Preference Test Research Articles

The Adaptability of Beet Webworm (Loxostege sticticalis) to Soybeans and Other Different Host Plants

The beet webworm Loxostege sticticalis has caused significant economic losses to the production of agriculture and animal husbandry in China. Preference testing of larva feeding and adult oviposition and flight capability tests were carried out on five host plants: soybean, pigweed, pea, broad bean, and alfalfa. An experimental population life table and population growth trends over the subsequent 200 days were constructed. The test results show that the larvae showed no significant preference among different plants. However, adults lay more eggs on soybeans. The pests failed to complete a generation when fed on broad beans and alfalfas. When fed on pigweed, they showed the shortest larvae development period, the heaviest pupal weight, the longest adult longevity, and the largest egg-laying amount. The net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and simulated population growth trend of the pests fed on pigweed show the highest values, and those fed on peas showed the lowest values. The total flight distance and flight time of adults fed on pigweed and soybeans were significantly greater compared to those fed on peas. In summary, beet webworms fed on pigweed showed the fastest development and reproduction, the largest population, and the strongest flight capability.

A Revealed Preference Test for Choquet and Max-Min Expected Utility with Ambiguity Aversion

We develop a revealed preference test for the Choquet expected utility model with ambiguity aversion, which does not rely on specific functional form assumptions on the utility index. It is computationally efficient if the number of states is not too large, even for a large number of observations. This is a nice feature compared to other existing revealed preference tests for decision models with ambiguity. We illustrate the usefulness of our results by implementing our test on two experimental datasets from the literature, and we compare the empirical fit of this model to the subjective expected utility model. (JEL C91, D81, D91, G41)

Hippocampal SENP3 mediates chronic stress-induced depression-like behaviors by impairing the CREB-BDNF signaling.

Impaired signaling between cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus is generally considered to be the cause of depression. The mechanisms underlying the impairment of CREB-BDNF signaling under stress conditions are largely unclear. Small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) specific peptidase 3 (SENP3) is a molecule that can regulate SUMOylation of target proteins related to synaptic plasticity. Its dynamic changes have been reported to be associated with neuronal damage in various models of central nervous disorders such as cerebral ischemia and traumatic brain injury. However, its role in depression is completely unknown. This problem was addressed in the present study. Our results showed that chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) triggered a specific increase in SENP3 expression in the hippocampus of non-stressed mice. Overexpression of SENP3 in the hippocampus of non-stressed mice elicited depression-like behaviors in the tail suspension test, forced swimming test, and sucrose preference test, accompanied by impairment of the CREB-BDNF signaling cascade in the hippocampus. Conversely, genetic silencing of SENP3 in the hippocampus suppressed the development of depression-like behaviors. Furthermore, infusion of SENP3-shRNA into the hippocampus failed to suppress CUS-induced depression-like behaviors when mice received genetic silencing CREB or BDNF in the hippocampus or inhibition of the BDNF receptor by K252a. Taken together, these results suggest that abnormally elevated SENP3 in the hippocampus leads to the development of depression-like behavior by impairing the CREB-BDNF signaling cascade. SENP3 in the hippocampus could be a promising target for the development of new antidepressants.

Exploring factors of HPV self-sampling acceptance:a qualitative study with hard-to-reach women

Abstract Background Cervical cancer disproportionately affects socially disadvantaged women, who tend to be underscreened and are generally called “hard-to-reach”. HPV DNA testing based on self-sampling test is an alternative strategy to address women’s low screening uptake and reduce inequalities. Psychosocial factors like self-efficacy, ethicality, and testing conditions should be considered when assessing the acceptability of HPV self-sampling. However, research on the acceptability of HPV self-sampling is scarce among hard-to-reach women. Our study aims to explore self-efficacy beliefs, perceptions of how well HPV self-sampling fits participants’ values and their preferred testing conditions and understand how these factors influence the acceptability of HPV self-sampling test among hard-to-reach women. Methods This qualitative study used a semi-structured guide based on three constructs of the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability. Focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted with n = 63 hard-to-reach women in Portugal (2 FGD), Ecuador (4 FGD), and Belgium (3 FGD). Data were analysed using deductive content analysis. Results While some women viewed HPV self-sampling as acceptable, others questioned its compatibility with their ethical views and moral principles, stressing that the test cannot replace the clinical examination. Participants held conflicting views, with some expressing confidence in their sampling abilities while others feared making errors when taking the sample. Cultural disparities in preferred testing conditions emerged: Ecuadorian women preferred solo testing, while those in Europe preferred assistance. Conclusions This study indicated ambivalent attitudes towards self-sampling. Further research on HPV self-sampling acceptability is needed to explore socio-cultural nuances. Our study emphasises the importance of culturally attuned interventions to address these populations’ needs and reduce inequalities. Key messages • Hard-to-reach women harbour conflicting views about self-sampling. • Screening policies may include opportunities for self- and clinician sampling.

Pengolahan Katsu Semur Jengkol (Archidendron Pauciflorum) pada Kedai Bikin Nagih

The research conducted on Katsu Semur Jengkol aims to add a new menu variation for burgers at Kedai Bikin Nagih. Generally, Jengkol is only prepared as Balado Jengkol, Rendang Jengkol, and Semur Jengkol. This study aims to assess the preference level of the panelists based on five attributes: appearance, color, texture, aroma, and taste, as well as recipe standards and business analysis. The method used in this research is research and development, involving a series of experiments and developments using hedonic scale scoring tests with 25 panelists. The summary results of the main taste preference test regarding the appearance, color, texture, aroma, and taste of Katsu Semur Jengkol show that 76.6% of the panelists liked it very much, while 22.4% liked it. Based on the research conducted, the standard recipe includes 300g of jengkol, 100g of chicken, 1 egg, 20g of flour, 20g of breadcrumbs, 5g of flavoring, 2g of salt, 30g of onion, 5g of green onion, 2g of pepper, 1ml of jengkol essence, 14g of red onion, 7g of garlic, 5g of candlenut, 8g of red chili, 0.2mg of nutmeg, 5g of flavoring, 6g of sugar, 15g of sweet soy sauce, 2g of salt, 100ml of water, 100g of flour, and 150g of breadcrumbs. The business analysis calculations indicate a cost price of Rp.1,176, a selling price of Rp.4,000, and a food cost of 30.59%. The break-even point is reached with sales of 600 pieces, and a profit of Rp.5,000,000 per month can be achieved with sales of 2,600 pieces. It is recommended that future researchers focus on innovation, especially in the culinary field, by utilizing other raw materials available in our surroundings.

Effects of Krill Oil and Coconut Oil on Behavioral Changes and Inflammatory Markers in Rats with Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Induced Depression Model.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of two different types of fat (krill oil [KO] and coconut oil [CO]) on obesity, behavioral tests, and some inflammatory markers when consumed with a high-fat or control diet in rats with depression. The study was conducted mainly in two phases: the induction of depression (37 days) and the dietary intervention (60 days). After the induction of depression by chronic unpredictable mild stress, dietary intervention started. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 6 groups with 10 rats in each group: (1) standard diet (SD), (2) SD + 5% KO, (3) SD + 5% medium-chain triglyceride (MCT)* (*CO to contain 5% MCT), (4) high-fat diet (HFD), (5) HFD + 5% KO, and (6) HFD + 5% MCT*. The open field test (OFT), forced swimming test (FST), and sucrose preference test were performed at baseline, end of the depression induction, and dietary intervention to observe behavioral changes in rats. After the final behavioral test, animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected for biochemical analyses C-reactive protein (milligram per liter), cortisol (microgram per deciliter), and insulin (micro-international units per milliliter) to assess inflammatory changes in the blood. All data were analyzed under two headings: baseline, end of depression induction, end of dietary intervention, and dietary intervention groups. Body weight gain was highest in the SD+KO and lowest in the SD+MCT group (P < .05). When behavioral tests were evaluated according to dietary intervention, it was found that the SD+MCT group spent the most time in the center, the least time in the periphery, and the lowest immobilization time (P < .05). In FST, the SD+KO with the highest weight gain was the most immobile group (P < .05). The study indicates that the weight-reducing effects of MCTs resulted in positive behavioral responses, particularly in OFT and FST. Through these properties, MCTs can be used medicinally in the prevention and treatment of behavioral changes due to depression.

Antidepressant-like Effects of Cannabis sativa L. Extract in an Lipopolysaccharide Model: Modulation of Mast Cell Activation in Deep Cervical Lymph Nodes and Dura Mater.

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation is a well-established model for studying depression-like behavior, driven by pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-1β. Mast cells (MCs) contribute to neuroinflammation by releasing mediators that exacerbate depressive-like symptoms. This study evaluates the antidepressant-like and anti-inflammatory effects of Cannabis sativa L. inflorescence extract (CSL) in an LPS-induced neuroinflammation model. Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with CSL at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg, 30 min prior to LPS (0.83 mg/kg) administration. Depressive behaviors were assessed using the sucrose preference test (SPT), tail suspension test (TST), and forced swimming test (FST). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) was measured to assess systemic inflammation. Cytokine levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were measured, and mast cell degranulation in the lymph nodes and dura mater was analyzed histologically (approval number: WKU24-64). CSL significantly improved depressive-like behaviors and decreased the NLR, indicating reduced systemic inflammation. CSL also significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-1β levels in the PFC. Furthermore, CSL inhibited MC degranulation in the deep cervical lymph nodes and dura mater, with the strongest effects observed at 30 mg/kg. CSL demonstrated antidepressant-like and anti-inflammatory effects in an LPS-induced neuroinflammation model, likely through the modulation of cytokine expression and mast cell activity. These results suggest the potential of CSL as a therapeutic option for treating inflammation-related depression.

Intervention effects of Naoxintong capsules on psychological and cardiac status in depressed rats after heart failure

Abstract Background Depression is a common clinical phenomenon in the patients with heart failure (HF). In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), diseases in the brain and heart are thought to be correlated and interact. Naoxintong capsules (NXT) has been used for treating cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, while its therapeutic effect on depression after HF remains unclear. Objective The aim of the study is to evaluate the intervention effect of NXT on depression after HF. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into the following 5 groups: sham, model, NXT (250, 1000 mg/kg), and valsartan (8 mg/kg). Coronary artery occlusion was performed to induce HF and subsequent depression in rats. The cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and Masson trichrome staining. The sucrose preference test and Morris water maze test were carried out to assess the depressive behaviors in rats. The ultrastructure of hippocampal CA1 neurons was observed and the levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone in the hypothalamus, brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the cortex, and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) in the plasma were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of dopamine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, norepinephrine, and γ-aminobutyric acid in the hippocampus were measured by UPLC-QQQ-MS. Results NXT reduced myocardial injury and pathological changes in the cardiac tissue and increased the left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening, and cardiac output. NXT increased the sugar preference rate and number of crossings and shortened the escape latency. Furthermore, the NXT treatment restored the levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, dopamine, and γ-aminobutyric acid to the baseline values. Conclusions NXT not only demonstrates cardioprotective effect but also attenuates depression in the rats after HF. It may exert the antidepressant effect by inhibiting the hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and recovering the levels of neurotrophic factors and neurotransmitters.

Yeast Extract Peptides Alleviate Depression in Chronic Restraint Stress Rats by Alleviating Hippocampal Neuronal Apoptosis and Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiota.

Depression as a global neurological disorder, and hippocampal neuronal apoptosis and disorders of the gut microbiota are closely related to it. This study aims to expose the ameliorative effect of enzyme peptides (AP) from brewer's yeast on depressive behavior caused by chronic restraint stress (CRS) in rats. After 4 weeks of AP intervention, a significant alleviation of depressive behavior in the sucrose preference test (SPT), forced swim test (FST), and light-dark test (LDT) is observed in depressed rats. AP ameliorates neuronal damage with increased the expression of the key CREB/BDNF/TrkB/Akt signaling pathway, which increases the levels of the monoamine neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) in the hippocampus, buffering hyperactivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), and decreasing the serum cortisol (CORT) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels in rats. In addition, AP modulates the disruption of the rat gut microbiota by chronic restraint stress (CRS), and the changes in the abundance of Lactobacillus animalis and Lactobacillus johnsonii are probably the key for AP performing antidepressant benefits. A strong correlation is found between gut microbiota and biochemical markers of depression. AP, as a natural and safe active substance, has a positive effect in the treatment of depression.

Improved Production Process Map and Safety of Millet‐Based Fermented Beverage

ABSTRACTThe present study aimed to develop a standardized process map to produce a microbiologically safe and consumer‐acceptable Brukina beverage. Field interactions and observations were employed for the baseline data, while an improved production process was developed and utilized to produce a Brukina beverage. The microbial safety of the new approach was assessed by determining the total coliform, yeast and mold, as well as Staphylococcus aureus. A consumer preference test was conducted to validate the contribution of the improved and hygienic steps to the overall acceptability. The existing production processes for manufacturing Brukina beverage did not embrace Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) and as such, the resultant beverage was contaminated with coliforms and S. aureus. Moreover, the sensory characteristics including taste, mouthfeel, viscosity and overall acceptability, were negatively affected. The inclusion of food safety management practices and efficient production steps has a greater tendency of producing microbiologically safe and market‐acceptable fermented millet‐based beverages while safeguarding consumers’ health and satisfaction.

Asiaticoside improves depressive-like behavior in mice with chronic unpredictable mild stress through modulation of the gut microbiota.

Asiaticoside, the main active ingredient of Centella asiatica, is a pentacyclic triterpenoid compound. Previous studies have suggested that asiaticoside possesses neuroprotective and anti-depressive properties, however, the mechanism of its anti-depressant action not fully understood. In recent years, a growing body of research on anti-depressants has focused on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, we noted that disruption of the gut microbial community structure and diversity can induce or exacerbate depression, which plays a key role in the regulation of depression. Behavioral experiments were conducted to detect depression-like behavior in mice through sucrose preference, forced swimming, and open field tests. Additionally, gut microbial composition and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels in mouse feces were analyzed 16S rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 1A (5-HT1A) expression in mice was assessed by western blotting. Changes in serum levels of inflammatory factors, neurotransmitters, and hormones were measured in mice using ELISA. This study revealed that oral administration of asiaticoside significantly improved depression-like behavior in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice. It partially restored the gut microbial community structure in CUMS mice, altered SCFA metabolism, regulated the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) and inflammatory factor levels, upregulated BDNF and 5-HT1A receptor protein expression, and increased serum serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) concentration. These findings reveal that asiaticoside exerts antidepressant effects via the microbiota-gut-brain axis. These results suggested that asiaticoside exerts antidepressant effects through the microbiota-gut-brain axis in a CUMS mouse model.

Formulasi Hair Tonic Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Buah Pepaya (Carica Papaya L.) dan Uji Efektivitas Pertumbuhan Rambut pada Marmut Jantan (Cavia porcellus)

Hair for humans has an important role, in addition to protecting the skin from adverse environments, hair also plays an important role in a person's appearance. Losing a lot of hair due to hair loss can cause a lack of self-confidence, disappointment, and frustration, so it must be addressed immediately so as not to worsen the condition that can cause baldness. This study aims to determine whether there is a content of secondary metabolite compounds in fresh herbal medicine, herbal medicine powder and ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin; ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin (Carica papaya L.) can be formulated in the form of hair tonic preparations; whether the difference in concentration of ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin (Carica papaya L.) provides different activities in triggering hair growth in guinea pigs. This research method uses a quantitative approach and is experimental with independent variables, namely papaya fruit skin, herbal medicine, and ethanol extract of papaya fruit skin with concentrations of 10%, 20%, 30%. Research stages: phytochemical screening of fresh papaya fruit peel, powdered simplicia and ethanol extract, hair tonic formulation containing ethanol extract of papaya fruit peel 10%, 20% and 30%, hair tonic evaluation includes: organoleptic, viscosity, stability, pH, irritation, and preference test. And hair growth activity test on male guinea pigs. The results showed that the ethanol extract of papaya fruit peel contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and glycosides, can be formulated into hair tonic (EEKP) that meets physical quality requirements. Hair tonic EEKP 30% is the best because it has high hair growth activity, which is an average of 16.375 mm where this EEKP 30% hair tonic has almost the same hair growth activity as the positive control, which is an average of 16.782 mm.

Oral fentanyl consumption and withdrawal impairs fear extinction learning and enhances basolateral amygdala principal neuron excitatory-inhibitory balance in male and female mice

The number of opioid overdose deaths has increased over the past several years, mainly driven by an increase in the availability of highly potent synthetic opioids, like fentanyl, in the un-regulated drug supply. Over the last few years, changes in the drug supply, and in particular the availability of counterfeit pills containing fentanyl, have made oral use of opioids a more common route of administration. Here, we used a drinking in the dark (DiD) paradigm to model oral fentanyl self-administration using increasing fentanyl concentrations in male and female mice over 5 weeks. Fentanyl consumption peaked in both female and male mice at the 30 µg/mL dose, with female mice consuming significantly more fentanyl than male mice. Mice consumed sufficient fentanyl such that withdrawal was precipitated with naloxone, with males having increased withdrawal symptoms as compared to females, despite lower pharmacological exposure. We also performed behavioral assays to measure avoidance behavior and reward-seeking during fentanyl abstinence. Female mice displayed reduced avoidance behaviors in the open field assay, whereas male mice showed increased avoidance in the light/dark box assay. Female mice also exhibited increased reward-seeking in the sucrose preference test. Fentanyl-consuming mice of both sexes showed impaired cued fear extinction learning following fear conditioning and increased excitatory synaptic drive and increased excitability of BLA principal neurons. Our experiments demonstrate that long-term oral fentanyl consumption results in wide-ranging physiological and behavioral disruptions. This model could be useful to further study fentanyl withdrawal syndrome and behaviors and neuroplasticity associated with protracted fentanyl withdrawal.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Beta-2 Transferrin Gel Electrophoresis for Detecting Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea.

Unilateral thin clear rhinorrhea (UTCR) may represent a variety of pathologies including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhea. Beta-2 transferrin (B2Tf) gel electrophoresis (GE) has become the preferred testing modality due to reportedly high sensitivity (87%-100%) and specificity (71%-100%). However, there have been relatively few studies assessing its diagnostic accuracy. The purpose of this single-institution study was to determine the accuracy of B2Tf GE in detecting CSF rhinorrhea. A single-center retrospective review was conducted from 2016 and 2024 for all patients who presented with UTCR and underwent B2Tf GE. Institutional review board approval was obtained. The gold standard for diagnostic confirmation of true and false positives (TP, FP) as well as false negatives (FN) was endoscopic exploration. The gold standard for true negative (TN) was response to medical therapy. A total of 105 patients underwent 149 B2Tf GE tests. 40 (38.1%) patients were diagnosed with CSF rhinorrhea. Of the 149 B2-Tf GE tests, there were 51 TPs, 72 TNs, 20 FPs, and 6 FNs yielding 89.5% sensitivity, 78.3% specificity, 71.8% positive predictive value, and 92.3% negative predictive value, respectively. Of the false results the most common causes for error were purulent sinusitis (n = 6, 23.1%), possible mucous contamination from nose-blowing during collection (n = 3, 11.5%), patient collection error (n = 3, 11.5%), and blood contamination (n = 1, 3.8%). Although these single-institutional data demonstrate test accuracy within ranges previously reported in the literature, they also demonstrate diagnostic limitations. Future studies should explore reasons for erroneous B2Tf GE results and how these may change clinical decision-making. IV Laryngoscope, 2024.

Lactic acid-fermented by-product of Shochu distillery reduces anxiety behavior in Neuropeptide Y knockout zebrafish by the regulation of isotoin neuron

The development of techniques to reduce stress in the aquaculture industry is essential for the good growth, low mortality, and high flesh quality of farmed fish. Shochu is a traditional Japanese alcoholic beverage, and the disposal of large amounts of Shochu lees waste has been a problem. As Shochu lees contain low-molecular-weight compounds, which are thought to have health benefits, the lactic acid-fermented by-product of Shochu distillery (FBPSD) was tested to estimate its anti-stress effects in neuropeptide Y-knockout zebrafish (NPY-KO), which exhibit high anxiety and low sociability, as a farmed fish model.In the Black-White preference test, NPY-KO preferred the black area over the white area due to fear, whereas NPY-KO fed the FBPSD showed a higher preference for the white area with more swimming distance than the control group. In the 3-chambers test, NPY-KO showed low sociability with the unfamiliar zebrafish group, whereas FBPSD-fed NPY-KO showed high sociability with the group. The mRNA level of isotocin, the homologue of human oxytocin, was significantly increased in the brains of FBPSD-fed zebrafish. The oxytocin receptor antagonists L-368,899 attenuated the effects of FBPSD in the 3-chambers test. These results suggest that FBPSD attenuates anxiety in NPY-KO zebrafish by activating isotocin neurons.

12376 Comparison Of 1 Mg Versus 2 Mg Dexamethasone Suppression In Obesity

Abstract Disclosure: H. Babu: None. A. Nawaz: None. A.J. Spiro: None. T.D. Hoang: None. M.K. Shakir: None. The overnight 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) is widely used to screen for Cushing’s Syndrome (CS), especially due to its low incidence of false negative results. Serum cortisol concentrations &amp;lt;1.8 µg/dL suggests adequate HPA axis suppression and usually excludes CS. Concentrations &amp;gt;1.8 µg/dL should be verified with a second test. However, the lack of suppression on DST has been documented previously in 1.46% to 15% of obese patients without CS. Previous studies have suggested simultaneous measurements of serum cortisol, ACTH, and dexamethasone levels after DST to ensure adequate suppression. In this retrospective analysis, we compared the plasma levels of ACTH, dexamethasone, and cortisol levels after 1 mg and 2 mg DST in healthy obese (class III) subjects. The study involved 6 subjects (2 males, 4 females, age 37.5 ± 8.79 years, BMI 43.65 ± 3.12 (kg/m2) who were referred for evaluation of abnormal weight gain. Exclusion criteria for these subjects included diabetes mellitus, pregnancy, history of CS, psychiatric disorders, chronic liver disease, chronic renal failure, malabsorption disorders and nephrotic syndrome. The exclusion of CS was done by history and physical examination showing the lack of specific clinical features of CS. Additionally, none of the subjects were taking drugs that interfered with CYP3A4 or oral contraceptives within 3 months preceding the study. None of the participants reported alcohol consumption of more than 30 g per day. Screening tests for CS involved 1 mg, 2 mg DST, LNSC and 24-hour urine cortisol levels. Results: Following 1 mg DST in 5 subjects, the mean serum cortisol levels were 1.35 ± 0.13 mcg/dL and the mean serum dexamethasone levels, and ACTH levels were 282 ± 44 ng/dL and 5.92 ± 1.56 pg/mL, respectively. However, in one subject (BMI 43.5) the post-DST cortisol level was 2.96 mcg/dL with corresponding dexamethasone level of 138 ng/dL and ACTH level of 21 pg/mL. However, following 2 mg DST in all 6 subjects the serum cortisol levels were less than 1.8 mcg/dL (1.21± 0.22 mcg/dL) with ACTH levels (3.87 ± 0.70 pg/mL) and dexamethasone levels of 482 ± 80 ng/dL. The LNSC levels were normal in 4 subjects (0.010 ± 0.005 mcg/dL), whereas in 2 subjects these were minimally elevated. 24-hour urine cortisol levels were normal in 5 subjects (29.4 ± 3.74 mcg) and in one subject this was mildly elevated (67 mcg). Long term follow-up of all subjects confirmed normal cortisol status. Previous studies have demonstrated that routine CS screening of patients affected by severe obesity is not indicated. However, other investigations have shown CS may occur in a small percentage of severe obese patients. In conclusion, 2 mg DST is a preferred test in obese patients suspected to have CS although 1 mg DST generally can be used as an initial screening test. Additionally, serum dexamethasone and ACTH measurements may still be useful in patients who are suspected to have a false-positive DST. Presentation: 6/1/2024

7849 The EDC Mixture “NeuroMix” Has Developmental, Anxiolytic, And Obesogenic Effects In Rats

Abstract Disclosure: E. Morales-Grahl: None. L. M. Thompson: None. E.N. Hilz: None. A.C. Gore: None. Humans are exposed to a variety of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) on a daily basis through drinking water, food, and contact with everyday objects. Safety guidelines aim to keep exposure to individual EDCs below certain levels but don’t take into account the potentially unpredictable effects of simultaneous exposure to multiple EDCs. Furthermore, EDCs may exhibit non-monotonic dose responses. The present study assessed the effect of an EDC mixture at three different doses on two sets of behaviors implicated in EDC research: anxiety, and high fat and sugar consumption. Beginning in early pregnancy and until pups were weaned at day 21, Sprague Dawley rats were fed daily with NeuroMix, our lab’s EDC mixture containing 9 common industrial chemicals, at three doses (0.1x, 1x, 10x). The base dose (1x) contained EDCs below the no observed adverse effect level in humans (NOAEL). In adulthood, the female and male offspring were then subjected to an open field and light/dark test, followed by a high fat and high sucrose preference test. 0.1x NeuroMix exposure advanced the timing of vaginal opening in female offspring, while all doses increased anogenital distance in males, marking differences in sexual development. 1x NeuroMix exposure in male rats increased their time in the open field corners and their time immobile in the corners, indicating higher anxiety. No difference was seen in sucrose preference. Female rats exposed to 1x NeuroMix showed a higher preference for a high-fat diet, and gained more weight compared to the controls while on this diet. These findings demonstrate that a mixture of human-relevant chemicals, when administered perinatally to rats, have developmental, anxiogenic and obesogenic effects in a sexually dimorphic manner. We also show a non-monotonic response to our chemical mixture, with the 1x dose showing greater effects than the 10x dose. Overall, we provide evidence that even at levels considered safe for individual EDCs, there are adverse developmental and behavioral effects of EDCs when combined. Grant support: R35 ES035024, F32 ES034257. Presentation: 6/1/2024

Mechanism of Treadmill Exercise Combined with Rich Environmental Stimulation to Improve Depression in Post-stroke Depression Model Rats.

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is a common complication, occurring in approximately one-third of these patients. The neurological symptoms of PSD affect patients' daily life and subsequent recovery. Analyzing the pathogenesis of post-stroke depression from a psychological perspective, it was found that PSD patients often feel despair and anxiety, and it is crucial to explore non-pharmacological ways to improve post-stroke depressive symptoms. A combination of exercise and rich environmental stimulation (RES) has been found effective in improving post-stroke depressive symptoms. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effects of exercise and rich environmental stimulation on PSD in rats and their potential underlying mechanisms and to provide a theoretical basis for managing PSD. The PSD rat model was constructed, and the depression-like behaviors of rats in each group were evaluated using the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), and forced swimming test (FST). Moreover, changes in the morphological behavior of rat hippocampus were observed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and Nissl staining. The expression levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) in hippocampus tissues were assessed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the levels of tryptophan-related proteins were determined employing western blot analysis. Additionally, a kynurenine-3-monooxygenase (KMO) inhibitor was administered to the combined stimulation group, and the levels of tryptophan (TRP), 5-HT, kynurenine (KYN), 3-hydroxy-kynurenine (3-HK), and quinolinic acid (QA) were evaluated using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Treadmill exercise combined with rich environmental stimulation significantly reduced the immobility time in the FST (p < 0.01), increased the exploratory behavior in the OFT (p < 0.05), and increased the sucrose water consumption in the SPT (p < 0.01), indicating that the depression-like behavior was improved. Treadmill exercise combined with rich environmental stimulation also improved the shape of the damaged hippocampus and increased the number of neurons in the hippocampus. Additionally, treadmill exercise combined with rich environmental stimulation significantly increased the levels of 5-HT and NE in hippocampus tissues (p < 0.01) and decreased KMO protein level (p < 0.01). In the KMO inhibitor group, the neural function was efficiently restored, the levels of 3-HK, QA, and KMO in the hippocampus were substantially reduced (p < 0.01), and the expression level of 5-HT was increased (p < 0.01). Exercise stimulation combined with enriched environmental stimuli alleviates post-stroke depression in rats, and the underlying mechanisms may be related to TRP/KYN/3-HK/QA excitotoxicity pathways and increased 5-hydroxytryptamine levels.

Mouse aversion to induction with isoflurane using the drop method.

Isoflurane anesthesia prior to carbon dioxide euthanasia is recognized as a refinement by many guidelines. Facilities lacking access to a vaporizer can use the "drop" method, whereby liquid anesthetic is introduced into an induction chamber. Knowing the least aversive concentration of isoflurane is critical. Previous work has demonstrated that isoflurane administered with the drop method at a concentration of 5% is aversive to mice. Other work has shown that lower concentrations (1.7% to 3.7%) of isoflurane can be used to anesthetize mice with the drop method, but aversion to these concentrations has not been tested. We assessed aversion to these lower isoflurane concentrations administered with the drop method, using a conditioned place aversion (CPA) paradigm. Female C57BL/6J (OT-1) mice (n = 28) were randomly allocated to one of three isoflurane concentrations: 1.7%, 2.7%, and 3.7%. Mice were acclimated to a light-dark apparatus. Prior to and following dark (+ isoflurane) and light chamber conditioning sessions, mice underwent an initial and final preference assessment; the change in the duration spent within the dark chamber between the initial and final preference tests was used to calculate a CPA score. Aversion increased with increasing isoflurane concentration: from 1.7% to 2.7% to 3.7% isoflurane, mean ± SE CPA score decreased from 19.6 ± 20.1 s to -25.6 ± 23.2 s, to -116.9 ± 30.6 s (F1,54 = 15.4, p < 0.001). Our results suggest that, when using the drop method to administer isoflurane, concentrations between 1.7% and 2.7% can be used to minimize female mouse aversion to induction.

Pathophysiological dynamics of acute myocardial infarction rats under chronic psychological stress at different time points

There is a lack of in-depth research on the impacts and changes in chronic psychological stress (CPS) on the cardiovascular system after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study aims to explore the comorbid mechanism and dynamic evolution of AMI exposed to CPS. 120 Wistar rats were randomly divided into Sham Operation group, Sham Operation + Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) group, AMI group and AMI + CUMS group, with each group further divided into subgroups at days 7, 14, and 28. The AMI model was created by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery, and CUMS model was used to induce CPS in rats. Behavioral changes were assessed through open field tests and sucrose preference tests. Cardiac function and structure were evaluated via echocardiography. The serum levels of TNFα, IL-6, NO, ET, CK-MB, cTNT, and ANP were measured using assay kits. Pathological changes in cardiac and brain tissues were observed under an optical microscope. Comparative analysis across different models revealed that CUMS significantly reduced behavioral activities in rats, with an interaction between CUMS and AMI affecting total distance (P < 0.05). Both CUMS and AMI significantly reduced cardiac function indicators, with their interaction effects on LVEF, LVFS, and CO (P < 0.05). AMI significantly altered cardiac structural parameters, particularly on day 28 (P < 0.05); while the impact of CUMS on cardiac structure was not significant, except for a notable reduction in LVAW/s on day 7 in AMI + CUMS group (P < 0.05). AMI caused significant changes in the serum biomarkers, while CUMS only significantly increased cTnT on day 7, ANP, TNFα, and IL-6 on day 14, and CK-MB on day 28, with their interaction effects on the three myocardial injury markers and TNFα (P < 0.05). Comparative analysis across different time points demonstrated that behavioral activity, cardiac function, CK-MB, cTnT, ANP, TNFα, and ET levels decreased significantly over time in the AMI model rats, while the left ventricular mass increased significantly (P < 0.05). Pathologically, compared with stress or AMI alone, the AMI + CUMS group exhibited more severe myocardia cellular degeneration and inflammatory infiltration, causing larger infract areas in myocardial tissue, as well as cell number decreases and morphological changes in hippocampal tissue. AMI with CPS exacerbates myocardial injury through sustained inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, leading to heart-brain pathology manifestations characterized by decreased cardiac function and hippocampal tissue damage.