Color Preference Research Articles

Visual discrimination learning in the Australian stingless bee Tetragonula carbonaria (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

AbstractKarl von Frisch's ground‐breaking research first demonstrated visual learning in the European honey bee (Apis mellifera). The study of Australian native bees and their cognitive abilities, however, is still a relatively new and emerging field. Here we examined visual cognition in the Australian stingless bee, Tetragonula carbonaria. First we tested for any colour preferences in T. carbonaria. Then we set stingless bees with three simple visual discrimination learning tasks using distinct colours (blue or yellow), oriented gratings (horizontal or vertical) and patterns (radial or concentric). In the colour preference task, we found evidence of a weak colour preference, with bees preferring colours blue and purple. In the visual discrimination task, T. carbonaria learned all three tasks in just 10 training trials. Bees learned equally well across the colour, orientation and pattern conditions, suggesting rapid visual learning. Future research should focus on closing knowledge gaps in Australian native bee cognition research, building upon the results of this study and exploring more complex non‐elemental learning.

Impacts of Landscape Types and Flower Colors on the Emotional Perceptions of Military Service Members

Due to the unique mental and physical health challenges military service members (MSVMs) often face as a result of their service, MSVMs are a key demographic of interest. Interaction with natural environments may play a positive role in MSVMs’ overall health. Although previous research has been conducted on various population preferences and emotional responses to different types of gardens, there is a lack of data focused specifically on the garden preferences and emotional responses of MSVMs. To address this deficiency, an online survey was conducted featuring a series of questions with images related to landscape types and flower colors. The survey was disseminated via social media and military organizations to both civilians and military personnel (N = 366, with a 90.6% completion rate). Emotional responses were measured using a semantic differential scale. Most respondents were male, White, and between 25 and 35 years of age. MSVM respondents were primarily in the army and were either on active duty or honorably discharged. MSVMs and civilians showed similar garden and flower color preferences, each favoring wild landscape types and warm flower colors. However, the semantic differential analysis revealed MSVMs had significantly more negative emotional responses towards landscape types and flower colors compared to civilians. This indicates that the findings offer valuable insights into the unique emotional challenges faced by MSVMs, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions. Among military respondents, tropical landscapes were perceived more negatively. While it is crucial to incorporate preferred landscape elements into a design, understanding the emotional perceptions of these preferences is likely to aid garden designers in the creation of an environment that enhances overall well-being in an urban environment.

Colour selection in Lantana camara L. blooms: A study on butterfly attraction

Flower colour is a crucial factor influencing pollinator-plant interactions. Lantana camara L., a popular ornamental plant, attracts various butterfly species. The present study was conducted in Serampore, Hooghly, West Bengal, India, spanning a period of one year from June 2022 to May 2023. This study investigates the preferences of some butterfly species for flowers of a certain colour and the choice of Lantana camara flowers as nectar sources. L. camara is known for its vibrant and diverse colour variations, making it an ideal candidate for attracting various pollinators. Through field observations and controlled experiments, we aimed to identify if certain butterfly species exhibit distinct colour preferences when foraging on Lantana blooms. Our preliminary findings suggest that different butterfly species display varying degrees of colour selectivity, with some showing a preference for warm colour within the L. camara spectrum. These initial insights provide a foundation for further research into the intricate relationship between butterfly species and floral coloration. Understanding the nuanced preferences of butterflies for L. camara flowers can contribute to the development of targeted conservation and gardening practices aimed at supporting specific butterfly populations. This study offers a valuable starting point for future investigations into the broader implications of floral colour preferences in pollinator ecology.

Colour preferences and self-acceptance – case studies based on the art therapy workshop

„Of all the judgements you make, none is as important as your own opinion about yourself ”– this sentence served as the starting point for the workshop “Me – my portrait. How do you see yourself?” carried out as part of the art therapy elective course in the third year of medical studies at the University of Rzeszów (Poland). The article presents an analysis of the results obtained in the workshop on emotional and expressional creativity, i.e. verbal relations and colourful stories about oneself. Colours are a means of expression and symbolic representation in the visual arts. On the basis of colour preferences, a diagnosis of specific psychological states with regard to the participants’ self-acceptance was made.

Additive and Non-additive Genetic Effects on Growth and Egg Production Performance of Crossbred Chicken in Ethiopia

The present review article aims to provide an overview of the additive and non-additive genetic effects of crossbreeding and their contribution to the improvement of growth and egg production traits in chickens. It discusses the advancement in crossbreeding effects and mating design contribution to a significant rate of genetic progress in indigenous chicken. In Ethiopia, crossbreeding practice may be used to enhance the performance of local chicken ecotypes. The article extensively reviews various papers related to crossbreeding trials conducted in Ethiopia, evaluating their effectiveness in improving growth and egg production. It discusses the mating design and breeds used in these programs, such as exotic breeds like Rhode Island Red, Fayoumi, White Leghorn, Koekoek, Sasso, Kuroiler, and local Ethiopian chicken ecotypes. Among the exotic breeds involved in crossbreeding, Rhode Island Red and Sasso are considered more favorable for improving growth rate and color preference, while White Leghorn is preferred for enhancing egg production traits. In opposite to these indigenous chickens are preferred for disease resistance and product quality. Additive genetic effects are typically responsible for the genetic improvement of traits over generations through selection. In egg production, additive genetic effects influence the overall capacity of a chicken to lay eggs, affecting traits like egg number and egg size. Whereas, In growth performance, additive genetic effects influence traits like body weight gain, feed conversion efficiency, and overall growth rate. Non-additive genetic effects include dominance and epistatic interactions between genes. These effects can lead to genetic heterogeneity and can impact traits like egg production and growth performance besides playing a role in hybrid vigor or heterosis. In conclusion, both additive and non-additive genetic effects play a crucial role in determining egg production and growth performance in chickens. Additive effects drive genetic improvement over generations, while non-additive effects provide immediate benefits like hybrid vigor. Understanding and utilizing both types of genetic effects is essential for enhancing these traits in poultry breeding programs. Chicken crossbreeding programs are highly important in the poultry industry as they continuously improve the genetic potential of chickens, leading to more efficient production systems and higher profitability for producers.

Bumblebee social learning outcomes correlate with their flower-facing behaviour

Previous studies suggest that social learning in bumblebees can occur through second-order conditioning, with conspecifics functioning as first-order reinforcers. However, the behavioural mechanisms underlying bumblebees’ acquisition of socially learned associations remain largely unexplored. Investigating these mechanisms requires detailed quantification and analysis of the observation process. Here we designed a new 2D paradigm suitable for simple top-down high-speed video recording and analysed bumblebees’ observational learning process using a deep-learning-based pose-estimation framework. Two groups of bumblebees observed live conspecifics foraging from either blue or yellow flowers during a single foraging bout, and were subsequently tested for their socially learned colour preferences. Both groups successfully learned the colour indicated by the demonstrators and spent more time facing rewarding flowers—whether occupied by demonstrators or not—compared to non-rewarding flowers. While both groups showed a negative correlation between time spent facing non-rewarding flowers and learning outcomes, the observer bees in the blue group benefited from time spent facing occupied rewarding flowers, whereas the yellow group showed that time facing unoccupied rewarding flowers by the observer bees positively correlated with their learning outcomes. These results suggest that socially influenced colour preferences are shaped by the interplay of different types of observations rather than merely by observing a conspecific at a single colour. Together, these findings provide direct evidence of the dynamical viewing process of observer bees during social observation, opening up new opportunities for exploring the details of more complex social learning in bumblebees and other insects.

RED Is “Happy” but Also “Gloomy”: The Influence of Young People on Color Preference and Emotional Changes During the COVID-19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted human psychological and emotional states, influencing behaviors, including color preferences. This study aimed to explore how the pandemic affected people’s color preferences and emotional responses, shedding light on the broader implications for psychological well-being. A total of 231 participants were divided into two groups based on the depth to which they were affected by the pandemic, considering factors such as personality, family, friends, work/lessons, relationships, and consumption. The findings revealed four key results: (1) participants’ preference for cooler colors such as blue and green increased, reflecting a need for calmness and stability during heightened stress, while their preference for warm colors decreased. (2) Personal consumption was identified as the most severely impacted area. (3) The pandemic reduced people’s overall preference for warm colors. (4) The pandemic triggered strong negative and contradictory emotions. These results highlight the significant shift towards cooler colors, which are associated with calmness, and suggest important applications in design, marketing, and mental health initiatives. Understanding the psychological effects of the pandemic on color preferences provides valuable insights across multiple fields and emphasizes the importance of adapting to the reshaped aspects of human behavior in the face of future challenges.

Color as a Key Factor in Creating Sustainable Living Spaces for Seniors

Color as a feature of interior spaces is a fundamental component of human interaction with the built environment. Therefore, planning the design concept of an interior space with attention to color choices is extremely important, especially when the users of a given space include individuals who require additional support and care, such as the elderly. The colors used in architecture and interiors play a crucial role in the well-being of older adults, influencing their spatial perception, behavior, and activity. With age, color perception changes due to the effects of the aging process on vision. Visual deficits lead to shifts in sensory perception, which can, in turn, affect the sense of well-being, often creating a heightened sense of uncertainty. These changes in color perception due to aging may impact the color preferences of older people within their living environments. To create supportive environments for seniors, it is necessary to investigate which colors are most easily recognized, which colors are easiest to distinguish, and which colors are preferred by older adults. Based on a review of the literature and research findings on age-related changes in chromatic and spatial perception, design recommendations and guidelines have been developed. To supplement this knowledge, a survey was conducted among seniors to gather insights on their color preferences. Observations and analyzes of the survey results point to strategies for color use and underscore the importance of color in designing sustainable living spaces for seniors.

From colours to cravings: Exploring conditioned colour preference to ethanol in zebrafish

Conditioned preference paradigms like conditioned colour preference tests (CCP) can be used to investigate addictive drug seeking in zebrafish (Danio rerio), but many aspects of this procedure require further study. Conditioned preference can be tested with either biased or unbiased conditioning methods, each with their own strengths and weaknesses. The present study used unbiased stimuli to test seeking behaviour in ethanol-exposed zebrafish at different durations of drug withdrawal. Zebrafish were exposed to one of two equally preferred colours (red or yellow) while dosed with 0.8 % vol/vol ethanol or with habitat water (controls) for 1 h each day for 21 days. Next, fish experienced withdrawal for either 2-, 4-, or 8-days then were tested in a two-way red and yellow task for 10 min with their movement recorded via motion-tracking software. Fish conditioned to red showed a main effect of ethanol and a significant preference for red compared to yellow at 8-days of withdrawal but not at 2-days or 4-days of withdrawal. Fish conditioned to yellow did not show any colour preference during the 2-, 4-, or 8-days of withdrawal, but did show a main effect of withdrawal duration. This work expands our understanding of CCP paradigms in zebrafish and highlights the capacity of zebrafish to develop an association to red but not yellow under our experimental conditions.

Melatonin Alters Preference to Move Toward Monochromatic Lights in Female Syrian Hamsters: A Behavior Associated With Circadian Rhythm.

Different light colors have different effects on endogenous melatonin. The preference for light colors has been studied in various animal species, except hamsters. Additionally, no research has been done on how melatonin affects color preference. In this study, I investigated whether melatonin can influence Syrian hamsters' preferences for various light colors. Eighteen female Syrian hamsters were divided into a control group and a test group orally administered 0.01 mg melatonin daily for 30 days. On Day 31, I placed each hamster in the test box at four stages: dark mid-phase; beginning, middle, and end of day. The box had four areas with red, yellow, green, and blue lamps. In each stage, the hamsters' movements were recorded for 5 min. I tested the effects of color, stage, and melatonin treatment using a mixed model analysis. The preferences of both groups changed between the stages (p < 0.001) with the except stages 1 and 4 of the control group (p = 0.012); and stages 2 and 3 of the test group for the yellow color (p = 0.104). There was a significant difference between the test and the control groups in all stages and all colors (p < 0.001) except the green light color in stage 2 (p = 0.007). The results suggest that exogenous melatonin controls the preference for monochromatic light by an unknown mechanism. Circadian endogenous melatonin levels are also effective. Scientists must consider melatonin levels in studies evaluating responses to light.

Beneath the colorness skies: Does weather influence consumer color preference?

Understanding consumer preference is crucial for optimizing inventory management and enhancing consumer satisfaction. While previous research has explored various determinants of consumer choices, the role of weather in shaping consumer color preference has received little attention. This study addresses this gap by investigating how key weather variables—temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed—affect consumer color preference in the fashion clothing market. Using data from 3,184,162 transactions across 99 physical fashion retail stores in Italy, we analyze consumer clothing purchases as indicators of color preference. Our findings reveal that higher temperatures and relative humidity lead consumers to prefer cooler clothing colors, while increased wind speed encourages the selection of warmer colors. Additionally, fashion trends play a moderating role in shaping the relationship between weather conditions and color preference. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of the weather's influence on consumer behavior and offers valuable insights for retailers, enabling them to better anticipate changes in consumer preference under different weather conditions and reduce supply-demand imbalances.

Glass beads in a Dillybag: a cached assemblage from a rockshelter in Quinkan Country, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia

ABSTRACT In the 1970s, a rare assemblage of trade beads was discovered inside a woven plant fibre bag in a rockshelter (the ‘Dillybag site’) near Laura, Cape York Peninsula, Queensland. Cached post-1895, the bag held more than 4000 glass beads strung on cotton, nylon and hand-spun (possibly human) hair twine. Seventy-eight percent of beads showed some degree of damage from bead-on-bead contact, suggesting that the assemblage accumulated gradually over time. All beads on hair twine were minute or small, and potentially reveal consumer choice in their selection, as does the large proportion of red, white and black beads, suggesting a preference for customary colours. This cache is not only the largest collection of glass beads recovered from an archaeological context in Australia, but also speaks to the dynamism, agency and persistence of the Indigenous people of southeast Cape York Peninsula following invasion.

Ontogeny of Thyroid Hormone Signaling in the Retina of Zebrafish: Effects of Thyroidal Status on Retinal Morphology, Cell Survival, and Color Preference.

The retina is crucial for converting light into neuronal signals for visual perception. Understanding the retina's structure, function, and development is essential for vision research. It is known that the thyroid hormone (TH) receptor type beta 2 (TRβ2) is a key element in the regulation of cone differentiation in the retina, but other elements of TH signaling, such as transporters and enzyme deiodinases, have also been implicated in retinal cell development and survival. In the present study, we investigated the expression profile of genes involved in TH signaling and analyzed the impact of thyroidal status on retinal morphology, opsin expression, cell death/proliferation profile, as well as color preference behavior during the early retina development of zebrafish larvae. mRNA expression analysis on dissected whole eyes revealed that TH signaling elements gradually increase during eye development, with dio3b being the component that shows the most dramatic change. Mutations generated by CRISPR/CAS9 in the dio3b gene, but not in the thrb gene, modifies the structure of the retina. Disruption in TH level reduces the cell number of the ganglion cell layer, increases cell death, and modifies color preference, emphasizing the critical importance of precise TH regulation by its signaling elements for optimal retinal development and function.

Light spectrum effects on giant freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii: Larval development, survival and preferences

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different light spectra on growth, development indices, survival and color preferences in Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae. First (trial 1, 25 days), prawns (100 larvae/L) were randomly allocated to 30 cylindrical plastic containers (1 L). This trial was designed with five treatments (light spectra) and six replications: red light, blue light, green light and white light or absence of light (controls) in the 12:12 light:dark (LD) cycle. Next (trial 2), 30 groups of five larvae in two different development stages (VII and XI) were allocated to a system of compartments with different lights: white, red, blue or green. This system was connected by tubes to enable light spectra choices. Final weight, weight gain, consumption and metamorphosis significantly improved under the white light condition versus the other tested groups (p<0.05). Survival, the Larval Stage Index, the Larval Condition Index and final biomass clearly improved under the white light condition (p<0.05). Conversely, the red light and no light conditions obtained unsatisfactory results. White light was preferred in larvae stage VII (p<0.05), but this behavior changed to blue when prawns reached life stage XI (p<0.05). These findings suggest that white light may be the best choice to optimize larval growth and survival, while color preferences may vary with development stage.

Colours in clothes and psychological functioning: the impact on emotions and self-esteem

Background: Colours are the object of study in various areas of humanitarian sciences, such as linguistics, cultural studies, and art. In psychology, the effects of colour on behaviour and emotional states are analyzed. The purpose of this research is to explore the preference for colours in clothes Indian students wear and report the results of the “Colour Challenge Week” project. Methods: Simultaneous mixed methods were used in this study: qualitative (a survey, documents analysis: students’ reports) and quantitative (two standardized tests: The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the PANAS-SF). Results: The article introduces the survey results among 246 university students aged 18-22 from different states of India. It shows the colours black, white, and blue in clothes are of preference. Pearson’s Chi-Square test was used to examine the Frequency distribution of values. To find the answer to the research question: “What is the impact of colours in clothes on students’ emotions and self-esteem?” a thematic analysis of students’ reports was performed. Conclusions: The exploration of this topic is far from complete and to uncover all relationships further intensive research is required. Future studies are recommended utilizing bigger sample sizes with a more equal proportion of males to females

Physical Characteristics, Moisture Content and Organoleptic Properties of Afkir Laying Hen Meat with Different Marination Durations in Pineapple Crown Extract

Afkir laying hen meat has a tough texture, making it less desirable to consumers. Pineapple crown extract is known to improve the texture of spent laying hen meat due to its bromelain enzyme content. This study aims to determine the effect of marination duration using pineapple crown extract on the pH, cooking loss, water content, water holding capacity, texture, and organoleptic value of spent laying hen meat. The study was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with 4 treatments (different marination times of 0, 2, 4, and 6 hours) and 5 replications. The parameters observed in this study included pH, cooking loss, water content, water holding capacity, texture, and organoleptic values. Test data were analyzed statistically using Analysis of Variance with a 5% significance level, and if significant effects were found, the analysis was followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. Organoleptic test data were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis method, and if there were significant effects, further analysis was conducted using the Mann-Whitney test. The results showed a significant effect (P&lt;0.05) of marination time using pineapple crown extract on the pH, water content, and organoleptic parameters, including taste, texture, color, and overall preference, with no significant effect (P&gt;0.05) on cooking loss, water holding capacity, or the aroma attribute in the organoleptic test. Marination time also decreased the toughness of afkir laying hen meat texture, as analyzed descriptively. Marination for 2-6 hours decreased pH and water content, tenderized the texture, and improved meat preference. Keywords: Afkir laying hen; bromelain; tenderness; pineapple crown; marination

Modeling the Effect of Greenways’ Multilevel Visual Characteristics on Thermal Perception in Summer Based on Bayesian Network and Computer Vision

The aim of this study is to reveal the effects of multilevel visual characteristics of greenways on thermal perception in hot and humid regions during summer and to explore the potential of visual design to enhance psychological thermal comfort. Data on light (L), color (C), plant richness (PR), space openness (SO), scenic view (SV), thermal sensation (TS), and thermal preference (TP) were collected through questionnaires (n = 546). Computer vision technology was applied to measure the green view index (GVI), sky view index (SVI), paving index (PI), spatial enclosure (SE), and water index (WI). Using the hill climbing algorithm in R to construct a Bayesian network, model validation results indicated prediction accuracies of 0.799 for TS and 0.838 for TP. The results showed that: (1) SE, WI, and SV significantly positively influence TS, while L significantly negatively influences TS (R2 = 0.6805, p-value &lt; 0.05); (2) WI, TS, and SV significantly positively influence TP (R2 = 0.759, p-value &lt; 0.05).

THE EFFECT OF CINNAMON EXTRACT ON ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY, TOTAL BAL, PH, AND HEDONICS OF RED BEET YOGHURT

Red beet yogurt needs improvement, especially in terms of flavor. The addition of cinnamon can improve hedonic quality, especially aroma, taste, and overall acceptance. This study aims to determine the effect of cinnamon extract on antioxidant activity, total LAB, pH, and hedonic. The research method used RAL with the addition of cinnamon extract 0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7%. Antioxidants were tested using the DPPH method, total LAB was calculated using the TPC method, pH was measured using a pH meter, and hedonic using the scoring method. The results showed that the addition of cinnamon extract had a significant effect (p&lt;0.05) on total LAB, pH, and hedonic with attributes of aroma, color, taste, texture, and overall preference. The most optimal treatment was a cinnamon extract concentration of 0.3% because it produced an optimum level of preference with antioxidant activity of 22.41%, total LAB of 9.36 Log CFU/ml, and pH of 4.02.

Environmental therapy: interface design strategies for color graphics to assist navigational tasks in patients with visuospatial disorders through an analytic hierarchy process based on CIE color perception.

Environmental therapy theory has been applied in the research of disease prevention, and the effectiveness of using color and graphic designs to assist patients with spatial orientation has been confirmed. Visual-spatial impairments are common symptoms associated with cognitive decline. However, the interaction and driving factors between these impairments and spatial color and graphic designs remain unclear. This paper first discusses the correlation between the characteristics of visual-spatial impairments and environmental factors and then investigates the color preferences of such patients based on the CIE 1976 color system and the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Subsequently, the paper explores spatial design strategies conducive to spatial orientation from the perspective of adaptability to pathological characteristics, utilizing case study analysis. (1) Pathological characteristics of visual-spatial impairments (such as difficulties in spatial orientation and spatial neglect) are related to environmental factors; (2) Emotional attachment factors play a key role in patients' perception of satisfaction with environmental colors; (3) Color associations have the potential to strengthen spatial memory. Additionally, interface designs with high luminance, low saturation, and clear color differentiation facilitate patients' recognition of space. This paper posits that spatial interface design is a feasible approach to assist with spatial orientation, and it achieves this through a mediating process that progresses from influencing visual stimuli to cognitive memory and then to behavioral orientation. The article provides insights into the operational feasibility of this method.

Color perception and its relation to dental anxiety in children.

One of the major causes of dental anxiety in children is their first impression of the dental environment. Even minor details, such as the choice of color in a dental setting and the color of dental equipment, can positively influence a child's behavior. The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between the emotions in children and color combinations in a pediatric setting. The study involved 200 children (99 boys and 101 girls) aged between 6 and 12 years who visited the dental clinics at the College of Dentistry, Jazan University, for the first time between November 2017 and January 2018. The participants were divided into 2 groups based on age. The younger children group included participants aged from 6 to 9 years, while the older children group included participants aged from 10 to 12 years. Anxiety levels were recorded using the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale. Colored pencils and images of emoticons were provided to all children, who were instructed to color the negative and positive emoticons with their preferred colors. The analysis of anxiety levels among children in both groups revealed statistically significant differences across sexes in the younger age group, with girls being more anxious than boys (p = 0.003). Additionally, a statistically significant difference was observed in the choice of colors by children of both sexes in 2 age groups (p = 0.001). Most children were inclined towards bright colors and used them to express their emotions. The incorporation of colors in a dental setting could invoke positive emotions in children. Hence, the use of colors in the workplace has the potential to ease anxiety.