Duration Of Predominant Breastfeeding Research Articles

Adapted goat’s milk formula as an alternative to standard cow’s milk formula in healthy infants and in the presence of symptoms of gastrointestinal discomfort

If mothers eat a balanced diet, their breast milk provides their babies with the high-quality nutrients essential for their growth, development and preservation of health. However, the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation finds that the percentage of infants that are breastfed at 3 to 6 months of age is 43.9% and at 6 to 12 months is 39.2%. At the same time, the average duration of exclusive breastfeeding is only 1 month as compared to 6 months recommended by the World Health Organization, predominant breastfeeding duration is 4 months, and the total duration is 10.6 months. There are a number of reasons and circumstances why an infant is deprived of mother’s milk. But the introduction of supplementary feeding or transition of an infant fully to formula feeding should be rigorously justified. The review presents current data on the composition of goat’s milk formula line. It noted its unique physicochemical properties as compared to the standard cow’s milk formulas. The effectiveness and benefits of using a goat’s milk formula have been shown not only in healthy infants, but also in the presence of minimal functional gastrointestinal symptoms. It highlights the features of the unique fat component of the modern goat’s milk formula with DigestX® lipid complex based on a vegetable oil complex using triglycerides of specific structure, which brings the product composition closer to the fatty-acid profile of the breast milk. The article also speaks about the structural individualization of goat milk: the predominance of low-molecular-weight proteins, low or zero levels of αS1-casein, the absence of β-A1-casein, the presence of oligosaccharides and relatively high natural levels of some vitamins and minerals.

Breastfeeding is associated with the intelligence of school-age children in Mexico.

Breastfeeding has been consistently associated with higher intelligence since childhood. However, this relation could be confounded due to maternal selection bias. We estimated the association between predominant breastfeeding and intelligence in school-age children considering potential selection bias and we simulated the intelligence gap reduction between low versus higher socioeconomic status children by increasing breastfeeding. We analysed predominant breastfeeding practices (breastmilk and water-based liquids) of children 0-3 years included in the Mexican Family Life Survey (MxFLS-1). Intelligence was estimated as the z-score of the abbreviated Raven score, measured at 6-12 years in the MxFLS-2 or MxFLS-3. We predicted breastfeeding duration among children with censored data with a Poisson model. We used the Heckman selection model to assess the association between breastfeeding and intelligence, correcting for selection bias and stratified by socioeconomic status. Results show after controlling for selection bias, a 1-month increase in predominant breastfeeding duration was associated with a 0.02 SD increase in the Raven z-score (p < 0.05). The children who were predominantly breastfed for 4-6 months versus <1 month had 0.16 SD higher Raven z-score (p < 0.05). No associations were found using multiple linear regression models. Among low socioeconomic status children, increasing predominantly breastfeeding duration to 6 months would increase their mean Raven z-score from -0.14 to -0.07 SD and reduce by 12.5% the intelligence gap with high socioeconomic status children. In conclusion, predominant breastfeeding duration was significantly associated with childhood intelligence after controlling for maternal selection bias. Increased breastfeeding duration may reduce poverty-driven intelligence inequities.

Breastfeeding initiation or duration and longitudinal patterns of infections up to 2 years and skin rash and respiratory symptoms up to 8 years in the EDEN mother-child cohort.

This paper aimed to examine the effect of breastfeeding on longitudinal patterns of common infections up to 2 years and respiratory symptoms up to 8 years. To assess the incidence and reoccurrence of infections and allergic symptoms in the first years of life among 1,603 children from the EDEN mother–child cohort, distinct longitudinal patterns of infectious diseases as well as skin rash and respiratory symptoms were identified by group‐based trajectory modelling. To characterize infections, we considered the parent‐reported number of cold/nasopharyngitis and diarrhoea from birth to 12 months and otitis and bronchitis/bronchiolitis from birth to 2 years. To characterize allergy‐related symptoms, we considered the parent‐reported occurrence of wheezing and skin rash from 8 months to 8 years and asthma from 2 to 8 years. Then associations between breastfeeding and these longitudinal patterns were assessed through adjusted multinomial logistic regression. Compared with never‐breastfed infants, ever‐breastfed infants were at a lower risk of diarrhoea events in early infancy as well as infrequent events of bronchitis/bronchiolitis throughout infancy. Only predominant breastfeeding duration was related to frequent events of bronchitis/bronchiolitis and infrequent events of otitis. We found no significant protective effect of breastfeeding on longitudinal patterns of cold/nasopharyngitis, skin rash, or respiratory symptoms. For an infant population with a short breastfeeding duration, on average, our study confirmed a protective effect of breastfeeding on diarrhoea events in early infancy, infrequent bronchitis/bronchiolitis and, to a lesser extent, infrequent otitis events up to 2 years but not on other infections, skin rash, or respiratory symptoms4.

Protective benefit of predominant breastfeeding against otitis media may be limited to early childhood: results from a prospective birth cohort study.

To examine the long-term effects of predominant breastfeeding on incidence of otitis media. Prospective birth cohort study. The West Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study recruited 2900 mothers through antenatal clinics at the major tertiary obstetric hospital in Perth, Western Australia, between 1989 and 1992. In total, 2237 children participated in a 6-year cohort follow-up, and a subset of 1344 were given ear and hearing assessments. OM diagnosis at 6 years of age (diagnosed by low-compliance tympanograms, 0-0.1 mmho). This was compared to OM diagnosed at the 3-year cohort follow-up using parent-report measures. Main exposure measures were duration of predominant breastfeeding (defined as the age other milk was introduced) and duration of partial (any) breastfeeding (defined as the age breastfeeding was stopped). There was a significant, independent association between predominant breastfeeding (OR = 1.33 [1.04, 1.69]; P = 0.02) and OM, and breastfeeding duration (OR = 1.35 [1.08, 1.68]; P = 0.01) with OM at 3 years of age. However, at 6 years of age, this relationship was no longer statistically significant (predominant breastfeeding OR = 0.78 [0.48, 1.06]; P = 0.09; duration of breastfeeding, OR = 1.34 [0.81, 2.23]; P = 0.25). Our findings are in line with a number of epidemiological studies which show a positive association between breastfeeding and OM in early childhood. However, the long-term follow-up of these children revealed that by 6 years of age, there was no significant influence of breastfeeding on presence of OM. These results suggest that the protective effect of predominant breastfeeding for at least 6 months does not extend to school-age children, where other social and environmental factors may be stronger predictors of OM.

Faulty Breast Feeding Practice : A Risk Factor in Malnourished Children

Background: The predominant form of malnutrition is commonly called proteincalorie malnutrition. Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) is still a major health problem in children of developing countries including Bangladesh. The causes of malnutrition are multifactorial including nutritional factors, socioeconomic factors, health status of the mothers and repeated infections in children.Objective: To explore the information regarding the breast feeding practices of children suffering from Protein-Energy Malnutrition.Methods: This case control study was conducted in Chittagong Medical College Hospital from November 2006 to April 2007. A total of 65 controls and 65 cases were selected consecutively for the purpose of the study. Their mothers were interviewed with help of structured questionnaire containing all the variables of interest to attain the study objectives. The test statistics used to analyze the data were descriptive statistics and Chi-square (c2) or Fisher’s Exact Probability Test.Results: A significantly higher frequency of cases (67.7%) were given pre-lacteal feed, predominantly honey and sugar-water compared to control group (41.5%) (p = 0.008). Nearly 100% of controls were given colostrums compared to 75% of the cases. About one-third (31.3%) of the cases was exclusively breast-fed in comparison to 58.5% of the control group (p = 0.003). Over onequarter (27.7%) of the control were breast-fed upto 6 months of age, as opposed to only 1.5% cases (p &lt; 0.001). Duration of predominant breast feeding for more than 6 months of age was also significantly higher in control group than that in case group (p = 0.001). Breast milk substitutes demonstrate their significant presence in cases (38.5%) than that in controls (9%) (p = 0.003).Conclusion: The study showed that rejection of colostrums, practice of prelacteal feeding, delayed initiation of breast feeding, early cessation of exclusive breast feeding and use of formula milk all were significantly higher in the malnourished group of children than those in their normal counterpart.Chatt Maa Shi Hosp Med Coll J; Vol.14 (2); Jul 2015; Page 43-47

Exploring the influence of breastfeeding on abdominal adiposity in young children using the waist to height ratio

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the duration of predominant breastfeeding and the waist to height ratio—a validated index of abdominal adiposity.MethodsWaist to height ratio (waist circumference/height, both in centimetres) and body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m2) ) were collected from 896 children aged 5.00–7.99 years. Mothers of these children reported on early feeding behaviour and indicated their highest level of education attained. The 75th and 95th percentiles were used to define high and very high waist to height ratio. Overweight and obesity defined by body mass index were also included in the analyses.ResultsThere were a higher proportion of children ≥75th percentile for waist to height ratio among the never breastfed group compared to breastfed children. This was statistically significant only in females (P = 0.002). Females predominantly breastfed for 4–6 months (P = 0.003) and &gt;12 months (P = 0.006) had significantly lower mean waist to height ratio than those never breastfed. A similar pattern emerged with body mass index. Among males, delaying solids for ≥6 months was associated with significant decreases in waist to height ratio and body mass index. Females were six times more likely to have waist to height ratio ≥95th percentile than children predominantly breastfed for 4–6 months. This was statistically significant. Increasing maternal education was related to breastfeeding duration.ConclusionPrevalence of overweight and high abdominal adiposity was significantly greater among females who were never breastfed. Females who were predominantly breastfed for at least 4–6 months had the lowest mean waist to height ratio and body mass index and also the greatest reduction in the risk of very high waist to height ratios.

Estimated prevalence and predictors of undernutrition among children aged 5-17 months in Yerevan, Armenia.

Child undernutrition is a serious public health problem in many low- and middle-income countries. Data on child undernutrition prevalence and its risk factors in Armenia are limited. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence and explore the predictors of undernutrition among children aged 5-17 months in Yerevan. The study was cross-sectional and employed a review of the ambulatory charts of children selected through a multistage cluster sampling. This phase was followed by a case-control study. The cases were undernourished children identified during the record review and randomly matched with normally growing controls of the same age and gender from the same pool of records. Mothers of cases and controls participated in a telephone interview. The study used conditional logistic regression analysis. Yerevan, Armenia. Children aged 5-17 months residing in Yerevan, Armenia. Review of 570 ambulatory charts suggested the prevalence of stunting, underweight and wasting among 5-17-month-old children in Yerevan to be 17·9 %, 7·3 % and 3·1 %, respectively. The case-control study of eighty-nine matched pairs identified four significant predictors of child undernutrition: family's socio-economic status score (P = 0·030), child's length at birth (P = 0·027), duration of predominant breast-feeding (P = 0·046) and food diversity score (P = 0·039). The factors determining growth patterns of children in Yerevan are mostly behavioral and environmental, hence modifiable. Reducing poverty and inequalities in food availability, promoting breast-feeding and adequate complementary feeding, and ensuring optimal care before, during and after pregnancy are likely to help reduce child undernutrition in Yerevan, Armenia and societies with similar public health concerns.

Fatores associados ao aleitamento materno em dois municípios com baixo índice de desenvolvimento humano no Nordeste do Brasil

To determine the duration of breastfeeding and to identify factors associated with exclusive / predominant breastfeeding in children under two years old. This is a cross-sectional study conducted from March to June 2005 in the municipalities of Gameleira and São João do Tigre, located in the interior of Pernambuco and Paraiba States. The sample comprised 504 children under two years (280 residents in Gameleira and 224 in São João do Tigre). Survival analysis was used to estimate the median duration of survival time of breastfeeding and the associations with socioeconomic conditions, factors related to mothers and children and health care. The duration of exclusive and exclusive/predominant breastfeeding and breastfeeding were of 19, 79 and 179 days in Gameleira and 23, 91 and 169 days in São João do Tigre, respectively. Mothers with better socioeconomic conditions, as represented by education, sanitation, and possession of consumer goods, had a higher median duration of exclusive/ predominant breastfeeding in both towns. Prenatal care represented by higher number of attendance, earlier onset and feeding and breastfeeding advice had a positive influence on breastfeeding duration. Breastfeeding duration was lower than the recommendation. Despite the families precarious living conditions, a better socioeconomic status and prenatal care were protective factors for exclusive/ predominant breastfeeding duration in these areas.

PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO DDE AND LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS (LRTIS) IN INFANTS: THE INMA PROJECT

Background and Aims: Growing evidence suggests that prenatal exposure to organochlorine compounds (OCs), mainly polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and dichlorodiphenyl dichloroethylene (DDE), may increase the risk of respiratory infections in children through suspected immunotoxic mechanisms. Our aim is to examine, in the largest study so far, whether prenatal exposure to DDE increases the risk of LRTI in infants, and to isolate these effects from those of other OCs. Methods: The study is based on a cohort of 2150 mother-child pairs in Spain. Maternal serum concentrations of DDE and other OCs were measured during pregnancy. Parental reports of physician-confirmed diagnosis of LRTIs were obtained when children were 12-14 months old. Analyses were carried out separately for children from Spanish (N=1342) and Latin-American (N=79) mothers because of their different exposure profiles. Results: 35.4% of the children born to Spanish mothers developed at least one LRTI episode during their first 12-14 months of life. DDE exposure (median=116.3 ng/gr lipid) was associated with a higher risk of LRTIs (relative risk (95%CI) for 3rd quartile DDE exposure= 1.32 (1.08, 1.62)), which persisted after adjustment for other OCs (RR (95%CI) for 3rd quartile DDE = 1.38 (1.12, 1.71)). No association was found for other OCs. Stratified analyses showed that findings were homogeneous by study region, maternal smoking, maternal history of asthma and atopy, duration of predominant breastfeeding and maternal diet. Children born to Latin-American mothers, with much higher exposure to DDE (385.0 ng/gr lipid), showed a similar, but not statistically significant, increase in risk of LRTI with DDE exposure. Conclusions: Prenatal exposure to DDE is associated with higher risk of LRTIs in infants. Since LRTIs cause substantial morbidity in infancy and are a possible risk factor for subsequent childhood asthma, especial attention should be paid in countries where dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is nowadays used for malaria control.

Duration of breast feeding and language ability in middle childhood

There is controversy over whether increased breast-feeding duration has long-term benefits for language development. The current study examined whether the positive associations of breast feeding on language ability at age 5 years in the Western Australian Pregnancy (Raine) Cohort, were still present at age 10 years. The Raine Study is a longitudinal study of 2868 liveborn children recruited at approximately 18 weeks gestation. Breast-feeding data were based upon information prospectively collected during infancy, and were summarised according to four categories of breast-feeding duration: (1) never breast-fed, (2) breast-fed predominantly for <4 months, (3) breast-fed predominantly for 4-6 months, and (4) breast-fed predominantly for >6 months. Language ability was assessed in 1195 children at the 10 year follow-up (mean age = 10.58 years; standard deviation = 0.19) using the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Revised (PPVT-R), which is based around a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15. Associations between breast-feeding duration and PPVT-R scores were assessed before and after adjustment for a range of sociodemographic, obstetric and psychosocial covariates. Analysis of variance revealed a strong positive association between the duration of predominant breast feeding and PPVT-R at age 10 years. A multivariable linear regression analysis adjusted for covariates and found that children who were predominantly breast-fed for >6 months had a mean PPVT-R score that was 4.04 points higher than children who were never breast-fed. This compared with an increase of 3.56 points at age 5 years. Breast feeding for longer periods in early life has a positive and statistically-independent effect on language development in middle childhood.

Anthropometry and body composition of 18 year old men according to duration of breast feeding: birth cohort study from Brazil

Objective To assess the association between duration of breast feeding and measures of adiposity in adolescence.Design Population based birth cohort study.Setting Pelotas, a city of 320 000 inhabitants in a...

Breast feeding and respiratory morbidity in infancy: a birth cohort study

Aim: To examine the relation between the duration of breast feeding and morbidity as a result of respiratory illness and infection in the first year of life. Methods: Prospective birth...

Aleitamento materno e a prática de desmame em duas comunidades rurais de Piracicaba - SP

O aleitamento materno e a prática de desmame foram estudados em 76 crianças de 3 a 24 meses de idade pertencentes a 69 famílias de comunidades rurais de Piracicaba, SP, por meio de entrevistas. Foram analisadas as medianas da duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo, predominante (incluindo somente água e chá) e misto, utilizando-se a tábua de vida. O teste Wilcoxon foi aplicado para verificar as variáveis socioeconômicas e demográficas associadas com o tempo de aleitamento. A mediana da duração de aleitamento materno exclusivo foi de 3 dias para Anhumas e 30 dias para Santa Olímpia. O aleitamento predominante e o aleitamento misto prolongaram-se por 90 e 180 dias em Anhumas e 120 e 165 dias em Santa Olímpia, respectivamente. Somente o sexo da criança apresentou associação com a duração do aleitamento materno. Iniciou-se o processo de desmame especialmente com água, chás, leite de vaca fluido e sucos açucarados.

Histology of rectal gonorrhoea in men, with a note on anorectal infection with Neisseria meningitidis.

The histology of the rectal mucosa in 57 men with culturally-proven rectal gonorrhoea is described and the results compared with the findings in biopsies from 57 non-infected men. An acute inflammatory cell infiltration of the rectal mucosa was found in three (5.3%) and two (3.5%) infected and non-infected men respectively. Twenty-one (36.8%) men with rectal gonorrhoea and nine (15.8%) non-infected men had an increased number of chronic inflammatory cells in the lamina propria.