Predictors Of High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Research Articles

Associations of ACE I/D and AGTR1 rs5182 polymorphisms with diabetes and their effects on lipids in an elderly Chinese population

BackgroundDiabetes mellitus is generally accompanied by dyslipidaemia, but inconsistent relationships between lipid profiles and diabetes are noted. Moreover, genetic variations in insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphisms at angiotensin-converting enzyme gene (ACE) and T/C polymorphisms in the angiotensin type 1 receptor gene (AGTR1) are related to diabetes and lipid levels, but the associations are controversial. Thus, the current research aimed to explore the effects of ACE I/D, AGTR1 rs5182 and diabetes mellitus on serum lipid profiles in 385 Chinese participants with an average age of 75.01 years.MethodsThe ACE I/D variant was identified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, whereas the AGTR1 rs5182 polymorphism was identified using the PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and verified with DNA sequencing. Total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), apolipoprotein A (ApoA), apolipoprotein B (ApoB), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured using routine methods, and the lipid ratios were calculated.ResultsACE I/D, but not AGTR1 rs5182, was a predictor of TG/HDL-C for the whole study population. Both ACE I/D and AGTR1 rs5182 were predictors of HDL-C and LDL-C levels in females but not in males. Moreover, in females, diabetes mellitus and ACE I/D were identified as predictors of TG and TG/HDL-C, whereas AGTR1 rs5182 and diabetes mellitus were predictors of TG/HDL-C. Moreover, diabetes mellitus and the combination of ACE I/D and AGTR1 rs5182 variations were predictors of TG and TG/HDL-C exclusively in females.ConclusionsThe results demonstrated the potential for gender-dependent interactions of ACE I/D, AGTR1 rs5182, and diabetes on lipid profiles. These findings may serve as an additional explanation for the inconsistent changes of blood lipids in individuals with diabetes mellitus, thereby offering a novel perspective for the clinical management of blood lipid levels in diabetic patients.

Associations of serum 25-hydroxycholecalciferol and parathyroid hormone with serum lipids differ by sex and vitamin D status.

Although emerging evidence indicates an association between vitamin D and serum lipids, the data are still inconsistent. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3; 25(OH)D3) or intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) was independently related to serum lipids in elderly women and men. Cross-sectional study. Fasting serum levels of 25(OH)D3, iPTH, TAG, total cholesterol (TC), HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) were assessed. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Lifestyle factors, such as nutrient intake, time spent outdoors, physical activity, smoking, supplement intake and medication, were assessed by questionnaires. Multiple regression analyses were performed to examine associations of 25(OH)D3 and iPTH with serum lipids. Giessen, Germany. One hundred and ninety-three well-functioning German elderly aged 66-96 years. After adjusting for age, body fat, physical activity, smoking, alcohol intake, lipid-modifying drugs and either iPTH or 25(OH)D3, 25(OH)D3 was a predictor of TAG (standardised coefficient beta (β)=-0.180), HDL-C (β=0.197), LDL-C:HDL-C (β=-0.298) and TC:HDL-C (β=-0.302) in women, whereas iPTH was a predictor of HDL-C (β=-0.297) in men. In sub-analysis, associations between 25(OH)D3 and TC (β=-0.252), HDL-C (β=0.230), LDL-C (β=-0.324), LDL-C:HDL-C (β=-0.412) and TC:HDL-C (β=-0.380) were found in women with 25(OH)D3 concentrations above or equal the median vitamin D status (62.3 nmol/l), but not in women with lower 25(OH)D3 concentrations. In the elderly, associations of 25(OH)D3 and iPTH with serum lipids may differ by sex and may require a vitamin D status above 62 nmol/l.

The relationship of plasma catestatin concentrations with metabolic and vascular parameters in untreated hypertensive patients: Influence on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Objective:Catestatin has several cardiovascular actions, in addition to diminished sympatho-adrenal flow. Decreased plasma catestatin levels may reflect a predisposition for the development of hypertension and metabolic disorders. We planned to investigate the possible roles of catestatin in untreated hypertensive patients. As a secondary objective, we compared catestatin concentrations of healthy subjects with those of hypertensive patients in order to understand whether catestatin is increased reactively or diminished at onset.Methods:Our study was cross-sectional and observational. The patient group, comprising 109 consecutive untreated hypertensive patients without additional systemic or coronary heart disease, underwent evaluations of plasma catestatin, waist circumference, lipid parameters, left ventricular mass, carotid intima-media thickness, and flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. Additionally, we measured catestatin concentrations of 38 apparently healthy subjects without any disease using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit.Results:We documented increased catestatin concentrations in previously untreated hypertensive patients compared to healthy controls (2.27±0.83 vs. 1.92±0.49 ng/mL, p=0.004). However, this association became insignificant after adjustments for age, gender, height, and weight. Within the patient group, catestatin levels were significantly higher in females. Among all study parameters, age, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) correlated positively to plasma catestatin, whereas triglycerides, hemoglobin, and left ventricular mass correlated negatively to plasma catestatin. We could not detect an association between vascular parameters and catestatin. Catestatin levels were significantly elevated with increasing HDL-C (1.91±0.37, 2.26±0.79, and 3.1±1.23 ng/mL in patients with HDL-C <40, 40-60, and >60 mg/dL, respectively). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed age (beta: 0.201, p=0.041) and HDL-C (beta: 0.390, p<0.001) as independent correlates of plasma catestatin concentration. Additionally, male gender (beta:-0.330, p=0.001) and plasma catestatin (beta: 0.299, p=0.002) were significantly associated with HDL-C concentrations.Conclusion:We documented that plasma catestatin is an independent predictor of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition to antihypertensive effects, catestatin appears to be related to improved lipid and metabolic profiles. Coexistence of low catestatin levels with low HDL-C may provide a probable mechanism for the predictive value of low HDL-C for increased hypertension and cardiovascular events.

Prevalence of hyperlipidemia and associated risk factors among healthy young Saudi females:relationship with waist Circumference and body Mass Index

Background and Objectives: Hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance and hypoadiponectinemia are well recognized cardiovascular risk factors especially among obese subjects. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and associated risk factors among young Saudi females and their relationship with waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI). Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Subjects and Methods: 127 randomly recruited healthy young Saudi females were studied. Anthropometric (WC and BMI) and biochemical parameters (adiponectin, leptin, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose, and insulin), were measured. Prevalence of different risk factors was assessed in all subjects and in those with normal BMI (<25kg/m2 ). Anthropometric predictors of different risk factors were estimated. Results: One third of the study subjects were overweight (28%) and 20% were obese. Hyperlipidemia, especially low high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), was highly prevalent in the whole population. This had persisted when subjects with BMI ≥ 25kg/m2 and WC ≥ 80 cm were excluded. Deciles of WC, adiponectin, leptin and the homeostasis model assessment index-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated in subjects with normal BMI. Prevalence of hyperlipidemia was also high in subjects with WC < 71 cm (upper decile). Regression analysis showed that WC was a negative predictor of adiponectin and a positive one of insulin and HOMA-IR, while BMI was a positive predictor of fasting glucose and lipid profile. Neither WC nor BMI were predictors of HDL-C. Conclusion: Hyperlipidemia was observed at normal WC and BMI according to international definitions. Low HDL-C was highly prevalent and did not correlate with WC or BMI. Other determinants of HDL-C in Saudi women should be considered. Locally derived cutoff points for different measures of adiposity must be established to identify high risk subjects that may be missed when international criteria are used.

Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D is an Independent Predictor of High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Metabolic Syndrome in Men and Women

Objective: This cross-sectional study assessed the relationships between serum 25(OH)D and selected markers for cardiovascular disease risk, including the metabolic syndrome and its components, in men and women. Methods: Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and blood pressure were assessed in 257 men and women. Dietary intake and physical activity were assessed with the Harvard Food Frequency Questionnaire, the Stanford 7-day Physical Activity Recall Questionnaire, and questionnaires designed to assess dietary supplement use and sun exposure. Data were collected over a 7-week period in August and September 2008. Results: Total vitamin D intake and intake from dietary supplements were strongly associated with serum 25(OH)D tertile (both P , 0.001). Mean 6 SEM values for serum 25(OH)D were 29.7 6 0.4, 39.8 6 0.3, and 52.1 6 0.8 ng/ml in the first through third tertiles, respectively. Mean 6 SEM serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentration increased in a graded fashion (P , .001) from the lowest (48.4 6 1.8 mg/dl) to the highest (62.3 6 2.1 mg/dl) 25(OH)D tertile. This relationship remained significant (P , .001) after adjustment for established determinants of the HDL-C concentration (age, sex, waist circumference, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking), with each 10 ng/ml increase in 25(OH)D associated with a 4.2 mg/dl increase in HDL-C concentration. Serum triglycerides (P 5 .008), waist circumference (P , .001), and body mass index (P , .001) showed graded, inverse relationships with 25(OH)D tertile, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome decreased significantly from the lowest to the highest tertile of 25(OH)D (31%, 14%, and 10%, respectively, P for trend 5 0.001). The relationship with serum triglycerides was no longer significant in multivariate models, but waist circumference (P, .001) and metabolic syndrome (P, .01) remained significantly associated with serum 25(OH)D concentration after adjustment for demographic and lifestyle factors (age, sex, physical activity, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking). Conclusion: A lower serum 25(OH)D level is associated with the metabolic syndrome and less favorable values for some metabolic syndrome risk factors, particularly the HDL-C concentration. Research is warranted to assess whether increasing vitamin D intake will improve the metabolic cardiovascular risk factor profile.

Indices of fatness and relationships with age, ethnicity and lipids in New Zealand European, Māori and Pacific children

To investigate the relationships between body mass index (BMI), body fatness, ethnicity, age and blood lipids. In a subsample (N=643) of the 2002 New Zealand Child Nutrition Survey (N=3275, age 5-14 years) consisting Māori (89 boys, 69 girls), Pacific (154 boys, 194 girls) and European (71 boys, 66 girls) ethnic groups, fat-free mass (FFM) was determined by bioimpedance analysis. FFM index (FFMI, FFM/height(2)), fat mass index (FMI, fat mass/height(2)) and percentage body fat (%BF) were derived. Plasma total cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were measured in 515 (80%) of these children. For the same BMI, %BF was lower in Pacific Island (P<0.0001) and Māori (P<0.0001) girls compared with European but for boys there were no ethnic differences. Cross-sectional analysis across ages using Hattori charts clearly showed sexual dimorphism with girls having a higher FMI, FFMI and BMI than boys by the age of 13 year. Both Pacific girls and boys showed upward trends in FFMI and FMI with age that were significantly higher than those of the other ethnicities. Adjusting for age, sex and ethnicity, %BF was a better predictor (R(2)=0.090, P=0.0002) of total cholesterol than BMI (R(2)=0.061, P=0.049) or waist (R(2)=0.075, P=0.013) while FFMI was the best predictor of HDL cholesterol (R(2)=0.15, P<0.0001) and waist was the best predictor of the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio (R(2)=0.17, P<0.0001). Measurements of body fat and indices of body fatness additional to BMI in multiethnic paediatric populations allow changes in fat mass and FFM to be tracked and improve the ability to predict dyslipidaemia.

Sagittal abdominal diameter as a marker of inflammation and insulin resistance among immigrant women from the Middle East and native Swedish women: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundImmigrant women from the Middle East have elevated risk of cardiovascular disease. Sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD), a simple marker of intra-abdominal fat, predicts insulin resistance and cardiovascular mortality in men. Its usefulness in immigrant women is however unknown. To investigate the predictive role of SAD compared to other anthropometric measures, we examined a random sample of native-Swedes and immigrant women from the Middle East living in Sweden.Methods157 women participated in the study; 107 immigrants and 50 natives. Anthropometric measurements (SAD, body mass index [BMI], waist circumference [WC] and waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]; all measured in supine position) and cardiovascular risk factors (C-reactive protein [CRP], insulin, glucose, insulin resistance [HOMA-IR], blood pressure and serum lipids) were assessed. The anthropometric measures were compared in their relation to cardiovascular risk factors using linear regression analyses.ResultsOverall, SAD showed a slightly higher correlation with most cardiovascular risk factors, especially insulin resistance, insulin, CRP, apolipoprotein B and triglycerides (all P-values < 0.01) than other anthropometric measures. BMI was however a better predictor of HDL cholesterol. SAD explained a greater proportion of the variation of insulin resistance and CRP levels, even independently of the other anthropometric measures.ConclusionSAD identifies insulin resistance, subclinical inflammation or raised serum lipids in a Swedish population with a large proportion of immigrant women from the Middle East. If these results could be confirmed in a larger population, SAD could be a more clinically useful risk marker than other anthropometric measures in women at high risk of cardiovascular disease.

Effects of non-heavy smoking on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in healthy Turkish young men

Objective - Decreased effects of smoking on serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c) were demonstrated in subjects smoking more than 20 cigarettes a day.We aimed to evaluate the effects of non-heavy smoking (≤ 20 cigarettes a day) on HDL-c in young, healthy men who are similar in terms of age, physical activity and diet.Methods - A total of 1012 male students between 19 and 25 years old (21.4 ± 1.5) in a military college who do not smoke or smoking ≤ 20 cigarettes a day were enrolled. Subjects who were consuming alcohol were excluded. Smoking levels (0: nonsmoker, 1: 1-5 cigarettes, 2: 6-10 cigarettes, 3:11-20 cigarettes a day) and duration were obtained by a questionnaire. Blood samples were taken after an over-night fasting. Blood pressure and anthropometric measurements were reported.Results - HDL-c showed a stepwise decrease as the level of smoking increased (49 ± 9 mg/dL in level 0, 47 ± 7 mg/dL in level 1, 46 ± 8 mg/dL in level 2, 45 ± 7 mg/dL in level 3, p < 0.001). Total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density cholesterol were not different among the smoking levels. Body mass index (BMI) and waist/hip ratio were found to be slightly decreased in smokers. In a multivariate regression model including smoking level, duration, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, smoking level was the only predictor of HDL-c (B= -1.407, p < 0.001).Conclusion - Smoking, even in relatively low levels, has a negative stepwise relationship with HDL-c in a homogeneous population of healthy young men in whom other major non-genetic factors that are known to affect HDL-c levels are identical.

Anthropometric markers for cardiovascular disease risk factors among overweight adolescents

This study investigated the relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI), percentage of body fat, distribution of body fat and cardiovascular disease risk factors in overweight adolescents. Eighty adolescents, aged between 12 and 18 years, 56 girls and 24 boys, attending a primary health care center between August 1997 and March 1998, with BMI equal to or above the 85th percentile of age-sex Brazilian population distribution. Body fat measurement was carried out through electric bioimpedance, using a body fat analyzer, model Tanita TBF 305. Correlation between BMI and body fat percentage with lipid profile was about the same for both sexes, whereas the correlation between systolic and diastolic blood pressure and fat percentage ( r = 0.43, p = 0.009) was higher than with BMI ( r = 0.28, p = 0.03 and r = 0.37, p = 0.005, respectively), for girls. Among boys, HDL cholesterol showed a strong and significant negative association with waist circumference ( r = − 0.50, p = 0.01) and with waist-to-hip ratio ( r = −0.46, p = 0.02). In both sexes, triglycerides were not associated with BMI and percentage of body fat. Among girls HDL cholesterol ( r = −0.39, p = 0.0002), triglycerides ( r = 0.43, p = 0.0009) and total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio ( r = 0.44, p = 0.0006) correlated more strongly with waist-to-hip ratio than waist circumference. Waist circumference was more strongly correlated with BMI ( r = 0.92, p = 0.0001 for boys and r = 0.89, p = 0.001 for girls) than waist-to-hip ratio ( r = 0.46, p = 0.02 for boys and r = 0.51, p = 0.003 for girls). With further adjustment for sex, pubertal status, and BMI, waist-to-hip ratio was a better predictor of HDL cholesterol than waist circumference.

Metabolic and Behavioral Covariates of High‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol and Triglyceride Concentrations in Postmenopausal Women

To determine predictors of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations in postmenopausal women. Cross-sectional study. Clinical research facility. One hundred twenty-seven healthy, relatively sedentary, postmenopausal women not on estrogen replacement, mean age 57 years. Alcohol intake, cigarette smoking, aerobic fitness (VO2max), body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, waist-hip ratio, lipids and lipoproteins, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and insulin (FPI) concentrations. In univariate analyses, HDL was significantly (P < 0.05) inversely related to BMI, waist-hip ratio, smoking, FPG, and FPI, and directly related to VO2max and alcohol intake. Triglycerides were related directly to BMI, waist-hip ratio, percent body fat, FPG, and FPI, and inversely to VO2max. In stepwise multiple regressions, BMI, waist-hip ratio, alcohol, smoking, and FPG were significantly associated with HDL (R2 for the model = 0.43). Addition of TG to these models reduced relations of BMI and waist-hip ratio, but not the other variables, to insignificance. For triglycerides, waist-hip ratio, alcohol, smoking, FPG, and FPI were significant predictors (R2 = 0.33). VO2max and percent body fat did not contribute to any model. Obesity, abdominal obesity, smoking, alcohol intake, and measures of carbohydrate metabolism predict HDL and triglyceride concentrations in postmenopausal women.

High density lipoprotein cholesterol in relation to food consumption and running distance

The effects of diet and exercise on serum triglycerides (Trig), total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and the HDL to TC ratio (HDL/TC) were evaluated in 45 men training continuously for a duration of 6 months. Body mass index (BMI), percentage body fat, and serum values for Trig, TC, HDL, and HDL/TC were constant throughout the observation period. Bivariate correlations indicated that Trig, TC, and LDL were linearly related and HDL and HDL/TC were related inversely to age, BMI, and percentage body fat, respectively. Distance run per month was linearly related to age, BMI, percentage body fat, Trig, TC, and LDL and inversely related to HDL and HDL/TC. Multiple regression analysis suggested that BMI was the best predictor of Trig, TC, and LDL, while distance run per month was the best predictor of HDL and HDL/TC and second best predictor of Trig. The weekly intakes of fish, bread, cooked cereal, wine, beer, soft drinks, and vegetables were less significant predictors of lipoprotein levels.