Predominance Of Excitation Research Articles

The relationship between reaction to a moving object with concentrations of biogenic amines and kynematic-dynamic parameters of complex coordination movement in elite alpine skiers

Aim of the study: to identify mutual interaction between the reaction to a moving object with functional state of the central nervous system and kinematic-dynamic parameters of complex coordination movement.Materials and methods: 9 elite alpine skiers were participated in this study. Visual-motor coordination variables were assessed by computer complex for psychophysiological testing NS-Psychotest (Neurosoft, Russia). Dynamic parameters of complex coordination movement during counter movement jump were registered on the MuscleLab Force Plate (Ergotest Innovation A.S., Norway). Quantitation of hormones — adrenaline and noradrenaline as well as neurotransmitters — dopamine and serotonin in blood samples was performed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph combined with triple quadrupole mass analyzer LCMS-8060 (Shimadzu, Japan).Results: a significant negative relationship between the maximum output of motor efforts during counter movement jump, mean reaction time and the number of negative reactions recorded within visual-motor coordination testing was documented. A reliable positive relationship between excitation processes, jump power and jump time was established. Increases in noradrenaline and serotonin concentrations are positively associated with the number of accurate reactions, whereas dopamine level was positively correlated with jump altitude.Conclusion: the predominance of excitation over inhibition processes in the central nervous system had a positive effect on reducing the time spent on counter moving and increasing the maximum power of movement. As applied to alpine skiers we registered the following relationship: the higher the speeds of signal perception and muscle activation when solving a visual-motor task, the higher the power of working efforts, the shorter the time of the eccentric phase and total time spent on performing counter movement jump.

Selection of Playing Style in Table Tennis Depending on the Complex of Psychophysiological Indices

The Research Purpose is typological predisposition and psychomotor indices studying directed on the table tennis playing style formation. The Methodology of the Research. 114 male tennis players: 5 Masters of Sports of International Class, 39 Masters of Sports, 38 Candidates for Masters, 32 athletes of the first category have been examined. Typological peculiarities, in particular, strength of nervous system relative to excitation; mobility-inertness of excitation and inhibition, external and internal balance have been studied. The Research Results. An offensive strategy is associated with the following typological features: the nervous system of high and average strength (amid the common to all tennis players’ weakness of the nervous system) as a reflection of their predominance of excitation in the external balance. Defensive strategy players are characterized by a high resistance to monotony, a greater expression of the nervous system weakness, and a predominance of inhibition according to internal balance. Mixed strategy players are distinguished by a relatively higher (than in defenders) strength of the nervous system, balance of excitation and inhibition processes, and greater mobility of excitation and inhibition processes. The offensive strategy players are characterized by higher motion pace and auto pace as compared to those of mixed and especially defensive strategy play. Defensive strategy players` time of simple and complex visual-motor reaction is significantly higher as compared to those who prefer the offensive strategy. Defensive and mixed strategy players have got the deferred reactions tend to dominate during the response to moving object, whereas offensive strategy players – premature responses are observed. In order to adequately perceive the current situation and have more time to decide on the proper response action, they have to move further way from the tennis table than the offensive strategy players. Conclusions: Study has conducted for examination of typological predispositions and psychomotor indices that condition directed formation of table tennis playing style. It is important direction of training.

Clinical and neurophysiological features of mental disorders in patients with HIV infection

Summary.Te aim of the study was to study the clinical signifcance of changes in bioelectric activity for the purpose of identifying them as biological markers of mental disorders in patients with HIV infection. A cross-sectional study was conducted to diagnose mental disorders and search for neurophysiological markers in 62 patients with HIV infection at the St. Petersburg Center for the Prevention and Control of HIV and Infectious Diseases.Results: 50% of patients with HIV infection without abuse disorders have mental disorders characterized mainly by adaptive reactions and mild cognitive impairment. Normal indicators of bioelectrical activity were determined in 16.1% of 62 patients. In the majority of patients (59.7%), bioelectrical activity was determined with a predominance of excitation in the medio-different areas and a decrease in activity of the cerebral cortex. In 41.9% of patients, the processes of CNS excitation were increased in the form of an intensifcation of the reaction to photostimulation. Neurophysiological differences were revealed in patients with neurotic and stress-related disorders and organic changes in the CNS. For neurotic disorders in comparison with organic disorders, the EEG was normal or the disorganized type with predominance of alpha and beta activity were more likely, while in the case of organic disorders the desynchronous type of EEG was more ofen noted. Te development of psycho-organic syndrome in HIV patients is confrmed by deep restructuring of bioelectrical activity in the anterior parts of the brain.

Индивидуальные особенности возрастного развития двигательных и интеллектуальных способностей

The study focused on the correlations between motor and intellectual abilities and the rate of their development with individual typological features of the manifestation of the nervous system’s basic properties in the process of age development. It was revealed that a high initial level of manifestation of motor abilities is more often accompanied by a lower level of intellectual abilities and vice versa, and only speed abilities are positively associated with general intelligence in the age groups of 14, 16, 18 year-olds. While the rate of motor and intellectual abilities’ increase exhibits positive correlations more often, these correlations are clearly identified in relation to speed-power and speed abilities and general intelligence practically in all age groups. Typological complexes accompanying the rate of motor and intellectual abilities increase in the process of age development differ significantly. Thus, in 12-year-olds, the increase rate in motor abilities is more often associated with such properties as the strength of the nervous system and the inertia of nervous processes, while the dynamics of general intelligence is associated with the mobility of nervous processes. These differences are also characteristic of the dynamics in 14-year-olds, however, there is also a direct correlation – specifically, the increase rate of both intellectual and speed indicators at the age of 14 is higher in adolescents with a stronger nervous system and mobility of excitation. In the age group of 16-year-olds, the dynamic of motor manifestations is higher in mobile adolescents who are equable in external balance. The increase rate of general intelligence is higher in adolescents with a stronger nervous system and a predominance of excitement in the external balance. At the age of 18, the dynamic of motor abilities is associated with a stronger nervous system and the predominance of excitation in the external balance, while the dynamic of general intelligence is higher in youngsters with a stronger nervous system and the predominance of excitation in the internal balance. The same correlations are somewhat less pronounced in 20-year-olds. As a result, we can talk about the different timing, duration, and degree of manifestation of intensive development periods in young men for motor abilities on the one hand, and intellectual abilities on the other, which is obviously a manifestation of individual characteristics of age development.

Gender differences of basketball players aged 12-13 years according to the response to a moving object

Purpose: The study aims at the determining gender differences of basketball players aged 12-13 years in response to an object in motion that determines the predominance of excitation and inhibition processes. Material: The participants of the study are 58 basketball players aged 12-13 years, 35 are male basketball players and 23 are female. Male basketball players had 4-5-year training experience, female had 1,5-2-year experience. All athletes had normal visual acuity and were healthy at the time of the study. Young basketball players were informed about the purpose of the study. The computer program containing visual stimuli, moving with acceleration from different points of the monitor was used for testing. Results: The deviations from the target data as well the pole were taken into consideration. It demonstrated the predominance of excitation and inhibition processes of basketball players of different sexes. The response accuracy to visual stimuli without taking into account the pole during perception with the left eye and the right eye is shown. Conclusions: It was found out that the females’ response accuracy during monocular perception is more closely related to the response accuracy during binocular imaging, whereas the role of the males’ leading eye is increased during perception of objects from a convenient side. This may indicate the peculiar reactions under the conditions of double perception of objects in solving complex spatial problems.

MODIFICATION OF STUDENT ASSESSMENT CRITERIA AS A CONDITION OF MOTIVATION INCREASING FOR PHYSICAL EDUCATION LESSONS

The aim of the study is the rationale for the changes assessment criteria student performance in physical education on the basis of individualtypological variants of age development. The main task of PE lessons is formation of steady need for systematic occupations by physical exercises. However, there is an obvious tendency of interest decrease of school students to occupations by physical culture and their extremely low physical activity that is reflected on health of younger generation. The common unified requirements for control standards don't promote development of motivation to occupations by physical culture of considerable part of school students. The obligatory accounting of specific features of age development is necessary for optimization of the organization of physical training. Methods. Motor abilities of school students are studied based on the measurements of the strength, strength endurance, speed and power abilities, speed, and aerobic endurance. The general physical development of each student is calculated by transferring the absolute values of the test points in the program «Presidential race». Dynamics of general physical development is calculated by comparing the indicators of physical development at the beginning and the end of the school year. The study of mental abilities of 8, 10, and 11th grade pupils is carried out by R. Amthauer tests adopted by L. A. Yasukova, and the study of mental abilities of 6th grade students is carried out by intellectual test (GIT). Typological peculiarities of manifestation of the nervous system properties – the power of the nervous system, mobility of excitation and inhibition, the balance on the «external» and «internal» balance sheets are investigated with the use of arbitrary motor methodologies proposed by E. P. Ilyin. Results. It is experimentally established that during adolescence there is a mismatch in time of the dynamics peaks of motor abilities and intelligence. So, the sixth graders dynamics of motor abilities development is significantly higher for students with low dynamics of intelligence, from which it follows that at the age of 12–13 years high pace of development of motor abilities coincides with relatively less dynamic intelligence, and vice versa. As they mature in 8–11th grade the overall view changes - high dynamics of motor abilities development coincides with the high dynamics of intelligence. However, it is found out that students in 6th grade with a strong nervous system and the predominance of excitation of internal balance have a higher dynamics of development of motor abilities with the background of low dynamics of intelligence. On the contrary, sixth grade pupils with relatively weak nervous system and the predominance of inhibition on the internal balance characteristic have shown better dynamics of intelligence and low dynamics of motor abilities development. Consequently, there is reason to believe that during adolescence, biological factors influence much on the ratio of the dynamics of mental and motor areas of the personality. As a result, some teens dominate the development of the mental sphere, while the others dominate in the motor one. In this regard, common unified control standards and requirements do not correspond to the development of motivation for physical education lessons for a specific part of the students. Scientific novelty. The scientific experimental data on the ratio of the dynamics of development of motor abilities and intellect in the process of growing boys, different typological features of the nervous system properties are presented for the first time. The obtained experimental data can serve as a basis for the development of differentiated criteria for evaluating student performance in physical education classes. Practical significance. The results of the study can serve as a basis for the development of new approaches to students’ assessment during physical education lessons. Materials of research can be useful to PE teachers and training specialists. Reorientation of assessment system of pupils’ achievements at PE lessons on specific features of age development will allow leveling down negative attitude of children to physical exercises.

Physiological Effects Provoked by Opilong, a Synthetic Analog of Dermorphin

We report here studies of the effects of five doses of the synthetic dermorphin analog opilog (50 μg/kg) on behavior in Wistar rats in a problem situation. This agent induced marked anxiolytic and analgesic effects as, despite repeated pretraining pain stimuli, the animals were able to learn (90%, versus 40% in controls). Small doses of opilong shifted the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory processes towards a significant predominance of excitation, which persisted stably for the period of a month in the absence of the agent in the body. Increased peripheral sensitivity in all the experimental rats correlated with CNS hyperexcitability, apparent in stress and neurotic reactions and as active avoidance. Blood biochemistry showed signs of prethrombosis, i.e., depression of fibrinolysis and hypercoagulation, in the experimental rats. It is suggested that the main point of action of opilong may be the brain neurotransmitter systems responsible for the excitatory-inhibitory conditions of CNS functioning, directed to generating stability of the conditioned reflex focus.

Some Neurophysiological Correlates of Changed Mental States after Delivery: I. EEG Characteristics

A group of parturient women was divided on the basis of a special psychological poll into subgroups with a high (changed mental state, CMS) and low (unchanged mental state, UMS) number of signs of changes in the mental state during and after delivery. The background EEG was recorded in 16 monopolar leads before and after delivery. EEG processing included the calculation of indices of the basic rhythms, the parameters of auto- and cross-correlation functions, and the conditional probabilities of the mutual transitions of the EEG wave components that belong to the basic rhythm components according to their duration. Statistical comparison of the EEG characteristics of the subgroups, as well as their comparison with similar characteristics of the reference group of healthy nulliparous women, showed that the subgroups differed significantly in some parameters; the difference were generalized by lead zones. As a rule, the EEG characteristics of the CMS subgroup differed from those of the reference group more than those of the UMS subgroup. The differences between the CMS and UMS subgroups testify to some imbalance of the regulatory mechanisms in the former with the predominance of excitation at the predelivery stage and a more manifest physiological cerebral reaction to the delivery.

Further psychophysiological studies of retarded, neurotic, psychotic, and normal children.

In an earlier preliminary study from this department, Wortis and Choi [9] compared the patterns of performance of normal, neurotic, and psychotic children with a motor conditional reflex test battery which they described. It was suggested at that time that the broad diagnostic categories tended to display certain characteristic disturbances of the Pavlovian parameters of higher nervous activity. Thus groups and subgroups might show signs of predominance of excitation, predominance of inhibition, or poor mobility of the nervous processes. The analysis was based on traditional Pavlovian inspection of the data. In the present study we try to approach the same problem with a new patient population, studied with more refined experimental procedures. Because of the complexity of the data, we have in the present as well as in a previous study found it advantageous to use computer calculations in a multivariate statistical analysis of the findings [10].

The role of internal inhibition and the frontal lobes in child development

The theory that children show a predominance of excitation over internal inhibition and that this is due to inadequate development of the frontal lobes is explored and extended. Experimental results show that children resemble leucotomised monkeys in their difficulty in overcoming an initial preference in discrimination tasks.

The interaction between extinctive and supraliminal inhibition

Interaction between extinctive and supraliminal inhibition was studied on dogs by the method of conditioned salivary reflexes. In extinction of a conditioned reflex to an excessively strong stimulus, there occurs an overstraining of the subliminal inhibition, the sequence of which is: predominance of excitation; disinhibition of the extinction process; and irradiation of excitation to the motor area of the cerebral cortex. The conditioned reflexes in response to stimuli of different strength are arranged by the rate of extinction in the following order: Conditioned reflexes to stimuli of moderate strength are the first to be extinguished; the next are those in response to weak conditioned stimuli, and the last, to excessively strong stimuli. Extinction of conditioned reflexes (Phase 1-the rise of the curve of salivary secretion) was most pronounced in extinction of the reflex to the weak stimulus (light), less pronounced in extinction of the reflex to the moderately strong stimuli (metronome, buzzer, 50-db tone), and very weak or even absent in extinction of the reflex to the excessively strong stimulus (122-db tone).