Use Of Precise Terminology Research Articles

Proof and proving: legislative technique of criminal procedure laws of the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation

Proof and proving lies at the heart of criminal procedure regulation, significantly impacting the quality of law enforcement. In the post-Soviet states that once shared a unified legal system during the USSR dissolution, original criminal procedural laws emerged, exhibiting intriguting examples of evidence and proof rules’ layout. The purpose of the study is to discern the distinct design characteristics of evidence and prove institutions in the criminal procedure laws of the Republic of Moldova and the Russian Federation. The study’s methodological framework rests upon the general scientific principles of cognition such as objectivity, comprehensiveness, pluralism, and historicism. It employs historical, formal-logical and comparative methods, as well as document analysis. By comparing the normative models of evidence and proof institutions in Moldovan and Russian criminal procedure laws, a shared approach to the concept of evidence as a fusion of form and content becomes apparent. Distinct features of the Moldovan criminal procedure law include the systemic and structured arrangement of evidence rules, the formal adoption of the concept of a means of proof, and precise use of terminology. Conversely, the Russian criminal procedure law disperses evidence rules actoss general and specialized sections, leading to regulatory duplications and terminologicals inaccuracies. The historical roots of the evidence and proof institution layout trace back to November 20, 1864, Charter of Criminal Procedure. The Charter’s systematization of norms reflected the nuances of the pre-revolutionary Russian process. Despite the subsequent stage structuring evolution during the Soviet era and procedural form differentiation, the Soviet legislator retained the pre-revolutionary rules’ systematization on evidence. Presently, the current criminal procedure law maintains much of the previous regulatory content, highlighting essential areas for enhancement in evidence and proof institution design to allign more closely with the process’ stage structure and procedural form differentiation, thus mitigating potential abuse of rights. Addressing these design shortcomings is crucial. Rectifing Russian legistation following the comparative study allows drawing insights from Moldova’s legislative experience.

Researching lived experience in health professional education.

Qualitative approaches have flourished in medical education research. Many research articles use the term 'lived experience' to describe the purpose of their study, yet we have noticed contradictory uses and misrepresentations of this term. In this conceptual paper, we consider three sources of these contradictions and misrepresentations: (1) the conflation of perspectives with experiences; (2) the conflation of experience with lived experience; and (3) the conflation of researching lived experience with phenomenology. We offer suggestions to facilitate more precise use of terminology. Our starting point is to free researchers from unnecessary shackles: Not every problem in medical education should be studied through experience, nor should every study of experience be phenomenological. Data based on participants' perceptions, beliefs, opinions and thoughts, while based on reflections of experiences, are not in and of themselves accounts of experience. Lived experiences are situated, primal and pre-reflective; perspectives are more abstract. Lived experience-as opposed to experiences as such-deeply attune to bodies, relationality, space and time. There is also a difference between experiences as lived, how a person makes sense of these and what the researcher interprets and represents. Phenomenology is a meaningful approach to the study of lived experience, but other approaches, such as narrative inquiry and self-study, can also offer useful avenues for undertaking this type of research. We aim to broaden researchers' scope with this paper and equip researchers with the information they need to be clear about the meaning and use of the terms experience and lived experience. We also hope to open new methodological possibilities for researching experiences as lived and, through highlighting tensions, to prompt researchers of lived experience to strive for ontological closeness and resonance.

Accurate Botanical Nomenclature: Pomegranate and the 'Aril' Misconception.

The pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) attracts attention in studies for its nutritional and medicinal properties. However, a recurring issue in the literature arises due to the multidisciplinary nature of these studies, leading to a mistaken repetition of basic botanical terms. The problem stems from the misapplication of the term "aril" to the pomegranate seed, despite the fruit being exariled, signifying the absence of an aril. This confusion may be attributed to the sarcotesta's appearance, resembling a complete aril, coupled with a lack of awareness in fields such as medicine, pharmacy, and cosmetics. This study specifically examines the Kingdom-variety pomegranate, due its economic importance in the fruit market. The fruits were evaluated at different developmental stages-initial, intermediate, and commercial. Magnification photography techniques were used to study the development state of the pomegranate fruits. The physiological studies confirm that the pomegranate seed constitutes the complete grain, with the juicy, sweet part surrounding it identified as the testa, not an aril. The findings underscore a persistent error in the existing literature, emphasizing the necessity for dissemination and education in future studies. A thorough grasp of pomegranate anatomy and precise use of terminology are indispensable for ensuring accuracy and rigor in scientific communication.

Why Terminology Matters for Successful Rollout of Carbon Dioxide Utilization Technologies

To realize their full sustainability potential, carbon dioxide utilization technologies (carbon capture and utilization/CCU) presently require policy support. Consequently, they require acceptance among a variety of stakeholders in industry, policy making, and in the public sphere alike. While CO2 utilization is already a topic of discourse among these stakeholders, there is a lack of common terminology to describe such technologies. On the contrary: The present article shows that terminology in the field of CO2 utilization technologies is currently used inconsistently, and that different designations such as CCU, CCUS, or CDR convey different meanings and contexts. These ambiguities may cause communication problems with regard to policy making, funding proposals, and especially in public discourse. In order to initiate and accompany a goal-oriented and knowledge-based debate on CO2 utilization technologies in the future, actors in the field are asked to question their own choices of terminology and to assess its accuracy. Acronyms and technical abbreviations are the chief cause of potential misunderstandings, and so should be avoided whenever possible or else include a brief explanation. Consistent and precise use of terminology will facilitate transparent dialogue concerning CO2 utilization in the future.

Etymology of Anesthesiology and Anesthesia, Redux

Etymology of <i>Anesthesiology</i> and <i>Anesthesia</i>, Redux

The Digital City: Critical Dimensions in Implementing the Smart City

Cities around the world are beginning a process of adaptation to the digital age. Digitization processes are an opportunity for new thinking and organization of municipal systems, city services and residents’ daily life. However, inherent within these processes are not only opportunities, but also many risks. Unwise introduction of digital projects may do more harm than good. Therefore, familiarity with the issue of digitalization and in-depth learning about it are an important component of strategic planning in a contemporary city. This report focuses on four central topics for the development and assimilation of technology in a city: planning, technology and security, privacy, and inequality. Chapter 1 presents the idea of a smart city, its underlying assumptions, as well as the risks and challenges that are part of implementing this concept. Particular emphasis is given to the importance of the planning process and decision making processes in implementing technological initiatives. We discuss governability in the digital age, the centrality of ‎the private sector in the implementation of technological applications, the process ‎of decision-making for promoting digital projects, using examples from cities in Israel. Chapter 2 explores the development of technologies in cities from the perspective of the interests and powers that motivate them. These technologies are developed and operated in several specific contexts: by municipal governments that are interested in reducing the cost of providing municipal services, while also expanding their services and control over the city, and by private companies and citizens who create new applications that transform the experience of residing in or visiting a city into something more sophisticated. We discuss the main emerging ‎technologies currently found in cities, assess the ‎processes of developing and deploying them, and survey the various threats faced by a city’s IT systems. We offer recommendations for ‎protecting the digital infrastructure and residents’ privacy. ‎ Chapter 3 offers a privacy analysis. The introduction of new technologies facilitates gathering additional types of data that could not be collected previously, the matching of data with other sources within the city and elsewhere, processing data in order to identify general trends and create personal profiles of residents, and transmission of information about residents to other parties within the city administration or beyond – to market players and other governmental authorities. We identify the challenges and suggest some solutions. Chapter 4 examines the relationship between digitization and social gaps. Whereas digitization has the potential to reduce gaps by expanding the access to information and education, these processes may also enlarge existing divides and create new ones. In a city where varied social groups reside, the ‎use of various technologies is also related to their characteristics, their lifestyle, and the ‎space where they live. We examine the unequal impact of digitization on society as a whole, and ‎focus on issues of inequality in the digital era. Chapter 5 presents proposes taking a critical look at the concept of smart city and using digitization terminology to describe the technological revolution in the city. Precise use of terminology will facilitate business-like, effective analysis of digitization in the city and its impact on society. We present policy recommendations related to planning, technology, privacy, and inequality in a single flow-chart. Integration of the varied recommendations offers a working framework for policymakers.

International perspective and national reality in the Principi di Catalogazione e regole italiane di Diego Maltese

The Paris Principles of 1961, resulting from a meeting between the leading librarians of the day, and the Florentine experience with the Bibliografia nazionale italiana (BNI), a site subject to international pressures and at the heart of Italian cataloguing policy, are at the basis of the concept of Principi di catalogazione e regole italiane. Maltese was of the view that the Italian code of 1956 should be completely overhauled, leading to a “consistent system of clearly formulated basic principles”. The quotation of A.D. Osborn “Cataloging is an art, and as an art it is technical. Its basic rules are actually rather few and simple, and, in so far as the rules are kept few and simple, it is a delightful art to practice” (The Library Quarterly, 11 (1941) pp. 394−305) is the key to the reading of the work. Osborn (writing in 1941, twenty years before the Paris Principles), was hoping for rules that did not relate simply to particular cases, and that were unburdened by non-essential questions; Maltese’s reference to Osborn relates above all to the general method that he wishes to adopt: the abandonment of a legalistic code that proceeds case by case and is, hence, always “behind” with regard to the concrete manifestation and evolution of various types of publication; both are, instead, in favour of a code consisting of a small number of principles, serving as a guide, given the impossibility of foreseeing, recognizing and providing for every bibliographic eventuality. This philosophy takes maximum advantage of the professionalism and discernment of the cataloguer; the cataloguer, in fact, is called upon to use both competency and good sense − based on principles incorporated in “few and simple” rules − to adopt the solution that is most effective for the concrete context in which the catalogue is placed. The volume issues a powerful call for a return to responsible cataloguing and to the use of precise terminology. In this way, Maltese accords significant recognition to the profession, a testimony that marks a stimulating period in its history which, in the eighties and nineties, was subject to attempts at disruption, with drastic cutbacks in cataloguers and the widespread notion that anyone was capable of cataloguing.

Haustório, haustor, apressório, extensor:

A forma de vida parasitária em plantas está associada à formação de um órgão que pode ser genericamente denominado haustório, responsável pela conexão entre parasita e hospedeira. A grande diversidade de espécies parasitas - cerca de 1% das angiospermas viventes - somada à diversidade de potenciais hospedeiras, resulta numa multiplicidade de estruturas, tecidos e tipos celulares peculiares dessas interações. Entretanto, é frequente a observação de que toda esta variedade morfoanatômica seja abordada com o uso de poucos termos comuns e, até mesmo, com sinônimos, mas também com uso ambíguo e em estruturas de homologia dúbia ou não comprovada ontogeneticamente. O uso de publicações originalmente em outras línguas que o português (i.e. inglês, principalmente; espanhol; francês; italiano; alemão), com traduções literais, falsos cognatos e outras influências da linguística também promoveram confusões. De modo a promover uma utilização mais clara e precisa, além de realizar um resgate histórico das acepções originais dos termos, foi realizada uma compilação e reestruturação de termos do modo como vêm sendo abordados, de forma a promover um melhor entendimento da nomenclatura utilizada. Adicionalmente, estudos anatômicos e ontogenéticos têm sido realizados e confrontados com a literatura, e então resignificados sob uma perspectiva filogenética. Com base em nossos resultados e reflexões, apresentamos um glossário ilustrado e referenciado, com o qual sugerimos uma padronização de termos mais adequados na descrição da interface parasita-hospedeira de diversas famílias em língua portuguesa.

W sprawie edycji zbiorów pieczęci i opisu wyobrażeń napieczętnych

Two significant sphragistic source publications issued in 2012 and 2015 deal with seals on documents from the State Archive in Bydgoszcz and seal stamps from the State Archive in Poznan. Descriptions of seal images, contained in the cited publications, which could become models for future editions, inclined the author of the article to present his reflections on editing seals. The majority of the remarks pertain to the manner of constructing a description of armorial seals from the viewpoint of heraldry. Theses concerning the method of characterising seal imagery can be presented as follows: 1. A description of the seal image should not double information accessible in the illustration; 2. A description should contain expanding information (e.g. an identification of the motifs of deciphering the symbolic message); 3. All descriptions should possess a unified form and normalised contents; 4. A description must be maintained in a language adapted to the described contents, i.e. heraldic language and terminology must be applied to designate coats of arms, and descriptions of tools should use the names of specialist instruments in accordance with the terminology of suitable crafts and professions; 5. A description of armorial seals must take into account their dual character: a seal with a coat of arms (in the field a shield with an emblem) and a seal with an emblem (in the field an emblem without a shield); names of coats of arms should be used suitably for formulating descriptions of coats of arms; 7. In the course of depicting state emblems on “government’ seals one should take into account legal regulations upon whose basis the described emblem was created or modified. The use of precise terminology will make it possible to avoid interpretation misunderstandings, which at times are the consequences of the ambiguous language of the description..

AG.04 Parkinson's disease and Lewy body disease: the same or different?

The terms Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), PD dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are used by clinicians to describe the pattern and chronology of clinical presentations,...

Cryptorchidism in common eutherian mammals

Cryptorchidism is failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. Primary fault lies in the testis. We provide a unifying cross-species interpretation of testis descent and urge the use of precise terminology. After differentiation, a testis is relocated to the scrotum in three sequential phases: abdominal translocation, holding a testis near the internal inguinal ring as the abdominal cavity expands away, along with slight downward migration; transinguinal migration, moving a cauda epididymidis and testis through the abdominal wall; and inguinoscrotal migration, moving a s.c. cauda epididymidis and testis to the bottom of the scrotum. The gubernaculum enlarges under stimulation of insulin-like peptide 3, to anchor the testis in place during gradual abdominal translocation. Concurrently, testosterone masculinizes the genitofemoral nerve. Cylindrical downward growth of the peritoneal lining into the gubernaculum forms the vaginal process, cremaster muscle(s) develop within the gubernaculum, and the cranial suspensory ligament regresses (testosterone not obligatory for latter). Transinguinal migration of a testis is rapid, apparently mediated by intra-abdominal pressure. Testosterone is not obligatory for correct inguinoscrotal migration of testes. However, normally testosterone stimulates growth of the vaginal process, secretion of calcitonin gene-related peptide by the genitofemoral nerve to provide directional guidance to the gubernaculum, and then regression of the gubernaculum and constriction of the inguinal canal. Cryptorchidism is more common in companion animals, pigs, or humans (2-12%) than in cattle or sheep (< or =1%). Laboratory animals rarely are cryptorchid. In respect to non-scrotal locations, abdominal testes predominate in cats, dogs, and horses. Inguinal testes predominate in rabbits, are common in horses, and occasionally are found in cats and dogs. S.c. testes are found in cattle, cats and dogs, but are most common in humans.

From odorant formation to odour nuisance: new definitions for discussing a complex process

The process leading from odorant formation to individuals filing a complaint is complex, involving many steps and factors. A flow chart is proposed. The definitions that describe elements of this process, such as annoyance, nuisance, propensity of a population to experience nuisance, the "unpleasantness" of an odour, as used in odour literature, are often imprecise and confusing. A set of definitions is proposed to identify the issues involved and suggest a more precise use of terminology. A new definition for "annoyance potential" as an attribute of an odour is proposed. The concepts were developed for a study into the feasibility of developing a standardised method for measuring annoyance potential, funded by the programme "Improvement of the quality of Environmental Measurements", funded by the Ministry of Public Planning and the Environment in The Netherlands. The programme is expected to lead to a development programme, which will be outlined.

A formal framework of knowledge to support rational psychoactive drug selection

Rational psychoactive drug selection is a data and knowledge intensive task which requires true expertise from clinical, pathophysiological and pharmacotherapeutic knowledge. This paper presents a framework of knowledge, which relates concepts from several disciplines required for psychoactive drug selection in a formal way. A framework, when based on formal semantics, avoids ambiguity and gives conceptual clarity and supports precise use of terminology which is required when many domain experts (clinicians, pharmacologists and basic science researchers) are involved. A formal framework permits linking of existing classification systems. It furthermore can serve as a knowledge base for drug selection decision support systems.

12 - Splinting the Rheumatoid Hand

Splinting of the rheumatoid hand is a complex topic. Understanding is assisted by the use of precise terminology and so is accurate prescription. Dynamic and static orthoses can be prescribed for any part of the upper limb to assist function or provide resistance exercise. Orthoses can be valuable in planning surgery and assisting return of function postoperatively. The importance of training in prescription, manufacture, fitting and wearing of orthoses is stressed and careful discussion with the patient is vital. Thermoplastic materials have provided a new spectrum of designs. Spring wire attachments developed at Chessington (Wynn Parry et al, 1970), Odstock (Glanville, 1962) and The London Hospital (Ellis, 1981) have introduced further possibilities. Designs should be functional and must be acceptable to the patient.

Terminology and classification of colorectal adenocarcinoma: the Australian clinico-pathological staging system.

A new system--the Australian Clinico-pathological Staging (ACPS) System--is proposed for the reporting of cases of colorectal adenocarcinoma. It utilizes all information available--clinical, operative and pathological--before a stage is allotted. This contrasts with Dukes' classification which is based solely on the pathological examination of the resected specimen. The ACPS has a special category 'D' for incurable cancer--those with a locally advanced irremovable tumour or with distant metastases. This method requires co-operation between clinician and pathologist and the use of precise terminology with strict adherence to definitions. The validity of the system is tested by analysing the survival pattern of 709 patients from Concord Hospital according to the ACPS and Dukes' system.