Preferred Skin Color Research Articles

Preferred skin reproduction of different skin groups

To accurately reproduce preferred skin colour is an important goal in digital image colour reproduction. A psychophysical experiment was conducted to specify the preferred skin colour for different skin types. Ten original facial images were captured to cover different skin types, including Caucasian, Chinese, South Asian, African, different genders and different ages. For each original image, 49 rendered images, uniformly sampled within the skin colour ellipsoid in CIELAB colour space, were used to morph the skin colours. Thirty observers from each of three ethnic backgrounds, Caucasian, Chinese and South Asian, participated in the experiment to investigate ethnic differences. Ellipsoid models were developed to specify preferred skin colour regions and centres for each original image. These results can be used to improve skin colour reproduction of colour imaging products, for example on mobile phones, for different skin types.

Explicit and Implicit Biases in Students’ Skin Colours Aesthetic Preferences

Several tools have been employed to detect the emergence and development of racial stereotypes and prejudices among little children and adolescents. In our study, we confront some of these tools, and present the results of the Skin Colours Test. In its specificity, the Skin Colours Test proposes a change in the object of investigation (appreciation of the homogeneity or heterogeneity of colours) and aims to detect explicit and implicit stereotypes and prejudices of boys and girls regarding aesthetic choices (even neutral choices) concerning skin colours. Sample: one group of 129 (64 F) students (M = 12.31), almost all of Italian descent, and another group of 129 (62 F) students (M = 12.36), less than 30% of different descents. Method: three pictures, each made up of 16 skin colours, were shown and students were asked to vote on their aesthetic preference between homogeneity or heterogeneity of skin colours and to give reasons for these choices. Main results: the motivations for some choices that preferred skin colour heterogeneity (neutral choice) over homogeneity, brought out stereotypes and biases. In addition, we consider the contextual specificities that the Skin Colours Test detects as crucial in order to detect specific educational needs and structure targeted educational interventions.

Stay out of the Sun: Exploring African American College Women’s Thoughts on the Dynamics Between Colorism and Sun-related Behavior

Colorism—systematic intragroup discrimination based on skin color—uniquely affects African American women. Using a sequential mixed methods design, this study explored perceptions of colorism and sun-related behavior among African American women in college. Study 1, which included 14 in-depth interviews, revealed perceptions that lighter skin is mostly preferred among African American women and that this preference can influence sun-related behavior. Study 2 featured a self-administered questionnaire ( n = 187) based on interview commentary. Findings indicated an internalized status quo: Participants deemed colorism prevalent among African Americans and believed that preferences for lighter skin influenced daily life, including sun avoidance. Personal skin color preferences were less clear than participants’ perceptions of others’ preferences. Results pinpointed a possible connection between colorism and sun-related behavior, unveiling interrelationships among internalized beliefs, subjective norms, and behavior. Understanding colorism’s entrenched role and the social context of sun-related decisions extends colorism research from the psychosocial realm to the behavioral. Implications can increase practitioners’ awareness of colorism, enabling interventions to promote appropriate health education and wellbeing among African American women.

The Skin Color Preference of Lighter and Darker Skin Colored Males and Females

For centuries, colorism has been a deep-rooted notion that influences day-to-day decisions in our society. Moreover, people’s worth is unconsciously determined by their skin color, where all positive virtues are associated with fairness, while anything dark is considered evil. However, with rising awareness, it has become crucial to scrutinize young adults’ present-day thought patterns. This gender-based study aims to assess the skin color preference of light and dark skin-colored males and females. A self-constructed questionnaire of 13-items is used for data collection. A sample of 100 participants from the Delhi-NCR region, between 18-30 years of age, is selected through quota sampling. Results indicate no difference in the skin color preference of light males and females, yet the majority of both preferred light skin color. Furthermore, we can observe no difference in dark males’ and dark females’ skin color preferences, yet the majority of both prefer dark skin color. Finally, we found that among the females, most dark females prefer dark skin color while most light females prefer light skin color. Similarly, among the males, most dark males prefer dark skin color while most light males prefer light skin color.

Exploring Racial Formation in Children: Thoughts from an Encounter with Black Children in Brazil

ABSTRACT In this work, using spontaneous expression of white skin color preference by Black Brazilian children as stimulus, we seek to examine the construction and performance of racial subjectivity in Black children. Drawing on a range of psychoanalytic theories, we strive to develop a psychoanalytic understanding of racial formation that is complex and non-essentializing. The paper concludes with an examination of the possibilities of pedagogical interventions that might provide space for Black children to occupy and perform more expansive racial identities, assisted by teachers who embody receptivity, a capacity for positive mirroring, and an ability to practice mentalizing pedagogies.

스마트폰 카메라의 피부색 재현과 선호에 관한 연구

As the performance of smartphone cameras improves, the role of the smartphone image processor has become important. Smartphone camera users want to reproduce the color they prefer according to their intended use rather than using the original color of the photo as it is. Smartphone manufacturers release products by applying image processing settings appropriate to each situation to smartphone cameras in order to meet these consumer needs. Objective targets were photographed to confirm the reproduction of skin color by type of smartphone camera. Color reproduction was confirmed through the color difference with the Lab value of the standard target that was taken. And, in order to check the skin color preference according to the model of the smartphone camera and the shooting mode, male and female portraits were photographed under the same conditions, and the preference of portrait photography was surveyed. As a result of the study, all smartphones showed less difference in color reproduction in portrait mode than in normal mode. It can be seen that it reproduces close to the standard color in portrait mode. It was found that this was a reproduction considering the low tolerance for skin color. In addition, the preference for portrait photography was different according to the sex of the subject and the sex of the subject, which is the experimental stimulus. This study confirmed users

Preferred skin reproduction centres for different skin groups

Producing preferred skin colours is vital for the digital images on mobile phone manufacturers. Previous studies investigated the skin colours only in chromatic plane excluding lightness. A psychophysical experiment was conducted to determine preferred skin colour centres for different skin colour types on mobile displays in a darkened room. Ten facial images were selected for the experiment to cover different skin colour types (Caucasian, Oriental, South Asian and African). A set of 49 predetermined colour centres uniformly sampled within the skin colour ellipsoid in CIELAB colour space was used to morph skin colours of test images. Thirty observers from each of the 3 ethnic groups (Caucasian, Oriental and South Asian) participated in the experiment. The preferred skin colour centre and region in the form of ellipsoid for each skin group were reported. It was found that the preferred colour centres from different skin colour types were very similar except their lightness as expected, and were also quite similar between the observers from different ethnic groups.

Chemical and sensory analysis of several sweet potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) clones

This study aims to find out suitable chemical composition and sensory test of 24 sweet potato clones to select clones that meet consumer preferences. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Animal Food, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Syiah Kuala in September to October, 2015. The clones used in this study were nineteen sweet potato clones passed by CIP-SEA Bogor, Indonesia, and five Local clones. The study used Completely Randomized Design of non-factorial where clones were treated. The highest moisture content and ash were found in Cream Saree, local clones (83%; 4.77%). The highest protein content was found in CIP-BDG and CIP-WHI5 clones (4.89%; 4.58%), and the highest carbohydrate content (56.10%) was found in CIP-CER. The sensory results were that the preferred round tuber shape was found on CIP-513 clone, the preferred texture of tuber skin and soft tuber flesh were found on CIP-MAN, CIP-BDG, CIP-WHI5, CIP-204, CIP-B19, CIP-287, CIP-GA, SARI, local Cream Saree, local Orange Saree, the preferred skin color and purple tuber flesh were found in CIP-1945 clones, CIP-BDG, and CIP-W, the preferred sweet tuber taste was found in CIP-B9 clones, and the overall reception criteria was found on the CIP-GA clone.

Associations between linguistic acculturation and skin cancer knowledge and beliefs among U.S. Hispanic adults.

The incidence of melanoma among U.S. Hispanics is rising and Hispanics have poorer melanoma survival compared to non-Hispanic whites. Acculturation has been linked with skin cancer-related behaviors among Hispanic individuals, such that Hispanic individuals who are more acculturated to U.S. norms and attitudes have been found to use sunscreen more frequently, to seek shade and use sun protective clothing less often, to sunbathe and indoor tan more frequently, and to have more sunburns than less acculturated individuals. However, little is known about factors that may account for the effect of acculturation on such behaviors and outcomes. The goal of this study was to examine the association between linguistic acculturation and skin cancer-related knowledge and beliefs among Hispanic adults. 788 Hispanic adults completed an online survey measuring linguistic acculturation, sun protection knowledge, perceived skin cancer risk, perceived severity, perceived worry, skin color preference, perceived suntan benefits, photo-aging concerns, sun protection norms, tanning norms and skin cancer fatalism. Compared with Spanish-acculturated Hispanics, English-acculturated Hispanics had greater knowledge, lower levels of perceived risk of skin cancer, lower perceived severity of skin cancer, less worry about skin cancer, greater perceived suntan benefits, and lower photo-aging concerns. This study highlights the importance of considering an individual's level of acculturation when designing skin cancer prevention interventions. Additional research is warranted to develop and test culturally relevant, tailored interventions to reduce the risks of skin cancer among U.S. Hispanics.

Skin Color Preferences in a Malaysian Chinese Population.

Facial skin color influences the perceived health and attractiveness of Caucasian faces, and has been proposed as a valid cue to aspects of physiological health. Similar preferences for skin color have previously been found in African participants, while different preferences have been found among mainland Chinese participants. Here, we asked Malaysian Chinese participants (ethnic Chinese living in an Asian country with high levels of exposure to Western culture) to manipulate the skin color of Malaysian Chinese, Caucasian, and African faces to make them “look as healthy as possible.” Participants chose to increase skin yellowness to a greater extent than to increase skin redness to optimize healthy appearance. The slight reduction in skin lightness chosen was not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons. While broadly in line with the preferences of Caucasian and African participants from previous studies, this differs from mainland Chinese participants. There may be a role for culture in skin color preferences, though methodological differences mean that further research is necessary to identify the cause of these differences in preferences.

Adaptive Skin Color Detection through Iterative Illuminant Color Estimation and Conversion for Preferred Skin Color Reproduction

A robust skin color detection method using adaptive skin color modeling on YES color space is proposed. The skin colors are classified into three skin regions according to the Y value, and each region is modeled as the skin color in ES plane. By introducing an iterative estimation method of the illuminant color, we effectively remove the pseudo-skin colors that have been erroneously detected in skin color using the standard deviation of E-histogram. We also improve the skin color detection rate using a post-processing expansion mask that can include highlight and shadow pixels near the skin region as the skin color region.

The Identification of SNPs in BCDO2 Gene for Skin Color in Chinese Indigenous Chicken

A complete linkage disequilibrium between the SNP (SNP B) in BCDO2 gene and the yellow skin phenotype in European domestic chicken has been reported. Here, we genotyped the reported SNPs (SNP A, SNP B, and SNP C) of the BCDO2 gene in 183 Chinese Indigenous chickens from 11 breeds/populations, including 57 yellow, 17 white, and 109 black skin chickens. The frequency of all three SNPs were significantly different between yellow and white skin chickens (p<0.01). In black skin chickens, a high frequency of the heterozygous genotype (AG) in SNP A (0.51) and SNP B (0.48) was observed. A total of three haplotypes (AAA, AGA, and GAA) from these three SNPs were obtained. Frequencies of the proposed yellow skin-associated haplotype AGA in yellow skin, white skin, and black skin chickens were 0.81, 0.35, and 0.56, respectively. The results showed that the yellow skin phenotype of the evaluated birds has not been under selection, and that the BCDO2 gene in black skin chickens, evolutionally may undergo a transition phase from yellow to white skin chicken. We concluded that, the SNPs of BCDO2 gene not only can be used to determine whether the chicken was subjected to selection, but may also be used as a marker when selecting for the preferred skin color in chicken breeding programs.

Preference for appearance of Chinese complexion under different lighting

The method for evaluating the colour rendering of light-emitting diode sources is controversial, especially for the appearance of human complexions. A psychophysical experiment was conducted using Chinese models to examine the effect of various illumination settings, characterized by two levels of preferred skin colour index and four levels of correlated colour temperature, on preference for the appearance of the Chinese complexion. Results showed that the preferred skin colour index was an effective indicator. Taking incomplete colour adaptation into account, the preferred skin colour index was recalculated and shown to be the best colour rendering index for the appearance of the Chinese complexion. This research examined the concept of preferred skin colour index for Chinese women. This can supplement other colour quality evaluation methods, and shows promise for commercial lighting applications.

White Bias in 3–7-Year-Old Children across Cultures

In three studies we report data confirming and extending the finding of a tendency toward a White preference bias by young children of various ethnic backgrounds. European American preschoolers who identify with a White doll also prefer it to a Black doll. In contrast, same age African American children who identify with a Black doll do not show a significant preference for it over a White doll. These results are comparable in African American children attending either a racially mixed (heterogeneous), or an Afro-centric, all African American (homogenous) preschool. These results show the persistence of an observation that contributed to school de-segregation in the United States. Results also reveal a lack of congruence between skin color identity and preference is not limited to African Americans. There is a comparable, if not stronger White preference bias in five to seven-year-old Polynesian and Melanesian children tested in their native island nations. Using a modified procedure controlling for binary forced choice biases, we confirm these findings with second generation American children of Indian descent showing clear signs of a White (lighter skin preference) bias. These results are consistent with the idea that during the preschool years children are sensitive and attracted to signs of higher social status that, for historical reasons and across cultures, tends to be associated with lighter skin color.

Preferred Racial Skin Color Reproduction in an Image based on Race Classification

Preferred skin color reproduction is an important factor for improving the image quality of display devices and systems. Therefore, this article presents a race-selective preferred skin color reproduction method for the case of multiple races in a single image. First, the proposed method detects skin regions using a focus map and skin candidate map. Next, the race of each detected skin region is classified by comparing the Euclidean distance of the average chromaticity for each detected skin region with a database of racial skin colors. Based on this classification, the racial preferred skin color for each detected skin region is then selected from candidate racial preferred skin colors that are predefined in a database generated through an observer&#x2019;s preference test. Finally, the skin color is reproduced toward the preferred skin color. Experimental results confirm that the proposed method can achieve race-selective preferred skin color reproduction in the case of multiple races in a single image.

Psychosocial correlates of sun protection behaviors among U.S. Hispanic adults

The incidence of skin cancer among U.S. Hispanics increased 1.3% annually from 1992 to 2008. However, little research has focused on skin cancer prevention among the rapidly growing Hispanic population. In this study, we examined theory-driven, psychosocial correlates of sun protection behaviors in a population-based sample of 787 Hispanic adults (49.6% female, mean age = 41.0 years) residing in five southern or western U.S. states. Participants completed an English- or Spanish-language online survey in September 2011. The outcomes of focus were sunscreen use, shade seeking, and use of sun protective clothing. The correlates included suntan benefits, sun protection benefits and barriers, skin color preference, perceived natural skin protection, photo-aging concerns, perceived skin cancer risk, skin cancer worry, skin cancer fatalism, and sun protection descriptive norms. Results of multiple linear regression analyses revealed the following: sun protection barriers were negatively associated with each outcome; descriptive norms were positively associated with each outcome; perceived natural skin protection was inversely associated with sunscreen use; skin cancer worry was positively associated with shade seeking and use of sun protective clothing; skin cancer fatalism was negatively associated with shade seeking; and skin color preference was negatively associated with use of sun protective clothing. A number of additional statistically significant associations were identified in bivariate correlation analyses. This study informs the potential content of interventions to promote engagement in sun protection behaviors among U.S. Hispanics.

The Effect of Chromatic and Lightness Components for Preferred Skin Color Reproduction on a Display

It is essential to understand preferred skin colors for color reproduction in the display industry. This article presents three psychophysical experiments that were conducted to determine the preferred skin color ranges of East Asian women by East Asian observers on the chromatic and lightness components of CIELAB color space displayed on a standard sRGB-gamut display. In the first experiment, the preferred skin color was searched using various settings of correlated color temperatures (CCTs) and luminance levels on the screen. The results indicate that the most preferred skin color on a display had small differences between various images varying in CCT and luminance level. In the second experiment, a more precise preferred skin color center was produced. The preference scores were analyzed, and the preference map of skin colors was presented on the CIELAB a&#x2217; b&#x2217; plane. The final experiment examined the relationship between the lightness of facial skin color and the perceived preference on a display. It was conducted to examine the effect of the lightness component on the preference of facial skin color. It was found that the &lt;mml:math overflow="scroll"&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt;(&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;mml:msubsup&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;C&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;a&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;b&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt;&#x2217;&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;/mml:msubsup&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt;,&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;mml:msub&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;h&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mrow&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;a&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;mml:mi&gt;b&lt;/mml:mi&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;/mml:msub&gt; &lt;mml:mo&gt;)&lt;/mml:mo&gt; &lt;/mml:mrow&gt; &lt;/mml:math&gt; value of the most preferred skin colors of East Asian women is (25.4, 50.5), with an L&#x2217; value of 65.

Ni Pardo, Ni Prieto: The Influence of Parental Skin Color Messaging on Heterosexual Emerging Adult White-Hispanic Women's Dating Beliefs

The influence of Hispanic parental processes on daughters' intimate relationships have been widely studied in the psychology literature. However, although skin color values have been found to directly inform dating preferences, research examining the influence of parental skin color beliefs is non-existent. Thirty-four emerging adult Hispanic women participated in this qualitative study which examined their beliefs about parental skin color beliefs on dating preference decision-making processes. The study revealed that parents encouraged daughters to select partners with lighter skin. Significant differences between the ways parents and daughters constructed skin color meanings were noted, although daughters' potential partner skin color preferences were mixed. Results indicate that cultural competency training for clinicians should include understandings of meanings and values given to skin color. Therapeutic considerations for addressing skin color concerns with Hispanic female clients, including parental influences, within group differences and validation of skin color values, are addressed.

The Role of Skin Color on Hispanic Women’s Perceptions of Attractiveness

This study relies on qualitative methods to investigate Hispanic women’s skin color perceptions. The primary goal is to identify the relevance of these perceptions on their beliefs about their own physical attractiveness. Thirty-four self-identified White-Hispanic women attending a large Hispanic Serving Institution in the southeastern United States were interviewed for this study. Unlike previous research findings on Hispanic women’s skin color preferences, findings identified a “tan” skin color as preferred; pale skin was viewed as “plain” and unattractive. This preference was associated with four themes about physical attractiveness: (1) desirability among their peer groups, (2) increased value in dating contexts, (3) sexual appeal to men, and (4) marker of Hispanic identity in social contexts. Findings from this study are important for those researchers addressing identity development and relationship issues among Hispanic populations in the United States.

Colour and tolerance of preferred skin colours on digital photographic images

AbstractSkin‐tone has been an active research subject in photographic colour reproduction. There is a consistent conclusion that preferred skin colours are different from actual skin colours. However, preferred skin colours found from different studies are somewhat different. To have a solid understanding of skin colour preference of digital photographic images, psychophysical experiments were conducted to determine a preferred skin colour region and to study inter‐observer variation and tolerance of preferred skin colours. In the first experiment, a preferred skin colour region is searched on the entire skin colour region. A set of nine predetermined colour centers uniformly sampled within the skin colour ellipse in CIELAB a*b* diagram is used to morph skin colours of test images. Preferred skin colour centers are found through the experiment. In a second experiment, a twice denser sampling of nine skin colour centers around the preferred skin colour center determined in the first experiment are generated to repeat the experiment using a different set of test images and judged by a different panel of observers. The results from both experiments are compared and final preferred skin colour centers are obtained. Variations and hue and chroma tolerances of the observer skin colour preference are also analysed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2013