Prefabricated Foot Research Articles

Comparing Prefabricated and 3D Printed Foot Orthoses for the Management of Flat Foot Condition: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

To investigate the short-term effects of 3D-printed and prefabricated foot orthoses on the management of flat feet. In this single-blinded study, 63 patients with flat feet were enrolled via convenience sampling. They were randomly assigned to the control and experimental groups, receiving prefabricated and customized 3D-printed foot orthoses, respectively. The assessment tools included a Visual analog scale (VAS) and a modified Quebec User Evaluation of Satisfaction with Assistive Technology (QUEST) questionnaire. The patients scored their pain at weeks 0 and 4 using the VAS. At the end of week 4, patients completed the modified version of the QUEST questionnaire to record their satisfaction with the orthosis. VAS scores at week 0 for the two groups were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). At week 4, the VAS scores of the experimental group reduced significantly (p < 0.001), whereas the VAS scores of the control group remained statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). Modified QUEST questionnaire analysis revealed higher satisfaction with orthosis comfort and effectiveness in the experimental group than in the control, while factors like orthosis dimensions, weight, and durability did not differ significantly between groups. Customized 3D-printed orthoses effectively reduced pain and enhanced patient satisfaction with comfort and effectiveness in 4 weeks.

Simplified restoring force model of earthquake-resilient prefabricated column foot joint with lateral force-resisting energy-consuming device

Achieving controlled damage and earthquake resilience of column foot joints is the key to improving the overall performance of the structure. Besides, the restoring force model of the joint is the basis of seismic analysis of the structural system. Based on the new type of earthquake-resilient prefabricated column foot joint (PCFJ) with lateral force-resisting energy-consuming device (LRECD) previously proposed by the authors, the seismic performance of PCFJ is demonstrated by means of finite element (FE) simulation, and a total of eight groups of 42 FE models are designed to establish the corresponding restoring force model of PCFJ in this paper. The critical data, such as skeleton curves and hysteresis curves, are obtained. Then, based on the curve development law and the test data of full-scale specimen, a tri-linear simplified skeleton curve model and a three-stage simplified restoring force model are proposed and the key parameters are determined. The research shows that the new prefabricated column foot joint has good seismic performance, energy dissipation capacity, and it can be used as a damper. In the absence of sufficient test data samples, the established modified simplified restoring force model is in good agreement with the simulation results and test results, which can reflect the hysteresis performance of this new joint and provide a theoretical basis for the seismic analysis of PCFJs.

Design theory of earthquake-resilient prefabricated column foot joint with lateral force-resisting energy-consuming device

Based on the design concepts of damage control and concentrated energy consumption of key energy-consuming components, this paper puts forward an earthquake-resilient prefabricated column foot joint. Expounds the structural composition, advantages and seismic design requirements of this new type column foot joint in detail. After comprehensively considering the mechanical mechanism of the column foot joint, the load-bearing capacity correction coefficient and the height ratio of lateral force-resisting shear member (LRSM) inflection point are introduced, and the design theory is established accordingly, including the dimension of LRSMs, the number of connecting bolts and the stiffness of connecting beams. The rationality and applicability of the proposed design theory are verified by 18 groups of 90 finite element models, and several test specimens. The research shows that the design theory proposed in this paper can accurately predict the yield load and initial stiffness of the new type column foot joint, and effectively control the bolt slip time and the connecting beam failure time. The new column foot joint designed according to this design theory has excellent bearing capacity and ductility. The plastic damage of this joint can be basically controlled on the lateral force-resisting energy-consuming device (LRECD), which has the premise of earthquake-resilient.

Plantar pressure distribution during running with a self-customized foot orthosis in a home microwave

The individualization of a custom-made foot orthosis could provide improvements in plantar loading distribution regarding a prefabricated one. However, not all runners can afford it because of its high cost. A new type of low-cost prefabricated foot orthoses with self-customization could be the solution. The aim of the study was to evaluate if self-customized prefabricated foot orthoses (SCFO) could improve plantar pressure distribution with respect to generic prefabricated ones without customization, during the intense prolonged running. Thirty healthy recreational runners performed two tests of 30 min running on a treadmill, each one with a foot orthosis condition, on different days. Mean peak pressure, pressure–time integral, relative pressure and stance time were measured at the beginning and at the end of the tests. Plantar pressure data were analyzed in nine foot regions. Two-way repeated-measures ANOVAs were performed. SCFO reduced relative pressure in metatarsals (P < 0.005) and lateral heel (P = 0.004), thanks to a greater involvement of arch area in mean peak pressure (medial: P = 0.006 and lateral: P = 0.019) and relative pressure (P < 0.001). In general, prolonged run increased pressures in forefoot, in both foot orthosis, but with lower values in metatarsals with SCFO (P < 0.022), which also helped reduce relative pressure in midfoot (P = 0.007) and medial heel (P = 0.035). Stance time was not modified in any case (P > 0.05). In conclusion, customization and better fit of a low-cost prefabricated foot orthosis can improve plantar pressure distribution during a prolonged run, being a good prevention mechanism for plantar overloading in healthy runners.

Self-management advice, exercise and foot orthoses for plantar heel pain: the TREADON pilot and feasibility randomised trial

BackgroundPlantar heel pain (PHP) is common and impacts negatively on physical function and quality of life. Initial treatment usually comprises analgesia and self-management advice (SMA), with referral to a physiotherapist or podiatrist recommended only when symptoms persist. Systematic reviews highlight limitations of existing evidence for the effectiveness of exercises and orthoses. The objective of the TREADON pilot and feasibility trial was to inform the design of a future main trial to compare the clinical and cost-effectiveness of self-management advice (SMA), individualised exercises and foot orthoses for PHP.MethodsThis was a four-arm randomised feasibility and pilot trial with 12-week follow-up. Adults aged ≥ 18 years with PHP were identified from primary care by general practice consultation, retrospective general practice medical record review or a population survey. Participants were randomised to either (i) SMA, (ii) SMA plus individualised exercises (SMA-exercises), (iii) SMA plus prefabricated foot orthoses (SMA-orthoses) or (iv) SMA plus combined individualised exercises and prefabricated foot orthoses (SMA-combined). Feasibility outcomes were recruitment; retention; intervention adherence, credibility and satisfaction; performance of three potential primary outcome measures (pain numeric rating scale (NRS), Foot Function Index-pain subscale (FFI-pain), Manchester Foot Pain and Disability Index-pain subscale (MFPDI-pain)); and parameters for informing the main trial sample size calculation.ResultsEighty-two participants were recruited. All three identification methods met the target number of participants. Retention at 12 weeks was 67%. All interventions were successfully delivered as per protocol. Adherence (range over 12 weeks 64–100%) and credibility (93%) were highest in the SMA-combined arm. Satisfaction with treatment was higher for the three clinician-supported interventions (SMA 29%, SMA-exercises 72%, SMA-orthoses 71%, SMA-combined 73%). Responsiveness (baseline to 12 weeks) was higher for FFI-pain (standardised response mean 0.96) and pain NRS (1.04) than MFPDI-pain (0.57). Conservative sample size parameter estimates for standard deviation were pain NRS 2.5, FFI-pain 25 and MFPDI-pain 4, and baseline-outcome correlations were 0.5–0.6, 0.4 and < 0.3, respectively.ConclusionsWe demonstrated the feasibility of conducting a future main randomised clinical trial comparing the clinical and cost-effectiveness of SMA, exercises and/or foot orthoses for PHP.Trial registration numberISRCTN 12160508. Prospectively registered 5th July 2016.

An exploratory study investigating the effect of foot type and foot orthoses on gluteus medius muscle activity

BackgroundAbnormal gluteus medius muscle activity is associated with a number of musculoskeletal conditions. Research investigating the effect of foot type and foot orthoses on gluteus medius muscle activity is both conflicting and limited. The primary aim was to investigate the relationship between foot type and gluteus medius muscle activity during shod walking. The secondary aims of this study were to explore the effect and amount of usage of a pair of unmodified prefabricated foot orthoses on gluteus medius muscle activity during shod walking.MethodsFoot type was determined using the foot posture index and gluteus medius muscle activity was measured with surface electromyography in 50 healthy adults during shod walking. Participants were then fitted with prefabricated foot orthoses and required to return after 4 weeks. Pearson’s correlation and one-way ANOVA were used to determine effect of foot type. Paired t-tests and ANCOVA were used to determine effect of foot orthoses.ResultsParticipants with a cavus foot type demonstrated significantly more gluteus medius mean (p = 0.04) and peak amplitude (p = 0.01), and a greater range in amplitude (p = 0.01) compared to participants with a neutral foot type. Compared to a planus foot type, participants with a cavus foot type demonstrated significantly larger mean (p = 0.02) and peak amplitude (p = 0.01), and a greater range in amplitude (p = 0.01). Prefabricated foot orthoses did not change the gluteus medius muscle activity.ConclusionWhen assessing healthy adults with a cavus foot type, clinicians and researchers should be aware that these participants may display higher levels of gluteus medius muscle activity during gait compared to neutral and planus type feet. Additionally, clinicians and researchers should be aware that the type of prefabricated foot orthoses used did not change gluteus medius muscle activity over 4 weeks. Future research should aim to explore this relationship between foot type and gluteus medius muscle activity in larger sample sizes, consider the potential role of other lower extremity muscles and biomechanical variables, and investigate if these findings also occur in people with pathology.

Effect of custom-made and prefabricated foot orthoses on kinematic parameters during an intense prolonged run.

Foot orthoses are one of the most used strategies by healthy runners in injury prevention and performance improvement. However, their effect on running kinematics throughout an intense prolonged run in this population is unknown. Moreover, there is some controversy regarding the use of custom-made versus prefabricated foot orthoses. This study analysed the effect of different foot orthoses (custom-made, prefabricated and a control condition) on spatio-temporal and angular (knee flexion and foot eversion) kinematic parameters and their behaviour during an intense prolonged run. Twenty-four recreational runners performed three similar tests that consisted of running 20 min on a treadmill at 80% of their maximal aerobic speed, each one with a different foot orthosis condition. Contact and flight time, and stride length and stride rate were measured every 5 min by an optical measurement photoelectric cell system. Knee flexion and foot eversion kinematic parameters were measured by two high-speed cameras. No significant differences were found between the different foot orthoses in any of the time points studied and between the interaction of foot orthosis and behaviour over time, in any of the variables studied (P > 0.05). The use of custom-made and prefabricated foot orthoses during an intense prolonged run does not produce changes in spatio-temporal and kinematic parameters in healthy runners. These results suggest that a healthy runner maintains its ideal movement pattern throughout a 20 minute prolonged run, regardless the type of foot orthosis used.

Effects of prefabricated and custom-made foot orthoses on skin temperature of the foot soles after running

Objective: Foot orthoses are increasingly used by runners despite the controversy about whether their use can reduce the risk of overuse injuries. Some authors have found modifications in plantar pressures with the use of foot orthoses, which could produce changes in the surface skin temperature of the foot soles. The aim of this study was to analyse the effects of custom-made and prefabricated foot orthoses on the skin temperature of different regions of both foot soles after running. Approach: Twenty-four participants carried out a maximal aerobic speed test as a pre-test, and three running tests at the laboratory wearing different foot orthoses conditions (control, prefabricated and custom-made) previously randomized. Skin temperature of four regions of interest of the foot soles was assessed before, immediately after and ten minutes after running. Main results: The use of prefabricated and custom-made foot orthoses did not produce changes on skin temperature of the foot soles neither in absolute temperatures (p > 0.05), nor in temperature variations: between immediately after and before running (p > 0.05), and between ten minutes after and immediately after running (p > 0.05). Otherwise, higher values were found with no insoles than with prefabricated foot orthoses, 10 min after running in relation to before running, in forefoot [mean (standard deviation): 5.6 (2.4) versus 3.7 (2.7) °C; p = 0.02; effect size (ESd) = 0.72], midfoot [3.7 (1.5) versus 2.7 (1.5) °C; p = 0.03; ESd = 0.65] and rearfoot [4.18 (2.05) versus 2.9 (1.82) °C; p = 0.02; ESd = 0.64)]. Significance: In conclusion, the use of foot orthoses, in general, does not affect the surface skin temperature of the foot soles after an intense run.

Comparison of plantar pressure distribution in CAD–CAM and prefabricated foot orthoses in patients with flexible flatfeet

BackgroundsThe effect of foot orthoses on plantar pressure distribution has been proven by researchers but there are some controversies about advantages of custom-made foot orthoses to less expensive prefabricated foot orthoses. MethodsNineteen flatfeet adults between 18 and 45 participated in this study. CAD–CAM foot orthoses were made for these patients according to their foot scan. Prefabricated foot orthoses were prepared according to their foot size. Plantar pressure, force and contact area were measured using pedar®-x in-shoe system wearing shoe alone, wearing CAD–CAM foot orthoses and wearing prefabricated foot orthoses. Repeated measures ANOVA model with post-hoc, Bonferroni comparison were used to test differences. ResultsCAD–CAM and prefabricated foot orthoses both decreased pressure and force under 2nd, 3–5 metatarsal and heel regions comparing to shoe alone condition. CAD–CAM foot orthosis increased pressure under lateral toe region in comparison to shoe alone and prefabricated foot orthosis. Both foot orthoses increased pressure and contact area in medial midfoot region comparing to shoe alone condition. Increased forces were seen at hallux and lateral toes by prefabricated foot orthoses in comparison with CAD–CAM foot orthoses and control condition, respectively. ConclusionAccording to the results, both foot orthoses could decrease the pressure under heel and metatarsal area. It seems that the special design of CAD–CAM foot orthoses could not make great differences in plantar pressure distribution in this sample. Further research is required to determine whether these results are associated with different scan systems or design software.

Triceps surae activation is altered in male runners with Achilles tendinopathy

Achilles tendinopathy is a common injury in running sports however the exact etiology of Achilles injury is still unclear. In recent years, altered neuromotor recruitment patterns of the triceps surae have been hypothesized to create differential intra-tendinous loads leading to pathology; however, this hypothesis has not been investigated. Further, the effect foot orthoses may have on neuromotor recruitment of the triceps surae in Achilles tendinopathy has not been investigated. Methods: The electromyographic activity of the triceps surae was recorded during an over-ground running task. Fifteen Achilles injured participants and 19 asymptomatic controls were assessed in a footwear only condition. The Achilles injured participants were also assessed running in a pre-fabricated foot orthoses. Results: In Achilles injured participants, there was a significant difference between soleus and lateral gastrocnemius offset times during running compared to the asymptomatic controls (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in triceps surae muscle activity between the footwear only and footwear and orthoses condition in the Achilles injured participants. Conclusions: The finding that triceps surae activity is altered in participants with Achilles tendinopathy may have clinical importance as it suggests that intra-tendinous loads are altered which may contribute to pathological changes. Further, foot orthoses have no immediate effect on the neuromotor control of the triceps surae.

Clinical Predictors of Foot Orthoses Efficacy in Individuals with Patellofemoral Pain

There is emerging evidence that foot orthoses are effective in the management of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). However, the identification of those most likely to benefit from foot orthoses has not been adequately explored. The aim of this study was to develop a preliminary clinical prediction rule to help identify individuals with PFPS who are most likely to benefit from foot orthoses. A total of 60 individuals with PFPS were issued with noncustomized prefabricated foot orthoses containing built-in arch supports and 4° rear foot varus wedging. Patient-reported level of improvement was documented at 12 wk. Potential baseline predictor variables of interest included patient demographics, pain characteristics, footwear motion control properties, foot and ankle characteristics, and functional performance measures. Fourteen (25%) participants reported marked improvement at 12 wk. The number of participants with marked improvement increased to 78% if three of the following four criteria were met: footwear motion control properties score of <5.0 (indicative of less supportive footwear), usual pain <22.0 mm, ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (knee flexed) <41°, and reduced single-leg squat pain when wearing the orthoses. Individuals with PFPS who wear less supportive footwear, report lower levels of pain, exhibit less ankle dorsiflexion range of motion, and report an immediate reduction in pain with foot orthoses when performing a single-leg squat are more likely to benefit from foot orthoses.

Pressure-relieving properties of various shoe inserts in older people with plantar heel pain

Plantar heel pain is one of the most common musculoskeletal conditions affecting the foot and it is commonly experienced by older adults. Contoured foot orthoses and some heel inserts have been found to be effective for plantar heel pain, however the mechanism by which they achieve their effects is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of foot orthoses and heel inserts on plantar pressures in older adults with plantar heel pain. Thirty-six adults aged over 65 years with plantar heel pain participated in the study. Using the in-shoe Pedar ® system, plantar pressure data were recorded while participants walked along an 8 m walkway wearing a standardised shoe and 4 different shoe inserts. The shoe inserts consisted of a silicon heel cup, a soft foam heel pad, a heel lift and a prefabricated foot orthosis. Data were collected for the heel, midfoot and forefoot. Statistically significant attenuation of heel peak plantar pressure was provided by 3 of the 4 shoe inserts. The greatest reduction was achieved by the prefabricated foot orthosis, which provided a fivefold reduction compared to the next most effective insert. The contoured nature of the prefabricated foot orthosis allowed for an increase in midfoot contact area, resulting in a greater redistribution of force. The prefabricated foot orthosis was also the only shoe insert that did not increase forefoot pressure. The findings from this study indicate that of the shoe inserts tested, the contoured prefabricated foot orthosis is the most effective at reducing pressure under the heel in older people with heel pain.

Quality of single leg squat performance is associated with clinical improvements with foot orthoses in people with patellofemoral pain syndrome

Introduction: There is growing evidence supporting pre-fabricated foot orthoses for the treatment of patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). However, research to identify those most likely to benefit from the provision of foot orthoses is currently limited. Methodology: Twenty-three individuals (mean 25 years; range 18–35 years) with PFPS were issued three quarter length pre-fabricated foot orthoses (Vasyli Pro, Vasyli International). At baseline, single leg squat (SLSq) quality with and without foot orthoses in each participant was assessed using a novel assessment tool applied by an experienced and reliable assessor (Intra-rater K=0.615).

Effects of prefabricated foot orthoses on pain and function in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome: A cohort study

Objectives This study evaluated the effects of unmodified prefabricated foot orthoses over a 12-week period on functional performance; and subjective pain and function in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Design Prospective cohort study over 12 weeks. Each participant was prescribed prefabricated foot orthoses at baseline. Participants Sixty individuals with PFPS (18–35 years). Main outcome measures : Change in pain and ease of completing a single leg squat; change in the number of pain free step downs and single leg rises from sitting; usual and worst pain in the previous week; the anterior knee pain scale (AKPS); and the lower extremity functional scale (LEFS). Results At 12 weeks, significant improvements in single leg squat pain and ease, and the number of pain free step downs and single leg rises from sitting were found. Additionally, significant reductions in usual and worst pain, and improvements on the AKPS and LEFS were observed. Conclusions Functional performance improvements following unmodified prefabricated foot orthoses were greater at 12 weeks that those achieved immediately. Enhanced functional performance over time may have significant implications for osteoarthritis prevention in some individuals with PFPS. Improvements in subjective pain and function appear to plateau over time.

The immediate effects of foot orthoses on functional performance in individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome

ObjectivePatellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) often results in reduced functional performance. There is growing evidence for the use of foot orthoses to treat this multifactorial condition. In this study, the immediate...

The Immediate Effects Of Foot Orthoses On Functional Performance In Individuals With Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome

Symptoms due to patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) often result in recurrent or chronic knee pain and significantly affect functional performance. Although there is some evidence supporting the use of foot orthoses to treat this multifactorial condition, the effects of foot orthoses on functional performance is unclear. PURPOSE: Evaluate the immediate effects of foot orthoses on functional performance, and the association of foot posture and footwear with improved function. METHODS: A cohort of 52 individuals with PFPS (18 - 35 years) was recruited. Each participant was prescribed standard prefabricated foot orthoses (Vasyli Pro, Vasyli International) to wear in their own footwear. Four functional outcome measures were evaluated including the change in pain and ease of a single leg squat on a 5-point Likert scale using Wilcoxin sign rank statistics, and change in the number of pain free step down and single leg rises from sitting using independent t-tests. The association of foot posture using the Foot Posture Index, normalised navicular drop, and calcaneal angle relative to subtalar joint neutral, and the footwear motion control properties scale score with improved function was evaluated using Spearman's rho statistics. RESULTS The majority (between 71 and 83%) of participants demonstrated reduced functional performance for each of the tests evaluated. Prefabricated foot orthoses produced significant improvements (p <.05) for all functional outcome measures. A more pronated foot type was found to be associated with reduced pain and improved ease of completing a single leg squat, and improvements in the number of pain free single leg rises from sitting after foot orthoses prescription (p <.05). Additionally, poorer motion control properties of participant's footwear were found to be associated with reduced pain during the single leg squat and improvements in the number of pain free single leg rises from sitting after foot orthoses prescription (p <.05). CONCLUSION: Prefabricated foot orthoses are able provide immediate improvements to functional performance in individuals with PFPS. Improved functional performance with foot orthoses is associated with a more pronated foot type and poorer footwear motion control properties.

Influence of High Heeled Footwear and Pre-fabricated Foot Orthoses on Energy Efficiency in Ambulation

Influence of High Heeled Footwear and Pre-fabricated Foot Orthoses on Energy Efficiency in Ambulation

Custom-made foot orthoses for the treatment of foot pain

Custom foot orthoses are commonly recommended for the treatment of foot pain. To evaluate the effectiveness of custom foot orthoses for different types of foot pain. We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2007, Issue 2), MEDLINE (from January 1966), EMBASE (from January 1980), CINAHL (from January 1982) and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) (to June 2007). We also contacted authors of included trials and known researchers in the field and checked the reference lists of included trials to identify trials. No language or publication restrictions were applied. Randomised controlled trials and controlled clinical trials evaluating custom-made foot orthoses for any type of foot pain. Outcomes included quantifiable levels of foot pain, function, disability, health-related quality of life, participant satisfaction, adverse effects and compliance. Two authors independently selected trials, rated methodological quality and cross checked data extraction. Data were analysed separately for different diagnoses of foot pain and follow-up time points. Eleven trials involving 1332 participants were included: five trials evaluated custom-made foot orthoses for plantar fasciitis (691 participants); three for foot pain in rheumatoid arthritis (231 participants); and one each for foot pain in pes cavus (154 participants), hallux valgus (209 participants) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) (47 participants). Comparisons to custom-made foot orthoses included sham orthoses; no intervention; standardised interventions given to all participants; non-custom (prefabricated) foot orthoses; combined manipulation, mobilisation or stretching; night splints; and surgery. Follow up ranged from one week to three years. Custom-made foot orthoses were effective for painful pes cavus (NNTB:5), rearfoot pain in rheumatoid arthritis (NNTB:4), foot pain in JIA (NNTB:3) and painful hallux valgus (NNTB:6); however, surgery was even more effective for hallux valgus and non-custom foot orthoses appeared just as effective for JIA but the analysis may have lacked sufficient power to detect a difference in effect. It is unclear if custom-made foot orthoses were effective for plantar fasciitis or metatarsophalangeal joint pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Custom-made foot orthoses were a safe intervention in all studies. There is limited evidence on which to base clinical decisions regarding the prescription of custom-made foot orthoses for the treatment of foot pain. Currently, there is gold level evidence for painful pes cavus and silver level evidence for foot pain in JIA, rheumatoid arthritis, plantar fasciitis and hallux valgus.

Qualitative analysis of polyethylene particles extracted from bovine serum used in a hip simulator

The effect of foot orthoses on plantar pressure distribution has been proven by researchers but there are some controversies about advantages of custom-made foot orthoses to less expensive prefabricated foot orthoses.Nineteen flatfeet adults between 18 and 45 participated in this study. CAD–CAM foot orthoses were made for these patients according to their foot scan. Prefabricated foot orthoses were prepared according to their foot size. Plantar pressure, force and contact area were measured using pedar®-x in-shoe system wearing shoe alone, wearing CAD–CAM foot orthoses and wearing prefabricated foot orthoses. Repeated measures ANOVA model with post-hoc, Bonferroni comparison were used to test differences.CAD–CAM and prefabricated foot orthoses both decreased pressure and force under 2nd, 3–5 metatarsal and heel regions comparing to shoe alone condition. CAD–CAM foot orthosis increased pressure under lateral toe region in comparison to shoe alone and prefabricated foot orthosis. Both foot orthoses increased pressure and contact area in medial midfoot region comparing to shoe alone condition. Increased forces were seen at hallux and lateral toes by prefabricated foot orthoses in comparison with CAD–CAM foot orthoses and control condition, respectively.According to the results, both foot orthoses could decrease the pressure under heel and metatarsal area. It seems that the special design of CAD–CAM foot orthoses could not make great differences in plantar pressure distribution in this sample. Further research is required to determine whether these results are associated with different scan systems or design software.