Pre-design Stage Research Articles

3D modeling in land management design

The article substantiates the relevance of using 3D visualization of land management objects at the pre-design stage, examines the process of designing land use of the Kozlovskaya PSPP (pumped storage power plant) of the Chuvash Republic with the development of a 3D model in AutoCAD Civil 3D. The use of 3D modeling and visualization provides additional opportunities for the presentation of objects and decision-making, allowing to reduce the costs of the project by 1.5-2 times.

The Influence of Metro Tunnel Construction Parameters on the Settlement of Surrounding Buildings

The construction of tunnels in conditions of dense urban development affects buildings, structures, and engineering communications located at the surface. In this work, through dispersion analysis, factors influencing the settlement of the earth’s surface and buildings during tunneling were selected. Subsequently, a model based on statistically significant parameters that can predict deformations at the pre-design stage was created. This research was conducted using data from geotechnical monitoring obtained during the construction of underground structures, with information about the technological parameters of shield tunneling in the construction of the single-track lines of the Moscow Metro using TBM with face-support pressure and engineering–geological conditions. In the obtained model, there is a clear dependency between the additional displacement of the monitoring object located above the projected tunnel and the average face-support pressure causing the mentioned deformations. The response is also affected by the soil deformation model at the tunnel face, the depth of the tunnel, and the soil excavation for the installation of one ring.

Design frameworks for ventilative cooling: Perceptions from building design practitioners in Ireland and the United Kingdom

The global increase in building cooling demands poses a challenge for designers striving for net zero energy consumption. The prevalent use of mechanical cooling underscores the necessity for designers to consider Ventilative Cooling as a viable alternative in the early stages of building design. This paper presents findings from an exploratory survey and semi-structured interviews of industry experts in Ireland and the United Kingdom about their design processes and experienced-based approaches to designing Ventilative Cooling. The findings suggest that the pre-design stage has the same influence for promoting ventilative cooling strategies as the schematic and detailed design stages for practitioners, yet limited impactful decision making occurs at this stage. Over 70 % of the survey respondents reported satisfaction with current Ventilative Cooling tools used in building design. Only 8 % of architects use a ventilative cooling tool, while engineers always do, showing that separate design advice is needed for architects and engineers. The interview findings indicate that early-stage design interventions for Ventilative Cooling can be improved if there was more empirical evidence of how strategies perform available as design guidance in ventilative cooling design guidelines. Additionally, engineers highlighted that post-occupancy evaluation and site monitoring of existing buildings are crucial stages of further research that can identify the effectiveness of Ventilative Cooling design decisions. In their building designs, the practitioners reported a need for preparedness to assess resilience to extreme future climate events such as heat waves. Effective communication between industry and academic research can help improve the built environment industry's future readiness.

Digital Transformation: Elevating Landscape Architecture through Building Information Modeling (BIM)

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is widely used in architecture and construction, particularly in building andstructure design. However, BIM is imposed in landscape architecture design, which is still not much applied inlandscape architecture, academically and practically. Therefore, this paper explores the benefits of BIM application inlandscape architecture design. A methodology involves a systematic literature review (SLR) on BIM landscapearchitecture to explore the purposes and benefits of BIM's landscape architecture. The study found that the BIMapplication has contributed valuable benefits to the landscape architecture design process and the digital modeling oflandscapes. Moreover, the study provides a solution software application and tool to generate a sustainable landscapedesign from the pre-design stage of landscape architecture projects . In short, successfully utilizing BIM depends on anoperator's human skills to use the application in landscape architecture projects and enhance the multiple aspects oflandscape visualization.

Techno-Economic Analysis of the Heating System Robustness

A techno-economic analysis of different heating systems of a multi-apartment building is performed. The final energy savings and the economic benefit under different boundary conditions are investigated for a Passive House that has been realized and monitored in Innsbruck, Austria. Eight different system combinations are considered, varying the heat generation (direct electric (as-built), air/water heat pump (HP) and groundwater HP) as well as the size of the photovoltaic (PV) system. The systems are investigated with a building model with two different parameterizations: the pre-design stage and the model adapted to the monitored boundary conditions (BC: climate and user behaviour) and monitored energy consumption. The monitoring of the first two years of operation revealed a significantly higher space heating demand (29 kWh/(m2a) compared to 8 kWh/(m2a)). The most robust system (i.e. the system that performs best independent of the BC) for primary energy optimization is identified as an air-source heat pump with a 32 kWp photovoltaic system. This system also allows economic savings in case of high heating demand (adapted building model) and slightly higher costs in case of low heating demand (pre-design model). The groundwater-source HP is cost-effective only in scenarios with high heating demand due to significant investment and installation costs. Monthly primary energy factors are used to account for seasonal effects of the energy demand, providing an assessment of system efficiency that accounts for the so-called winter gap.

A conceptual cost estimation model for the pre-design stage of road projects using multiple regression analysis

PurposeThe current estimation practice in construction projects greatly needs upgrading, as there has been no improvement in the cost overrun issue over the past 70 years. The purpose of this research was to develop a new multiple regression analysis (MRA)-based model to forecast the final cost of road projects at the pre-design stage using data from 43 projects in New Zealand (NZ).Design/methodology/approachThe research used the case study of 43 completed road projects in NZ. Document analysis was conducted to collect data, and statistical tests were used for model development and analysis.FindingsEight models were developed, and all models achieved the required F statistics and met the regression assumptions. The models’ mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) was between 21.25% and 22.77%. The model with the lowest MAPE comprised the road length and width, number of bridges, pavement area, cut and fill area, preliminary cost and cost indices change.Research limitations/implicationsThe model is based on road projects in NZ. However, it was designed to be able to adapt to other contexts. The findings suggest that the model can be used to improve traditional conceptual estimating methods. Past project data is often stored by the project team but rarely used for analysing and forecasting purposes. This research emphasises that past data can be effectively used to predict the project cost at the pre-design stage with limited information.Originality/valueNo research was conducted to adopt cost modelling techniques into the conceptual estimation practice in the NZ construction industry.

Comprehensive Structural Reliability Assessment When Choosing Switchgear Circuits for 35–220 kV Step-Up Substations

The basic requirements for the design of a switchgear for main 35–220 kV step-down substations are reliability and efficiency. Switchgear circuits are chosen depending on the number of supply and transit lines and transformers, the substation’s place in the power supply system, and the area that can be allocated under the substation construction. The substation switchgear’s reliability depends on the circuit type and the equipment to be installed. When designing, as a rule, standard substation switchgear circuit solutions are chosen with often unreasonably overstated reliability indicators and, as a consequence, capital costs. This paper explores the issues of automated choice of the best option for the 35–220 kV substation switchgear circuit, considering its structural reliability and additional costs for the area allocated under the electrical unit. A distinctive feature of the work is a comprehensive accounting of the reliability indicators of the substation and the influence of the layout of switchgear circuits as a whole on the performance indicators of future electrical installations. The developed technique is used at the pre-design stages and allows for reducing further capital, maintenance, and repair costs for electrical units by up to 14.5%. The developed approach is implemented in the original TER CAD software product.

Soil pesticides pollution detection and specific recognition using electronic nose

The detection of pesticides in soil has been widely studied. However, it is difficult to realize large-scale in-situ detection with current methods. In this paper, we proposed distributed soil pesticides detection and specific recognition framework and verified the feasibility of using electronic nose as the detector of membrane interface probe to detect pesticides in soil. Six brands of pesticides in three types and healthy soil were specifically identified. Furthermore, semi quantitative calculation of pesticides was realized to provide decision-making basis for staff. To minimize the computing resource and energy consumption, the data-driven method was used to determine the best sensor array in the pre design stage of the whole frame. The experiment results show that the proposed method can quickly and effectively detect soil pollution and accurately analyze various pesticides in the soil.

Prediction of azeotropes position of refrigerant mixtures using the PHSC EoS

The work aims is predict the azeotropes' position in refrigerant mixtures using the Perturbed Hard Sphere Chain (PHSC) equation of state (EoS). The vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) of seventeen binary refrigerant mixtures has been correlated using two model-adjustable parameters. The results show that the proposed model can calculate the bubble and dew points of binary systems, accurately. The average ARD value of binary VLE calculations has been obtained 1.28 %. The azeotropes pressure and composition of binary mixtures have been predicted using the PHSC EoS with the average ARD values of 1.043 % and 2.23 %, respectively. The maximum relative deviation has been observed for R717+R125 systems with two azeotropes points; ARDx=12.2 %. The performance of the PHSC EoS has been evaluated by predicting the azeotropes position of ternary mixtures. The PHSC EoS results have been compared to three cubic-based EoSs containing the PR-vdW, PR-BM, and PR-MHV2-NRTL models. The results show that the PHSC EoS can predict the ternary VLE data and azeotropes position satisfactory. The relative absolute deviation does not exceed 1.7 % for the azeotropes pressure. The PHSC EoS can be used as a robust and efficient model for the prediction of the azeotropes' position in binary and ternary refrigerant mixtures. Prediction of azeotropic composition helps us to find promising refrigerant candidates in the pre-design stage of the desired apparatus.

Urban planning analysis: pre-design stage of the concept for the development of public spaces

The article examines the concept of public space. The main factors for achieving a comfortable public space have been identified. An algorithm for conducting urban planning analysis of public space has been formed. A study was conducted using the example of the Zakharyinsky Ponds park area, located in Moscow.

PEMBUATAN BUSANA PESTA MALAM DENGAN MAPPING TILE BORDIR PADA BAGIAN EKOR ROK

The aim of this study was to find out the process of making evening party dresses with embroidered tile mapping on the tail of the skirt and find out the results of making evening party clothes with embroidered tile mapping on the tail of the skirt. The method used in this study is the creation of work which consists of four stages. First, the pre-design stage. Second, the design stage. Third, the embodiment stage. Fourth, the presentation stage. The results of this study are: The process of making evening party dresses with mapping on the tail of the skirt starts from making a party dress design concept and making sketches. The process of applying mapping to party attire starts with cutting the embroidered tiles used for mapping according to the design. Then the embroidered tile pieces are arranged and placed on the tail of the party dress skirt. The finished result of making an evening party dress with embroidered tile mapping on the tail of the skirt is in accordance with the design concept. The selection of material characteristics using maroon duchess cloth and the application of embroidered tile mapping on the tail of the party dress skirt makes the dress look luxurious.

Symbolic Expression of Bungong Mata Uroe in the Interior Craftwork of the Living Room

Bungong mata uroe is the name for the sunflower plant by people of Aceh, the represented in the form of a sunflower which has beautiful blooming petals and is bright yellow in color with the meaning of loyalty and beauty making the artist interested in visualizing bungong mata uroe into the interior of the family room.The concept used in the creation of works uses the concept of symbolic expression, namely modern art forms that utilize traditional idioms as the basic elements of the creation. The creation method uses four stages, including the pre-design stages, the design stage, the embodiment stage and the presentation stage.In the creation of this final project, the artist expresses the bungong mata uroe which are applied to interior family room products, including corner table mats, wall hangings, mirrors, pillowcases, table mats and window curtains. This work is used to decorate or decorate family rooms as well as to reintroduce the bungong mata uroe shape with a knitting technique that combines two stitching techniques, namely double stitch and chain stitch.

Surrogate modeling for long-term and high-resolution prediction of building thermal load with a metric-optimized KNN algorithm

• Surrogate modeling, to predict all-year hourly building loads in pre-design stage. • Load database contains 16384 models with crucial features and thermal load data. • Manhattan distance is the optimal metric when performing KNN in load prediction. • Propose thermal load prediction process at district level and apply it to a case. During the pre-design stage of buildings, reliable long-term prediction of thermal loads is significant for cooling/heating system configuration and efficient operation. This paper proposes a surrogate modeling method to predict all-year hourly cooling/heating loads in high resolution for retail, hotel, and office buildings. 16 384 surrogate models are simulated in EnergyPlus to generate the load database, which contains 7 crucial building features as inputs and hourly loads as outputs. K-nearest-neighbors (KNN) is chosen as the data-driven algorithm to approximate the surrogates for load prediction. With test samples from the database, performances of five different spatial metrics for KNN are evaluated and optimized. Results show that the Manhattan distance is the optimal metric with the highest efficient hour rates of 93.57% and 97.14% for cooling and heating loads in office buildings. The method is verified by predicting the thermal loads of a given district in Shanghai, China. The mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) are 5.26% and 6.88% for cooling/heating loads, respectively, and 5.63% for the annual thermal loads. The proposed surrogate modeling method meets the precision requirement of engineering in the building pre-design stage and achieves the fast prediction of all-year hourly thermal loads at the district level. As a data-driven approximation, it does not require as much detailed building information as the commonly used physics-based methods. And by pre-simulation of sufficient prototypical models, the method overcomes the gaps of data missing in current data-driven methods.

The influence of the static component of the water supply network on the change in the power consumption of the pumping unit with frequency control

RELEVANCE. The effective functioning of urban water supply systems plays an important role in maintaining the normal life of cities and towns. Of particular importance is the management of pressure and the optimization of hydraulic regimes in water-wired networks, since they directly affect the reliability of water supply and the efficient use of resources. However, the determination of the optimal parameters and methods of regulation in each specific case requires careful research and analysis. In the context of a constant increase in requirements for automation of water supply and growing investments in its infrastructure, the problem of a correct feasibility study for such investments is of particular relevance.PURPOSE. For smooth regulation of the pressure characteristic of the pump in the conditions of the need to maintain a given pressure of the water supply network, frequency converters are widely used. In the context of the significance of an accurate assessment of investment costs for the automation of pumping units, it becomes necessary to obtain equations that take into account the features of the operation of the water supply network at the pre-design stage. In this regard, the authors of the article set themselves the goal of studying the degree of influence of the static component of the water supply network on the change in the power consumption of the pumping unit with frequency regulation and testing the obtained dependencies on real statistics of the water and energy consumption modes of the Sozh water intake of the Gomel water utility.METHODS. To solve the tasks, classical formulas of similarity of the pumping unit were used, reflecting the relationship between flow, pressure and power consumption. The mean squared error, the mean absolute error and the average absolute error in percentages were used as the evaluation metric for verifying the electric power supply model of the pumping unit.RESULTS. The study demonstrates a significant improvement in the accuracy of power consumption modeling when using a modified coefficient reflecting the degree of power change when the frequency of the supply network changes. When using this approach, the standard error is reduced more than twice, from 0.35 to 0.167, the average absolute error is reduced from 0.347 to 0.165, and the average absolute percentage error is reduced from 0.20% to 0.08%.CONCLUSION The conducted research confirms the effectiveness of the use of frequency control of pumping units, which provides a nonlinear change in electrical power, and demonstrates the possibility of more accurate forecasting of electricity consumption, taking into account the specifics of the water supply network. The results of this work can be useful for projects to optimize urban water supply systems, providing more accurate planning and use of resources.

Simulation Study on Outdoor Wind Environment of Residential Complexes in Hot-Summer and Cold-Winter Climate Zones Based on Entropy-Based TOPSIS Method

Driven by a large digital simulation environment, CFD calculation software is used to simulate test results so that they can be effectively applied to engineering practice. This paper explores the suitable outdoor wind environment for residential areas in the hot summer and the cold winter. Taking Xishan Huijing in Changsha as an example, the most unfavorable wind field environment is used as the boundary condition, and the optimal design mode for this residential area is explored based on the Butterfly platform. The research in this paper is mainly divided into five steps: (1) using Rhino 7.0 to establish a 3D model; (2) using the Butterfly 0.0.05 platform to simulate the wind field and export the data at the same time, and to realize the preview through the visualization method; (3) processing the exported simulation data and the calculation of related indices; (4) applying the entropy-based TOPSIS method on the MATLAB 2020 platform to rank the preferred scheme and obtain the corresponding index weights; and (5) using a K-means cluster analysis on SPSS 26 software to optimize the scheme. The results show that (1) the wind environment quality will be overestimated in the summer if the influence of neighboring buildings on the site is not considered, while the opposite is true in the winter, with the error of both reaching two times. (2) The weights of the indicators determined by the TOPSIS entropy weighting method indicate that wind protection in the winter should be prioritized over natural ventilation in the summer in this area. The maximum wind speed in the winter has the most significant weight, reaching 0.287, and the uniformity of the wind field in the summer is the most important, reaching 0.1102. (3) In the layout design of the residential district, the staggered layout of the 60 m high slab houses in the northern, northeastern, and northwestern directions of the site creates a better wind field environment, which attains the highest score by the TOPSIS entropy weighting method, reaching 0.1539, with the second highest score, reaching 0.1511, for the layout method. The research results will provide a scientific basis for the design of residential buildings in the hot-summer and cold-winter regions in China, and also help designers to better grasp the outdoor wind environment of residential buildings in the pre-design stage.

Audit-Based Energy Performance Analysis of Multifamily Buildings in South-East Poland

Multifamily buildings account for about half of all residential buildings in Poland and about 70% of the urban population live in them. Most of them require thermal refurbishment. Evaluation of a building’s energy performance with the use of correlation models has been very rarely used in relation to buildings in Poland. This method is simple, fast and can improve the decision process on thermal modernisation. It is especially important at the pre-design stage of planned investments. This paper presents an attempt to develop correlations that could be used in the energy assessment of multifamily buildings. For this purpose a dataset containing of 29 audits of multifamily buildings was used. The statistical analysis was performed for buildings before and after planned refurbishment. Obtained relationships showed strong correlation between thermal demand for space heating or domestic hot water and ventilation airflow and thermal transmittance of windows (R2 > 0.6). After designed modernisation the number of strong correlations decreased. Energy for domestic hot water was correlated with the number of inhabitants (R2 = 0.6). Energy for space heating was correlated with the number of users and heated volume of a building.

Evaluation of Construction and Demolition Waste and Other Alternative Fills for Strip-Reinforced Soil Walls

This article assesses the pullout performance of ribbed metallic strips embedded in fill soils that do not conform to conventional design criteria for mechanically stabilized earth (MSE) walls. These alternative fill soils include gravelly and sandy recycled aggregates from construction and demolition waste, artificial and natural sands, and fine-grained lateritic soil. The research included soil characterization tests and large-scale pullout tests, conducted as part of this study. The results showed that the reinforcement pullout behavior was similar for recycled, artificial, and natural sands, indicating that soil particle size played a crucial role in mobilizing the interface pullout resistance. However, in the case of recycled sand, stress concentration at the reinforcement level led to particle crushing during pullout conditions, causing this material to exhibit less efficient performance compared to other sands. The fine-grained lateritic soil demonstrated inferior behavior compared to sandy soils, despite the interparticle bonding provided by the sesquioxide coating characteristic of intensely weathered tropical soils. Finally, an analytical prediction tool based on experimental results was developed, providing an alternative method to make conjectures about the performance of different soils during the pre-design stages, particularly based on particle size attributes.

Shear Strength Prediction of Steel-Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams Using the M5P Model

This article presents a mathematical model developed using the M5P tree to predict the shear strength of steel-fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) for slender beams using soft computing techniques. This method is becoming increasingly popular for addressing complex technical problems. Other approaches, such as semi-empirical equations, can show known inaccuracies, and some soft computing methods may not produce predictive equations. The model was trained and tested using 332 samples from an experimental database found in the previous literature, and it takes into account independent variables such as the effective depth d, beam width bw, longitudinal reinforcement ratio ρ, concrete compressive strength fc, shear span to effective depth ratio a/d, and steel fiber factor Fsf. The predictive performance of the proposed M5P-based model was also compared with the one of existing models proposed in the previous literature. The evaluation revealed that the M5P-based model provided a more consistent and accurate prediction of the actual strength compared to the existing models, achieving an R2 value of 0.969 and an RMSE value of 37.307 for the testing dataset. It was found to be a reliable and also straightforward model. The proposed model is likely to be highly helpful in assessing the shear capacity of SFRC beams during the pre-planning and pre-design stages and could also be useful to help for future revisions of design standards.

Designing a Mobile Game Based on Augmented Reality Application for Learning Media

Designing games for educational purposes needs to consider various aspects that help lead to the making of a good game. This study aims to describe users’ responses towards the potential of the game for blended learning, the design stages and the trial which encompass pre-design input taking, design stages, trial, and evaluation. The inputs from the pre-design stage have been the basis for the media design; the trial stage inputs from the prospective users and two experts provide feedback for the validity of media both in content and construct aspects. The research subjects involved 100 Junior high school students, 5 English language teachers, and 1 game design expert. The tools of data collection are questionnaire and semi-structured interview which were developed by the researchers. The intended subject for which this game is designed is reading comprehension and the study is planned to be conducted in approximately eight months. Both types of feedback were used to evaluate the readiness of the media for the real use for blended learning model. The results showed that the validity in content and construct aspects were both very good. The trial result also suggests that the game is considered a decent product, attractive and easy to use for independent learning. Thus, the final evaluation suggests that the media is readily usable for the real context of blended learning.

Metamodel simulation for designing monopole telecommunication antenna support structures

Finite element analysis is used to estimate the displacements and forces present in each element of a structure. This type of analysis is time consuming in pre-processing, processing, and post-processing. It also incurs considerable computational costs. A simplified methodology is therefore required to reduce design time considerably. The research involved the development and application of an experimental methodology and a simulation, using Ansys Research software’s LS-DYNA module, in which loads are applied in accordance with the ANSI/TIA 222-G standard used in the telecommunications industry. The matrix method was applied, obtaining results for nodal displacement that were compared with the results of physical tests and a metamodel, showing a variation range of 8.44%. In addition, it was shown that a metamodel can be used during the pre-design stage, significantly reducing the time required for analysis.