200 ppm) of salicylic acid (SA) were applied as pre-harvest treatments to Amrapali mango fruits, one week prior to their commercial harvest. Later the fruits were harvested and stored at ambient conditions (30±5 °C and 50±5 % RH). Among various concentrations of SA, the SA (200 ppm) was found to be most effective in delaying the ripening cum senescence processes through suppression of ethylene production rate (0.20 µl C2H4/kg/h) and helped in maintaining the post-harvest quality through better retention of soluble solid concentrates (SSC) (27.72 °B), titratable acidity (0.53 %), ascorbic acid (32.52 mg/100g) and total antioxidant content (11.85 µmol Trolox/g Fresh Weight ) etc. The SA treatment was also found to effectively influence the pectin methylesterase activity (0.167 µmol acid/min) as well as the lipid peroxidation (2.26 nmol/g Fresh weight) during storage in order to extend the fruit shelf-life by 3 days compared to the control fruits.

Pre-harvest application of salicylic acid and n-propyl gallate for enhancing shelf-life of guava

Present investigation was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of pre-harvest application of salicylic acid (SA) and N-propyl gallate (n-PG) for enhancing the postharvest shelf-life and quality of winter guava fruit cv. Allahabad Safeda during two seasons. Pre-harvest application of aqueous solutions of salicylic acid (150, 300, 450 ppm) or N-propyl gallate (100, 200, 300 ppm) was done at 2 and 4 weeks before harvest. Fruits were harvested during third week of December at the firm mature stage, packed in corrugated fibre board boxes with newspaper lining and stored in a walk-in-cold room maintained at 6–8°C and 90–95% RH. Fruits were analyzed at weekly intervals to evaluate various quality attributes. In control fruits harvested from untreated trees, weight loss and decay incidence increased, whereas, firmness, ascorbic acid, acidity, total phenols and pectin content decreased during the storage. Fruits treated with n-PG (300 ppm) showed minimum decay incidence (16.55%), reduced pectin methylesterase activity (2.96 μg/g FW), enhanced firmness (66.1 N), total soluble solids (9.96°Brix), acidity (0.35%), pectin (1.16% calcium pectate) and phenol contents (145.58 mg GAC/100 g pulp), and also maintained highly acceptable organoleptic rating up to 3 weeks of storage. Fruits subjected to SA treatments were intermediate in quality attributes between that of the control and n-PG treated fruits.

Effect of pre-harvest application of salicylic acid on postharvest behaviour of ‘Amrapali’ mango fruits during storage

Mango is a highly perishable and deteriorates at a very fast rate during storage. In contrast to the common practice of postharvest application of growth regulators, we have studied the effect of pre-harvest application of the ethylene biosynthesis inhibitor, viz. salicylic acid (SA) at three different concentrations (75, 150 and 200 ppm) on ‘Amrapali’ mango fruits. The results indicate that pre-harvest application of salicylic acid, one week before the commercial harvest could effectively modulate the postharvest behaviour of the mango fruits during storage at ambient conditions (30 ± 5°C and 50 ± 5% RH). Although the mango was responsive to all the treatments, SA (200 ppm) was found to be effective in delaying the ripening cum senescence processes through suppression of respiration rate (105.43 ml CO2 kg−1h−1) and ethylene production rates (0.20 μl C2H4 kg−1 h−1) and retention of high firmness (21.76 N), colour (26.31 ΔE), TSS (27.72°B) and titratable acidity (0.53%) compared to untreated fruits.