Prediction Of Stature Research Articles

Performance of the Machine Learning Algorithm in Stature Estimation Using Scapula Measurements from Post-Mortem Computed Tomography in a Thai Male Population

Objective: This study attempted to investigate the performance of stature prediction models from scapular dimensions based on post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) using machine learning algorithms within the male population of Southern Thailand.Material and Methods: Linear Regression (LR), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest tree (RF), and Support vector machine (SVM) algorithms were used to create the stature estimation model. Then its performance was compared by coefficient of determination (R2), mean absolute error (MAE), mean squared error (MSE), and root mean squared error (RMSE).Results: Machine learning is a valuable tool for estimating stature within this demographic. LR algorithm provided the best performance matrices, with the highest R2 being 0.316, and the lowest values for MAE, MSE, and RMSE being 4.379 cm, 29.530 cm, and 5.382 cm, respectively.Conclusion: The machine learning algorithm demonstrated valuable tools for estimation stature. However, it is essential to note that complex machine learning models do not always produce better performance measures than non-complex models.

Stature estimation equations from fragmentary long bones based on a modern Eastern Mediterranean assemblage.

Stature estimation is central in forensic anthropology and very important in bioarchaeology. For this reason, several different methods have been proposed, employing different skeletal elements and statistical approaches. A major issue with skeletonized individuals is that their bones are often found fragmented, a taphonomic parameter that limits the application of many available methods. As a result, attempts have been made to create equations to predict either directly stature or long bone length (which can then be used with current stature prediction equations) from bone fragments. The current paper is a contribution in this direction. The femur, tibia and humerus of 76 individuals from a modern Greek skeletal collection were divided into different segments using a landmark approach. Subsequently, univariate and multivariate equations were created to predict both maximum long bone length and stature from the "bone fragments". The models varied in performance depending on the specific bone fragment used, the number of variables simultaneously employed for prediction and the sex of the individuals. Although the models used to directly predict stature from bone fragment dimensions should be treated cautiously because the stature of the assemblage from the Athens Collection had itself been anatomically estimated, the results are valuable towards highlighting the complex association between bone dimensions, long bone length and living/estimated stature.

Prediction of underweight, short stature, and microcephaly based on brain diffusion-weighted imaging sequence in neonates with stage.2 of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: A follow-up study.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), caused due to reduced oxygenation and brain blood flow, occurs in 1-8 per 1000 live full-term births in developed countries and up to 26 per 1000 live in the developing world. The growth status of survivors of birth HIE has not been evaluated sufficiently. This study evaluated, the growth parameters (weight, height, and head circumference) of neonates with Sarnat stage.2 of HIE at 6, 10, and 12 months and its relationship with findings of neonatal brain diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) sequence. Medical records and growth parameters of 35 neonates with gestational age 34 wk who were admitted with stage.2 of HIE in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Shahid Sadoughi hospital, Yazd, Iran from March 2021-March 2022, and its relationship with neonatal brain DWI sequence finding was evaluated. 15 girls and 20 boys with a mean birth weight of 2880.3 221.8 gr were evaluated. Conventional magnetic resonance imaging and DWI were found to be abnormal in 6 (17.1%) and 18 neonates (51.4%). The most abnormal finding of DWI was high signal in basal ganglia/thalamus in 9 neonates (25.7%). Abnormal DWI is more frequent in neonates with seizures and low birth weight. Hospital stay days were more prolonged in neonates with abnormal DWI. Microcephaly at 12 months was more frequent in children with abnormal DWI. In survivors of moderate neonatal HIE, abnormal brain DWI sequence might predict inappropriate head growth, and need close medical and nutritional interventions for growth improvement.

Stature Prediction from Handprint Measurements: Searching for New Parameters

Abstract Background: Handprints are a common finding in crime scenes. Estimating stature is one of the four pillars of establishing the identity of an unknown individual. Aims: The commonly used parameters – hand length and hand breadth were tested. In addition, new parameters, namely hypothenar (HC) and thenar curvatures (TC) and palm area (PA) were examined for their usefulness in stature prediction. Subjects and Methods: A sample from the Jordanian population was used for this study. Regression analysis was employed to evaluate the accuracy of predicting stature from a handprint. Seventy-five male and female hands were scanned and processed to measure 10 parameters. Results: The results indicated that male stature and all parameters were significantly larger than their female counterparts. Regression analysis predicted the stature with a standard error of estimate of 2.09–3.90 cm in males and 5.68–3.72 cm in females. Multiple regression analysis showed a significant improvement in stature estimation. Conclusions: This study represents the first attempt to estimate stature using handprints in the Jordanian population. The newly tested parameters (HC, TC, and PA) contributed to the prediction of stature. One limitation of this study is that the research group was confined to university students aged 18–24 years.

Comparison of Intergrowth-21st and Fenton growth standards to evaluate and predict the postnatal growth in eastern Chinese preterm infants

ObjectivesThe aim of this article was to compare the differences between Intergrowth-21st (IG-21) and Fenton growth standards in the classification of intrauterine and extrauterine growth restriction (EUGR) in eastern Chinese preterm infants, and detect which one can better relate to neonatal diseases and predict the physical growth outcomes at 3–5 years old.MethodsPremature infants admitted to a tertiary pediatric hospital in Shanghai, China, from 2016 to 2018 were enrolled. Prenatal information, neonatal diseases during hospitalization, and anthropometric data (weight, height, and head circumference) at birth and at discharge were collected and analyzed. Physical growth outcomes (short stature, thinness, and overweight) were examined by telephone investigations in 2021 at age 3–5 years.ResultsThe medium gestational age and birth weight of the included 1,065 preterm newborns were 33.6 weeks and 1,900 g, respectively. The IG-21 curves diagnosed more newborns with small for gestational age (SGA) (19% vs. 14.7%) and fewer newborns with longitudinal EUGR on height (25.5% vs. 27.9%) and head circumference (17.9% vs. 24.7%) compared to Fenton curves. Concordances between Fenton and IG-21 standards were substantial or almost perfect in the classification of SGA and longitudinal EUGR, but minor in cross-sectional EUGR. EUGR identified by Fenton curves was better related to neonatal diseases than IG-21 curves. There were no statistical significances in the prediction of short stature, thinness, and overweight at 3–5 years old between the two charts.ConclusionsIG-21 growth standards are not superior to Fenton in assessing preterm growth and development in the eastern Chinese population.

Stature estimation from the scapula measurements using 3D-volume rendering technique by regression equations in the Northern Indian population.

The present study assessed the correlation between the stature and scapular measurements from both sides in order to develop population-specific regression equations to estimate the stature from measurements of the scapula in a contemporary Northern Indian population individually for the left and right sides. A total of 597 cadavers underwent postmortem multidetector computed tomography and subsequent medicolegal autopsy in our department between August 2021 and August 2022. Two hundred samples (100 males and 100 females) were randomly collected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Six linear anthropometric measurements of the scapula from either side were measured using the 3D volume-rendered technique by an electronic cursor. Each anthropometric measurement showed a significant difference between males and females (p < 0.05). Regression analysis was applied to match the taken measurements against stature. The accuracy to predict stature ranged from 3.99 to 4.94 cm for males and from 4.49 to 5.27 cm for females, respectively. Left-sided measurements were better predictors of stature than the right side in both genders. The results of this study indicate that scapular measurements could be useful to estimate the stature of Northern Indian individuals, particularly in scenarios of disaster victim identification lacking long bones, which are considered to be better predictors to date.

Prediction of Stature Using Fingers' Lengths

Estimation of stature is of paramount importance in verifying the identity of an individual from the bodily remains, often after any kind of mass disaster, explosion, etc. This study aimed at predicting the stature of students using their finger’s lengths. A total number of 300 students (153 females and 147 males) of Madonna University, Nigeria, was evaluated, age ranging from 18 to 25 years. All the subjects had complete fingers. Stature was measured with stadiometer while Fingers lengths were measured using a straight line ruler, all in centimeters. The data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences), and the differences were tested using Z-test. The association between stature and Fingers Length was determined using Pearson chi-squared test. The results showed significant difference in the length of the fingers in both right and left hands of males and females respectively (p&lt;0.01). From the result the middle fingers ranked highest for both male and female while the little fingers ranked least. A good correlation was found between the right middle finger and the height in the females and between the left middle finger and height in males. This shows that as the height of females increases, the middle finger of the right hand also increases significantly compared to the left hand middle finger (p&lt;0.01), conversely, as males increase in height, their left hand middle finger tends to increase in length than the right hand middle finger (p&lt;0.01). Linear regression equation was derived to predict stature from the finger’s lengths for male and female respectively. It was observed that amongst all the fingers, the middle fingers right-females and left-males, tend to correlate better with stature than every other finger, and therefore have the possibility of predicting stature than other fingers.

Longitudinal growth of stature in boys according to age and puberty: Prediction of adult stature from the age of 13 years.

The purpose of this study was to cross-validate and demonstrate how adult stature can be predicted in 13-year-old teenager's boys by using a new reference specific growth curve obtained from chronological age and maturity. Stature measurements of 125 boys aged from 12 to 17.5 years were obtained over a period of five consecutive years. The maturity was based on the age of peak height velocity (APHV). An assessment of secondary pubertal stages using a simplification of the Tanner stages was also carried out. We found a connection between the secondary pubertal stage and the APHV. We carried out a prediction of the adult stature of 67 teenagers aged from 160 and 164 months. Significant differences between APHV enabled us to classify the adolescents into three categories according to their biological maturity: 19% of adolescents with advanced puberty, 62% with standard puberty and 19% with delayed puberty. The mean growth curves were used to predict the adult stature of 67 individuals with a good accuracy (±3cm). The mean differences between predicted and real adult stature are -0.11 cm with 95% limits of agreement of [-3.2; + 2.8cm]. The new stature growth curves developed from age and maturation enables us to accurately track individual growth kinetics.

Stature estimation using the sacrum in a Thai population.

Stature is an essential component of biological profile analysis since it determines an individual's physical identity. Long bone dimensions are generally used to estimate the stature of skeletal remains; however, non-long bones such as the sternum, cranium, and sacrum may be necessary for some forensic situations. This study aimed to generate a regression equation for stature estimation of the skeletal remains in the Thai population. Ten measurements of the sacrum were measured from 200 dry sacra. The results revealed that the maximum anterior breadth (MAB) provided the most accurate stature prediction model among males (correlation coefficient [r]=0.53), standard error of estimation (SEE=5.94 cm), and females (r=0.48, SEE=6.34 cm). For the multiple regression model, the best multiple regression models were stature equals 41.2+0.374 (right auricular surface height [RASH])+1.072 (anterior-posterior outer diameter of S1 vertebra corpus [APOD])+0.256 (dorsal height [DH])+0.417 (transverse inner diameter of S1 vertebra corpus [TranID])+0.2 (MAB) with a SEE of 6.42 cm for combined sex. For males, stature equals 63.639+0.478 (MAB)+0.299 (DH)+0.508 (APOD) with a SEE of 5.35, and stature equals 75.181+0.362 (MAB)+0.441 (RASH)+0.132 (maximum anterior height [MAH]) with a SEE of 5.88 cm for females. This study suggests that regression equations derived from the sacrum can be used to estimate the stature of the Thai population, especially when a long bone is unavailable.

Prediction of Stature from Index Finger Length in South Karnataka Population: A First Radiographic Study

Context: The “big four” components of biological profile are age, sex, race, and stature. Stature estimation is considered as one of the most important biological profiles for identification of an individual. Aims: We aimed to estimate stature from index finger length (IFL) clinically and also radiographically in South Indian population. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional sample of 100 patients was randomly selected from patients who visited the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology in our institution. Stature of the participants was measured using a height chart ruler. IFL was measured clinically using digital calipers. Handwrist radiographs of the left hand were obtained using the KODAK 8000C Panoramic and Cephalometric System. Radiographic measurements were taken from the line joining the metacarpophalangeal joint to the distal point on the distal phalange of the index finger done using Windows Trophy DICOM software. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were subjected to logistic regression analysis. Results: Significant correlation was found between IFL and stature both clinically and radiographically. Conclusions: The use of IFL can be recommended to predict stature. Even if the soft tissues undergo putrefaction, the radiographs can help in assessing the stature of the individual and can provide an advantage of time in comparison to estimation of stature clinically.

Middle Finger Length: A Predictor of Stature and Gender in a Sample of Egyptian Medical Students - Faculty of Medicine-Ain Shams University

Middle Finger Length: A Predictor of Stature and Gender in a Sample of Egyptian Medical Students - Faculty of Medicine-Ain Shams University

Ear morphometry for sex and stature prediction in native North Indian Haryanvi population

Ear morphometry for sex and stature prediction in native North Indian Haryanvi population

Prediction of Stature to Discriminate Chest X-Ray Using Longitudinal Scapular and Clavicular Lengths

Aim: In clinical examinations, it is sometimes unknown whether the chest X-ray belongs to the patient. Here, we aimed to develop estimation equations that can predict the stature of male and female patients using scapular and clavicular length measurements on chest X-rays to determine to who the chest X-ray belongs. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 adult patients (104 females and 96 males; mean age 50.6 years) who underwent a routine posteroanterior chest x-ray. The longitudinal scapular length and longitudinal clavicular length were measured on the chest x-ray. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to develop the estimation equations. External validation of the estimated equations was tested on 100 adult patients (50 females and 50 males; mean age 56.7 years) and agreement between measured and estimated stature was investigated by the Bland and Altman method. Results: Stature was equal to 11.1-fold of longitudinal scapular length and 10.5-fold of longitudinal clavicular length in males while it was equal to 11.8-fold of longitudinal scapular length and 10.7-fold of longitudinal clavicular length in females. Stature was found to be significantly correlated with age, weight, longitudinal scapular length, and longitudinal clavicular length in men, and with age and longitudinal clavicular length in women. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed an estimation equation for stature in males was: 131.3 - 0.174 (Age) + 0.161 (Weight) + 0.083 (longitudinal scapular length) + 0.134 (longitudinal clavicular length), and in females was 131.2 - 0.137 (Age) + 0.225 (longitudinal clavicular length). There was good agreement between measured and estimated stature in male and female patients. Conclusion: The stature of the patient can be estimated using the derived equations based on the longitudinal scapular length and longitudinal clavicular length measurements on chest x-ray. If it is not possible to determine to who the chest X-ray belongs in clinical practice, the patient's stature can be estimated with the help of the equations and possible errors can be prevented. Keywords: chest x-ray, clavicle, scapula, estimation techniques, stature

Estimation of Stature Based on Lower Limbs: A Study Among the Male Children from Uttar Pradesh's Chandauli Mirzapur Districts

The goal of this study is to estimate stature or height from lower-limbs in male-children from the Uttar Pradesh (UP) districts of Chandauli and Mirzapur (India). 501 children aged eight (8) to fourteen years (14) old volunteered to take part in the research during the school year 2014-2015, and data was collected using multistage random sampling. On the right-side of each participant, four anthropometric measurements were taken: height, trochanterion length (TL), tibiale-laterale length (TLL), and biepicondylar femur breadth (BFB) (ISAK recommendation). The data was analysed, and an attempt was made to create a regression model based on the link between stature (dependent variable) and TL, TLL, and BFB (estimates). At P&lt;0.05, all culled estimates showed a significant correlation. To compare authentic and estimated stature, an independent t-test was used, and all three segments were obtained after that. The constructed regression models worked well for estimating stature, and the Trochanterion length is a very reliable predictor of stature. Because regression models for stature prediction from the above-mentioned body segments were used in this work, the findings could be beneficial in establishing biological profiles during forensic investigations and disaster victim identification

Stature estimation from humeral length amongst Nigerians: A radiographic approach

Stature is an essential anatomical parameter for creating the biological profile of persons in forensic analysis. The aim of the study was to establish regression formulae for the estimation of stature from plain radiographs of humerus. A total of 90 subjects (49 males and 41 Females) were recruited randomly for the study at the Lulu-Briggs Health centre, University of Port Harcourt. An x-ray of the humerus was taken after measuring the heights of volunteers. The films obtained were later fixed to an x-ray illuminator where the humeral length (HML) was measured using a lead pencil and ruler. Statistical analysis was done for all parameters (stature and humeral length) using SPSS. Pearson’s co-efficient of stature versus HML were 0.66 for males and 0.50 for females. The regression equation for estimation of stature were 2.45 (HML) + 89.20 for males and 2.16 (HML) + 97.17 for females. Standard error for regression formula derived was observed to be 0.41cm in males and 0.59 cm in females which indicates a high level of reliability on the formula and proves further to show that the humerus is a good predictor of stature. In conclusion, the use of x-ray is a reliable procedure and a practical approach in stature estimation and the humerus is a good predictor of stature in the Nigerian population.

Stature Prediction by Comparing Maxillary and Mandibular Intercanine Width and Intermolar Width among Tamil Nadu Population.

Background:Teeth are one of the strongest hard tissues that can resist a variety of antemortem and postmortem insults and an important evidence in the field of medicolegal and forensics. In the identification of unknown human remains of the deceased, stature estimation is a preliminary investigation. Previously, the comparison of osteometry with odontometry in stature determination has been made. Similarly, an attempt is made to estimate stature using intercanine and intermolar width which may be a forensic tool in the future.Aim and Objective:The aim of this study was to determine stature using intercanine and intermolar width in the maxillary and mandibular arches and correlating to identify highly reliable parameter among the two. Further to evaluate the usefulness of odontometry in stature determination.Materials and Methods:Subjects for the study were recruited from the outpatient department of APDCH and students of APDCH. One hundred subjects were included in the study comprising fifty males and fifty females within the age group of 17–28 years as per inclusion criteria. Digital Vernier caliper for measuring intercanine width (cusp tips on either sides) and intermolar width (central fossa of 1st molar on either sides) on the study models and standard anthropometer for measuring the height of the subject (vertex to the floor).Results:Compared to other parameters, the maxillary intercanine distance is statistically significant to P = 0.05 with correlation value of 0.06 by Pearson correlation method.Conclusion:The data collected were subjected to statistical analysis and was found that out of the four selected odontometric parameters, maxillary intercanine width with a P = of 0.032 and Pearson correlation of 0.307 in Group 1 (males) were found to show a significant correlation with height. Regression analysis was done, and regression equations were derived. The following regression equation can be used to calculate the height of an individual, Group 1 (male) −Y = B+ Ax. Y = 135.5 + 0.947X (X - maxillary inter canine width). This method of stature prediction may be of relative importance but not of absolute certainty, thereby making it an adjunct to various other methods of stature prediction. Therefore, using odontometric parameters in combination improves the predictability of estimating stature rather than a single parameter.

Stature estimation from various three-dimensional anthropometric foot measurements of Taiwanese female population

Predicting a victim's stature from a dismembered body or human remains is a challenge in forensic practice. Lower extremity dimensions, such as the foot, are essential measurements for stature estimation. However, there is no available information on stature prediction generated from Taiwanese female foot measurements in the forensic science field. Hence, this study aims to investigate the correlations between various foot dimensions and stature and develop population-specific stature-prediction equations for Taiwanese females. Bilateral data of 12 foot dimensions were collected from 1058 females aged from 18 to 59 years using three-dimensional scanning. A pairedt-test is performed to evaluate bilateral differences, and linear and stepwise regression analyses are performed to generate stature predictions. The results indicate significant bilateral differences in the majority of the foot measurements. All measurements are positively correlated with stature (p < .05). Higher correlation coefficients with stature are observed in length-related foot dimensions, followed by girth- and breadth-related dimensions. The foot length on both sides is selected as an accurate and reliable parameter to conduct linear stature-predicting regression for Taiwanese females because it exhibits the highest explanation rate (right: 54.1%; left: 50.8%) and lowest estimating standard error (right: 3.883 cm, left: 4.020 cm) among the 12 foot measurements. Based on the results of the stepwise regression analysis, several stature-prediction equations consisting of various foot measurements are established. The findings of this study can provide helpful information for predicting the stature of Taiwanese females from fragmentary foot remains.

Estimation of stature and body weight from static and dynamic footprints – Forensic implications and validity of non-colouring cream method

In the present study, the metric properties of dynamic footprints were analysed using non-colouring method in relation with body parameters and compared with static footprint measurements. The results of the study provide a better understanding of the relationship between static and dynamic footprints, which may be useful for biological profiling that allows more accurate identification. Stature, body weight, five length and two width parameters of dynamic (walking) footprints of young Slovak adults (65 females and 68 males) were analysed. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated and equations for prediction of stature and body weight by linear regression analysis and multiple regression analysis were developed. Intersex differences were confirmed for all parameters and bilateral for some. Statistically significant differences were found in all measurements (p-value>0.05), except for the width of the standing and walking footprint in the mixed group. A positive correlation was found between the selected footprint diameters with stature (max - r = 0.82) and body weight (max - r = 0.70). Stature could be calculated with an accuracy of up to 4.40 cm and body weight with an accuracy of up to 9.56 kg. The results of the present study show that selected measurements of dynamic footprints correlate with stature and body weight. These results could be used in biological profiling in the medical and forensic fields.

Stature estimation using foot dimensions via 3D scanning in Taiwanese male adults

In forensic identification, the use of foot dimensions to predict stature is a requisite. For Taiwanese male stature prediction, available information about stature estimation using foot dimensions is still lacking. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study was to establish Taiwanese adult male stature prediction models for various foot dimensions. A total of 2,072 male 3D foot models were collected and the subjects' ages ranged from 18 to 59 years old. Thirteen foot dimensions for each foot were utilized in this study. Bilateral differences were tested using pairedt-tests. Stature predictions based on different foot dimensions were conducted using simple linear and stepwise regression methods. The results showed significant bilateral differences in the majority of the selected foot dimensions (p < 0.001). Foot length had the highest positive correlation with stature in the right and left foot. Using length-related dimensions generated better prediction accuracy (0.356 < R2 < 0.533, 4.193 < SEE < 4.928), whereas the worst accuracy was observed with angle-related dimensions (0.001 < R2 < 0.023; 6.072 < SEE < 6.137) when employing a single foot dimension to estimate Taiwanese male stature. Stepwise regression analysis results indicated that the coefficient of determination was improved to 0.590 and 0.593 by applying five and six foot parameters to predict stature, respectively. The findings of the present study suggest that these stature estimation equations can be applied to predict Taiwanese male stature in the forensic science field.

Estimation of Stature from Arm Span, Arm Length and Tibial Length among Adolescents of Aged 15-18 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Knowing the relationship between stature and different anatomical anthropometric parameters help forensic scientists, anatomists and clinicians to estimate standing height from mutilated remains of body parts in clinical practices and forensic investigations. It is a necessity when measuring height is unenviable due to certain medical conditions and in field studies. This study aims to estimate stature from arm span, arm length and tibial length among adolescents of age 15-18 in Ethiopia. A school based cross-sectional study was carried out among 416 high school students in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia from May to June 2019. Stratified multi-stage sampling techniques were used to select the study participants. Anthropometric measurement including weight, height, arm span, arm length and tibial length was measured. Data entry was done by Epi-Data a version 4.4.3.1 and data analysis was carried out by Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23. Regression models and multiplication factors were generated for estimation of height from anthropometric parameters. From total participants 51.4% were females and 48.6% were males. The mean height of study participants was 164.36±8.89cm for males and 155.75±5.86cm for females. The correlation coefficients(R) of anatomical anthropometric measurements with height were: arm span (males R=0.843, females R=0.708), arm length (males R=0.806, females R=0.635), and tibial length (males R=0.738, females R=0.611). Stature predicted from arm span, arm length, and tibial length is a valid indicator of height. Arm span was appeared to be the best predictor of stature.