Preferences For Different Types Research Articles

Personality characteristics, preferences for rewards and the propensity to choose an auditing job

PurposeThis study investigates theoretical relationships among personality characteristics, preferences for different types of rewards and the propensity to choose a job in auditing by management-related higher education students. Specifically, the authors consider motivation, locus of control (internal and external) and self-efficacy (SE) as personality characteristics and financial, extrinsic, support and intrinsic as types of rewards.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through a questionnaire targeted at management-related higher education students in Portugal. Partial least squares structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data.FindingsThe full sample results show that different types of motivation, locus of control and SE are related to different reward preferences. The authors also find a positive association between a preference for extrinsic rewards and the propensity to choose a job in auditing. Moreover, when the authors consider the role of working experience in the model, the authors find that the reward preferences that drive the choice of an auditing job differ according to that experience.Originality/valueThis study enriches the literature by assessing preferences for different types of rewards, considering multiple personality characteristics and a comprehensive set of rewards. Furthermore, the authors identify the reward preferences that drive the choice of an auditing career. This knowledge empowers auditing firms to devise recruitment strategies that resonate with candidates’ preferences, which boosts the capacity of these companies to attract new auditors.

Consumer preference for sustainability labels in the context of China

Sustainability Label (SL) have emerged as an important product attribute in recent decades, and have evolved into various types as products with social, environmental, and economic benefits have become more prevalent in the marketplace. With the information of SL in products, consumers are encouraged to embrace environmental sustainability principles and to make environmentally sustainable choices and actions. SL helps alignment between consumers and the industry by enhancing consumers’ understanding of company’s act, and serve as an effective marketing message. However, there is limited research on consumer preferences for different types of sustainable labels or benefits. This study addresses this knowledge gap by applying choice experiment method to assess consumers’ choice behavior for products associated with various SL. Choice experiment designs are separately developed for two most relevant sustainable products (i.e. soymilk and EV) in China. A stated preference method (SPM) consumer survey was conducted in 2022 across six major cities in China, namely Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chengdu, and Xi’an, and a total of 840 valid responses were collected for assessing multinomial logit (MNL) model. Findings show that Chinese consumers prefer SL with environmental benefits, foreign COO/Brand in consuming soymilk, and prefer SL with employee friendliness, domestic COO/Brand for Electric Vehicle (EV). These findings provide insights for marketers and researchers Chinese consumers’ preference for specific SL and brand for two selected product categories.

Tickle fetishism: pleasure beyond playfulness.

Tickling is commonly perceived as juvenile play associated with laughter. However, its potential connection to adult sexual behavior has largely remained unexplored. Our online survey, primarily distributed among individuals interested in tickle fetishism, explored tickling and its association with sexual behavior. Ticklishness types, tools, preferred body parts, and partner preferences, were examined. Results revealed diverse patterns of ticklishness changes over time and distinct body-part preferences for different types of tickling. Childhood experiences and exposure to tickling content in television were found to shape individuals' affinity for tickle fetishism. A quarter of respondents reported experiencing orgasms exclusively from tickling, while around 88% expressed sexual satisfaction through tickling alone, indicating its sufficiency as a sexual stimulus among fetishists. Tickling desire decreased after orgasm, indicating an association between tickling and sexual activity. Moreover, ticklishness degree predicted preferences for being tickled rather than tickling others. Exploratory factor analysis identified three factors underlying tickling and sexual experiences: enjoyment and frequency of tickling during sexual activity; preference for intense sexual experiences; age of becoming sexually active. In conclusion, this study provides unique insights into tickling and its connections to sexual context, enhancing our understanding of diverse human sexual behavior and tickle fetishism as a distinct preference.

Urban greenspace for social integration: Which types of greenspace do new-Swedes prefer and why?

Urban greenspace (UGS) is a key public resource offering a broad range of nature-based solutions and is increasingly looked to as a potential arena to promote social integration in Europe’s increasingly multicultural urban and peri-urban areas. However, relatively little research has explored the preferences and perceptions of immigrants in relation to UGS, especially in European contexts. Without such knowledge, planners risk entrenching planning structures that inadvertently result in segregation and environmental injustice. Using survey and participatory mapping methods with 261 immigrants in eight sampled settlements across Sweden, this study explores which types of UGS foreign-born immigrants in Sweden (i.e., new-Swedes) prefer and why. We found that new-Swedes are frequent users of a wide spectrum of UGS types, with the most preferred types including forests, large parks and lakes. The majority of respondents were satisfied with the quality (73%), availability (68%) and accessibility (76%) of UGS in their hometowns. Our regression analysis identified 51 key factors that had a meaningful effect on preferences for different types of UGS. Key factors were distributed relatively evenly across blocks of predictor variables concerning characteristics of UGS, socio-demographic factors, activity preferences, and perceptions. Our results indicate that new-Swedes’ UGS preferences are broadly comparable with those of the general population in Sweden. We found little evidence to suggest that ethnocultural factors played a major role in the preferences of our respondents. Furthermore, our results suggest that nature-connectedness might be an important determinant of new-Swedes’ UGS preferences. Based on these findings, we highlight several opportunities to further develop UGS strategies to support different dimensions of social integration, e.g., using popular UGS as interactive spaces for cultural learning, as a platform for intercultural contacts and for maintaining cultural traditions, and to contribute towards a greater sense of social membership in their new country. A crucial implication of our study is that the use of UGS to support social integration may further contribute to the increasing complexity of the UGS planning and management challenge. This implies the need for a systems perspective in UGS research, policy-making, planning and management to consider UGS as part of an integrated urban social-ecological system and to coordinate measures across sectors.

Effects of using audience response systems (Kahoot and Google Forms and Sheets) on learning of medical students in a large class: A questionnaire-based retrospective study

AbstractThe effectiveness of implementing various audience response system (ARS) formats in large classes to engage students, positively influence academic outcomes, and align with their preferences for different types of activities lacked sufficient information. This study aimed to (1) evaluate students’ perspectives on different ARS formats, including Kahoot for individual (Kahoot-I) and team (Kahoot-T) play, and Google Forms and Google Sheets for multiple-choice questions (Google-MCQ) and for open-ended questions (Google-OEQ) on different aspects with/without subgroup analysis of students into quartiles (Q1-lowest-Q4-highest) of summative scores, and (2) determine correlations between students’ perspectives and academic outcomes. At the course’s final class, a QR code for a 5-point Likert scale questionnaire was displayed for all enrolled medical students. 269/312 students (86.22%) provided written consent and completed the questionnaire constructed based on dimensions of student engagement. Across all ARS formats, students rated scores ≥ 4 for almost all aspects, with participation in class receiving the highest scores. For each aspect, Kahoot-T was rated highest in various aspects and Google-MCQ for “understanding” and Google-OEQ for “asking/answering question”. Higher academic achievers expressed more “enthusiasm” for Kahoot-I than lower achievers (P < 0.05). Formative and summative scores were positively correlated with many aspects. Students reported high engagement with all ARS formats, with higher academic achievers rating them with higher scores. Kahoot-T was the most favored for multiple aspects, Google-MCQ for “understanding” and Google-OEQ for interactive “asking/answering question”. Thus, selecting ARS in alignment with learning objective could enhance students’ engagement and learning outcomes.

Do Men Care about Childcare? Women’s Relative Resources and Men’s Preferences for Work–Family Reconciliation Policies

Abstract Existing literature on the politics of work–family reconciliation policies focuses primarily on women and their policy preferences as the main driver of recent policy expansions. But what do we know about male preferences? This article explores this question in an innovative way by integrating insights from economic and sociological studies of division of labor and bargaining within the household. It investigates the link between women’s relative resources within the household and their male partners’ preferences for different types of reconciliation policies. Drawing on regression analysis of nineteen OECD countries using the International Social Survey Program data (Family and Changing Gender Roles IV), we find that: (1) men in dual-earner households, men in college-educated educational homogamy, and men in educational hypogamy (the woman is better educated) are more likely to support reconciliation policies; and (2) women’s earnings and education have different effects on men’s preferences.

Who Gets Hired? Political Patronage and Bureaucratic Favoritism

Most research on biased public sector hiring highlights local politicians’ incentives to distribute government positions to partisan supporters. Other studies instead point to the role of bureaucratic managers in allocating government jobs to close contacts. We jointly consider the relative importance of each source of biased hiring as an allocation problem between managers and politicians who have different preferences regarding public sector hiring and different abilities to realize those preferences. We develop a theoretical model of each actor’s relative leverage and relative preferences for different types of public sector positions. We empirically examine our theory using the universe of payroll data in Kenyan local governments from 2004 to 2013. We find evidence of both patronage and bureaucratic favoritism, but with different types of bias concentrated in different types of government jobs, as our theory predicts. Our results highlight the inadequacy of examining political patronage alone without incorporating the preferences and leverage of the bureaucratic managers who are intricately involved in hiring processes.

Development of an electronic food ordering system and a la carte menu: Enhancing patient involvement in nutritional care

BackgroundMalnutrition is a significant issue in hospitals, leading to weight loss and reduced quality of life for patients. Hospital food plays a crucial role in preventing malnutrition, especially for patients with high nutritional risk or malnourishment. However, barriers to providing adequate nutritional care include a lack of tools to record patients' nutritional intake and a limited understanding of energy and protein content in hospital menus. ObjectiveThe study aimed to develop an electronic patient-centered food ordering system and an à la carte menu to improve patients' nutritional care and involvement in their dietary choices. MethodsThe study was conducted in two parts. Part 1 involved a questionnaire survey among hospitalized patients to determine their food preferences, self-assessed ability to use an electronic food ordering system, and preferences for different types of cuisine. The survey also investigated patients' meal choices for a full day, including portion sizes. Part 2 comprised usability tests of the electronic food ordering system prototype, conducted on hospitalized patients to identify interface issues and assess overall satisfaction. ResultsA total of 99 patients participated in the questionnaire survey. The majority (78.7%) found the selection of dishes appropriate. Patients' preferences were used to adjust the à la carte menu to reflect their meal choices. In the usability tests, the electronic food ordering system prototype showed positive results, and the System Usability Score was above the threshold for minor adjustments. ConclusionThe study successfully developed an electronic patient-centered food ordering system and an à la carte menu that aligned with patients' preferences and needs. The system demonstrated usability and potential to improve patients' nutritional care and involvement in their dietary decisions. By addressing the barriers to nutritional care, this system offers a feasible solution to prevent and treat malnutrition in hospitalized patients.

Health involvement modulates physician preference in the brain during online health consultation

In traditional offline health-seeking behavior, patients consistently exhibit a preference for similar types of physicians due to limited access to physicians’ information. Nevertheless, with the advent of online health consultation platforms offering comprehensive physicians’ information for patients, raises the question: do patients continue to exhibit uniform preference for physicians? To address this issue, we first employed a behavioral experiment to discern patients’ preferences for different types of physicians’ information under different health involvement, and then conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment to furnish neural/physiological evidence. The results showed that health involvement modulates patients’ preferences, when health involvement was low, patients had diverse preferences for physicians, that is, different types of physicians’ information could individually impact patients’ choice and could serve as substitutes for each other. When health involvement was high, patients’ preference for physicians were uniform, highlighting that the collective influence of different types of physicians’ information on patients’ choice behavior. From the neural level, an explanation for the results was that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) and ventral striatum (VS) brain regions, two key brain regions reflecting individual cognitive resource allocation, had different activation levels under different health involvement, indicating that patients allocated different cognitive resources.

Mediators and moderators of the effects of a school-based intervention on adolescents' fruit and vegetable consumption: the HEIA study.

To examine whether targeted determinants mediated the effects of the HEalth In Adolescents (HEIA) intervention on fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption and explore if these mediating effects were moderated by sex, parental education or weight status. Cluster-randomised controlled trial. The HEIA study (2007-2009) was a Norwegian 20-month multi-component school-based intervention to promote healthy weight development. FV consumption and targeted determinants were self-reported at baseline, mid-way (8 months) and post-intervention (20 months). Adolescents (11-13-year-old) in twenty-five control schools (n 746) and twelve intervention schools (n 375). At post-intervention, more adolescents in the intervention group compared with the control group had knowledge of the FV recommendations (OR: 1·4, 95 % CI 1·1, 1·9) and reported a decreased availability of vegetables at home (β: -0·1, 95 % CI -0·2, 0·0). Availability/accessibility of FV at home, availability of vegetables at dinner, taste preferences for different types of FV and knowledge of the FV recommendations were positively associated with the consumption of FV. However, none of the post-intervention determinants significantly mediated the intervention effects on FV consumption. Although no moderating influences by sex, parental education or weights status were observed on the mediating effects, exploratory analyses revealed significant moderations in the b-paths. Since none of the targeted determinants could explain the increase in FV consumption, it remains unclear why the intervention was effective. Reporting on a wide range of mediators and moderators in school-based interventions is needed to reveal the pathways through which intervention effects are achieved.

A person-centred approach to help services and commissioners to improve the experience of people who are homeless and secure better sustainability.

Successful implementation of evidence-based services in health and social care depends largely on the fit of the services with the values and priorities of users who are shaping and participating in their delivery and use. When looking at the implementation of innovative specialist hospital discharge schemes for people who are homeless, there is a lack of knowledge on homeless people’s preferences and perspectives on receiving out-of-hospital care.
 In England, the Department of Health and Social Care, Ministry for Housing and Local Government and Ministry of Justice allocated £16 million to further develop and test out hospital care for people experiencing homelessness. The out-of-hospital care model programme is seeking to scale successful hospital discharge models that were shown to be effective and cost-effective in an earlier pilot programme adapting these for new contexts and circumstances post Covid-19. Evaluation of the implementation of the out-of-hospital care model programme is currently underway in 17 local authority test sites across England. A specific component of the larger evaluation is aimed at capturing service users’ preferences for different types of specialist hospital discharge schemes.
 This is done using a flexible health economics tool for measuring choices in health and social care-related settings named discrete choice experiments (DCE). It measures preferences from individual decision-makers over alternative scenarios (or service provisions). Each alternative is described by several attributes (or characteristics) and the choices made between two or more competing scenarios subsequently determine how preferences are influenced by each attribute (eg, which attributes are valued as well as their relative importance). It can also provide a measure of the overall value attached to different alternatives (and identify optimal service provision that meets stakeholder requirements and have the best chance of sustainability in the long term). Hence a DCE survey has been developed to measure people’s preferences for what out-of-hospital care provides in terms of types of location of care, the professional who delivers most of their care, how often they receive care, how long they receive care after hospital discharge and rules about behaviour where they live.
 The attributes (characteristics) and their various levels were informed by our previous research. Webinar discussions regarding what stakeholders value about specialist services were used to validate and refine the attributes and levels. PPI stakeholders were also consulted on the development of the presentation, wording and format of the survey. Efficient experimental design techniques were applied to create the DCE questions. Due to the cognitive load involved in completing the survey, respondents are assisted in the completion of the questionnaire by members of the research team to secure responses from more than 250 people who are homeless. Data will be modelled using logit techniques and results will be ready for presentation in May 2023.
 Information on how service users value specialist hospital discharge schemes for people who are homeless is needed to better inform the implementation and development of the innovative out-of-hospital care model programme currently proposed in England at a national level. Identified learning will be shared at the conference.

Wearable Activity Trackers That Motivate Women to Increase Physical Activity: Mixed Methods Study.

Physical inactivity is a significant public health concern, particularly among women in the United States. Wearable activity trackers (WATs) have been proposed as a potential solution to increase awareness of and engagement in physical activity (PA). However, to be effective, WATs must include features and designs that encourage daily use. This study aims to explore the features and designs of WATs that appeal to women and determine whether devices with these attributes are effective motivators for women to be physically active. A mixed methods study guided by the self-determination theory was conducted among 15 women. Participants trialed 3 WATs with influence in their respective accessory domains: Apple Watch for the wrist; Oura Ring for the finger; and Bellabeat Leaf Urban for multiple sites (it can be worn as a bracelet, necklace, or clip). Participants documented their daily PA levels and rated their satisfaction with each device's comfort, features, and motivational effect. Focus groups were also conducted to gather additional feedback and experiences within the a priori areas of comfort, features, and motivation. Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 scores indicated that most participants (14/15, 93%) were motivated at baseline (amotivation score: mean 0.13, SD 0.45), but on average, participants did not meet the national minimum PA guidelines according to the self-reported Physical Activity Vital Sign questionnaire (moderate to vigorous PA score: mean 144, SD 97.5 min/wk). Mean WAT wear time was 16.9 (SD 4.4) hours, 19.4 (SD 5.3) hours, and 20.4 (SD 4.7) hours for Apple Watch, Bellabeat Leaf Urban, and Oura Ring, respectively. During focus groups, participants reinforced their quantitative ratings and rankings of the WATs based on personal experiences. Participants shared a variety of both activity-related and non-activity-related features that they look for in a motivating device. When considering what the ideal WAT would be for a woman, participants suggested features of (1) comfort, (2) extended battery life, (3) durability, (4) immediate PA feedback, (5) intuitive PA sensing, and (6) programmability. This study is the first to specifically address women's experiences with and preferences for different types of WATs. Those who work with women should realize how they view WATs and the role they play in motivation to be active.

Preferences for punishments: explorations from a stated-choice experiment in Japan

ABSTRACT Previous studies have shown that punishment can increase and stabilize cooperation in many situations. In this study, we conducted an online stated-choice experiment in Japan to elicit respondents’ preferences for different types of punishments that they thought should be imposed on uncooperative people to encourage cooperation within a team. We observed heterogeneity in preferences for different types of punishment among individuals in different preference groups, as estimated from the latent class logit model. Our results suggest that several socioeconomic characteristics are associated with the classification of preference groups.

A new ELECTRE-based decision-making framework with spherical fuzzy information for the implementation of autonomous vehicles project in Istanbul

This research study keenly employs the ground-breaking theory of ELECTRE method in order to advance the literature with a more competent technique for the frequently implemented and incredibly practical model of spherical fuzzy sets. The eminent characteristics, broader approach and adaptable model of spherical fuzzy set empowers the proposed strategy to captivate each type of the imprecise human judgement (whether in favor, against, neutral or hesitant) using a dependent and three independent membership grades. The remarkable novelty of the proposed approach is its successful application even with no criteria weights knowledge. Furthermore, the proposed technique processes the spherical fuzzy data and examines different types of preferences among alternatives using three threshold values. These preferences contribute to classify the outranking relations among the alternatives within five different levels of dominance. Later on, the iterative approach of distillation is deployed to figure out the final ranking. The proposed strategy is applied to meet the challenges in the implementation of autonomous vehicles in Turkey. After a through evaluation of five corridors via proposed technique in reference to fifteen criteria, metrobus corridor appears as the most appropriate for the autonomous vehicle operation. In the last, the consistency of the proposed approach is delineated via comparative analysis with existing spherical fuzzy CODAS and spherical fuzzy PROMETHEE approaches and other convincing evidences.

Comparing Chinese academic returnees in Chengdu and Guangzhou: reasons for return, choice of destination and onward migration intention

ABSTRACT This is a comparative study on Chinese academic returnees in Chengdu and Guangzhou, China. Adopting the concepts of intellectual gateway (IG), intellectual node (IN) and intellectual capital (IC) from the intellectual migration (IM) framework, as well as the amenities perspective in migration studies, this article conceptualises Chengdu as an emerging IG and Guangzhou as a typical IG. Through analysing macro-level public data and first-hand interviews and survey data at the micro level, it explores academic returnees’destination choice and if urban amenities and individual preferences influence their onward migration intention. It concludes that academic returnees’choice of destination is not only highly related to their pursuit of IC development and economic capital, but is also influenced by their preferences of different types of cultural amenities. Chengdu’s cultural amenities tend to attract and retain more personal-life-oriented academic returnees, while Guangzhou is favoured by professional-life-oriented returnees. Furthermore, compared to returnees in Guangzhou, those in Chengdu are more likely to stay for longer terms. It is suggested that building rich cultural amenities and intellectual networks can be potential advantages for emerging IGs in attracting and retaining intellectual migrants.

The Relationship Between Generation Zs Myers-Briggs Personality Types and Marketing Communication

As Generation Z (Gen Z) becomes the largest consumer group worldwide, understanding their characteristics and personalities is crucial for future marketers. This research paper investigates the influence of Gen Zs personality, as measured by the Myers-Briggs Personality Types (MBTI), on various forms of marketing communication. The study was conducted with both quantitative and qualitative methods. 80 Gen Z participants whose MBTI types were determined to provide insights into their preferences for different types of marketing communication, the significance of effective marketing communication for different MBTI types, and whether personality would impact purchasing decisions. The study shows that there are significant differences in the preferred types of marketing communication among MBTI types. Certain types have a stronger preference for specific forms of marketing communication. Additionally, the research suggests that effective marketing communication is essential to Gen Z consumers with specific MBTI types. Lastly, the study finds that personality traits can indeed influence purchasing decisions.

Generative design of floor plans of multi-unit residential buildings based on consumer satisfaction and energy performance

Satisfying consumers is an important task in the design of residential floor plans. However, the design of residential floor plans with the aim of improving consumer satisfaction and energy performance has not been fully explored. Also, the preferences of different customer groups regarding customer satisfaction have not been studied. Traditional design and optimization methods still have limitations in terms of performance improvement, while performance-based generative design methods can explore the performance improvement potential of a larger range of solution spaces. Therefore, this study introduces a generative design framework that is grounded on optimizing energy performance and consumer satisfaction for multi-unit residential floor plans, which consists of four main processes: 1) Generation of floor plan schemes. 2) Evaluation of consumer satisfaction and energy performance of the generated schemes. 3) Running a multi-objective optimization to obtain optimal schemes. 4) The final floor plan scheme is determined by the decision maker. The proposed framework was employed in a real design case, and seven optimal solutions were obtained. Compared with the initial scheme, the maximum improvement in consumer satisfaction and energy performance was up to 38.78% and 11.18% respectively. The results also indicated that the preferences of different types of consumers differed significantly. Thus, different evaluation functions have been created to provide solutions with higher satisfaction levels targeting different types of consumers. As such, generative design and optimization of residential floor plans for specific types of consumers can be undertaken at an early design stage to improve consumer satisfaction and reduce energy consumption.

Ant preference for different types of bait at sugarcane plantations in East Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Rahardjo BT, Muhammad FN, Setiawan Y, Febryadi A, Ihsan M, Wibowo D, Fernando I. 2023. Ant preference for different types of bait at sugarcane plantations in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24:2099-2106. The occurrence of ants is important in agroecosystems since they may provide both ecosystem services or disservices depending on the species composition. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the kind of ant species that are present in agroecosystems. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of three types of bait to measure ant abundance and diversity in sugarcane plantations. This research was conducted from July to September 2022 in four locations in East Java, Indonesia, i.e., Karangploso, Kalipare, Gandusari, and Pasirian. At each location, one plot was determined and divided into nine subplots. Ant sampling was conducted using modified pitfall traps that may contain one type of bait or without bait as control treatment. There were three types of assayed bait, i.e., tuna, eggs, and sugar. Nine traps for each treatment were installed in each location. This study obtained 6,650 individual ants from 20 morphospecies, 16 genera, and 4 subfamilies. At each location, species richness and abundance were not significantly different among bait types. However, those variables differed between the bait groups and the control. Tuna and egg baits were preferred by ants, as indicated by the higher number of trapped individuals than in sugar bait and the control traps. The species composition of the different baits was different at all locations except Kalipare. Each ant species had a different preference for the type of bait. Formicine ants preferred sugar bait, while ponerine ants preferred tuna and egg baits. Hence, it can be concluded that the bait type selection needs to be considered for ant monitoring. Therefore, using various types of baits is recommended to monitor the assemblage of ants in an ecosystem.

Gender and Legend in Rural Iceland in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries

Abstract The folk narrative archives, with their large amounts of source material, can provide valuable new insights into the narrative traditions of the past. This also applies to the legend traditions of women in former times and their relationship with women's experiences and social reality. This article examines common features found in the legend repertoires of 200 Icelandic women born in the late nineteenth century, which are kept in the Icelandic sound archives. These features are compared to those observed in the repertoires of a small sample of men found in the same archives; the aim is to establish whether and how the legends told by men and women differ. The key findings are that certain elements clearly differ significantly across gender lines, including preferences for different types of narratives, subjects, and choice of characters, highlighting the very different social realities of men and women in the past.

The PhD by publication in the humanities and social sciences: a cross country analysis

ABSTRACT This paper examines the PhD by publication in the humanities and social sciences in US, UK, Canadian and Australian universities. A set of PhDs by publication from each of these countries were collected for the study. The theses were analysed to see to what extent they fitted, or not, with discussions of thesis types described in previous research into the PhD by publication. Interviews with students and supervisors were carried out to investigate the choices that students made in their writing. University rules for the submission of PhDs by publication and related policy documents are also examined. The study found that there seems to be a preference for different types of PhD by publication in each of the countries. In the US they were all prospective PhDs with the work being especially written for the thesis. In the UK, by contrast, retrospective PhDs, the PhD by published work, largely dominate. Canada was similar to the US, at least in the area of study where the data were collected for the paper, Education. In Australia, both prospective and retrospective PhDs were found, although it was the former, the prospective PhD, which dominated.