Carbonate Precipitation Research Articles

Reducing non-cohesive soil erodibility through enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation

Reducing non-cohesive soil erodibility through enzyme-induced carbonate precipitation

Synthesizing high-density U₃O₈ powder from UO₂F₂ solution via AUC precipitation

Uranium trioxide octaoxide compound - U3O8 is a crucial nuclear material in nuclear technology. It is used as nuclear fuel for research reactors. To achieve this goal, an important characteristic that U3O8 powder must possess is a density ranging from 88-98% of the theoretical density (TD). This paper reports the results of an investigation of the ammonium uranyl carbonate (AUC) precipitation from uranyl fluoride (UO2F2) solution and optimization of sintering parameters for synthesizing high-density U3O8 powder, meeting the specified standards for manufacturing dispersed nuclear fuel for research reactors. The AUC precipitation was conducted using uranyl fluoride (UO2F2) solutions with uranium concentrations ranging from 80 to 120 gL-1 and ammonium carbonate ((NH4)2CO3) concentrations as precipitant were maintained between 200 and 400 gL-1, while the (NH4)2CO3 to U (C/U) molar ratios were kept equal to or greater than 6. The investigated parameters for sintering of the high-density U3O8 nuclear material derived from AUC (ex-AUC U3O8) are the sintering temperature and time. The experimental studies are designed by using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Central Composite Design (CCD). As a result, a regression equation describing the dependency of U3O8 powder density on sintering temperature and time has been established. Based on this equation, the sintering for synthesizing high-density U3O8 powder has been optimized. The regression equation aids in controlling the parameters of the U3O8 powder sintering.

Field investigation of the feasibility of MICP for Mitigating Natural Rainfall-Induced erosion in gravelly clay slope

Rainfall-induced erosion on slopes is a prevalent natural process leading to soil loss. One promising application of microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) is to mitigate rainfall-induced erosion. Conducting field tests is an essential step to verify and improve its performance. In the current work, field tests were conducted to assess the feasibility of using MICP to mitigate rainfall-induced erosion on a gravelly clay slope in Longyan, Fujian, China. A temporary laboratory was set up to cultivate bacteria, and a non-sterilizing method was employed to prepare large volumes of bacterial suspensions in a single batch. Slopes were treated by spraying solutions onto their surfaces. The amount of discharged soils and 3D surface scanning results were used for evaluating the erosion intensity of the slopes. The results demonstrated that the method could effectively mitigate the surface erosion caused by natural rainfall and prevent erosion-induced collapse. Notably, approximately one year after the treatment, the grass had started to grow on the heavily cemented slope, indicating that the MICP method is both effective and eco-friendly for soil stabilization method. However, further improvements are needed to enhance the uniformity and long-term durability of the MICP treatment.

MICP treated sand: insights into the impact of particle size on mechanical parameters and pore network after biocementation

Microbiologically Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) is a technology for improving soil characteristics, especially strength, that has been gaining increasing interest in literature during the last few years. Although a lot of influencing factors on the result of MICP are known, particle size and shape of the particles remain poorly understood. While destructive measuring of compressive strength or calcium carbonate content are important for the characterization of samples these methods give no insight into the internal structures and pore networks of the samples. X-ray microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) is a technique that is used to characterize the internals of rocks and to a certain degree MICP-treated soils. However, the impact of filtering and image processing of micro-CT Data depending on the type of MICP sample is poorly described in the literature. In this study, single fractions of local quarry were treated with MICP through the ureolytic microorganism Sporosarcina pasteurii to investigate the influence of particle size distribution on calcium carbonate content, unconfined compressive strength and the reduction of water permeability. Additionally, micro-CT was conducted to obtain insights into the resulting pore system. The impact of the Gauss filter und Non-local means filter on the resulting images and data on the pore network are discussed. The results show that particle size has a significant impact on the result of all tested parameters of biosandstone with lower particle size leading to higher strength and generally higher calcium carbonate content. Micro-CT data showed that the technology is feasible to gain valuable insights into the internal structures of biosandstone but the resolution and signal-to-noise ratio remain challenging, especially for samples with particle sizes smaller than 125 µm.

Evaluation of calcium carbonate production and cementitious characteristics of enzymatically induced carbonate precipitation during environmental adjustment

Enzymatically induced carbonate precipitation (EICP) is an emerging and eco-friendly technology, which is considered a green alternative to traditional cement in soil stabilization. When stabilizing soil use one-phase grouting method, the activity of urease is often adjusted, leads to changes in the composition and cementitious characteristics of CaCO3. Previous studies primarily focused on the mechanical properties of solidified soil samples, while the production and cementitious characteristics of CaCO3 influenced by the control of urease activity is rarely discussed. This study investigated production and cementitious characteristics of CaCO3 under different reaction environment (pH adjustment, temperature adjustment, and addition of inhibitors), during which the urease activity tests, pH tests, CaCO3 production tests and ultrasonic oscillation tests are conducted. Meanwhile, the morphological characteristics and mineral composition of CaCO3 are revealed through Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (SEM-EDS) tests and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) test. The results demonstrate that all three one-phase grouting methods can delay the production of CaCO3 at early-stage of EICP, while the pH should be maintained above 4 to prevent significant urease deactivation. The CaCO3 generated in EICP mainly consists of calcite and vaterite, and the size of CaCO3 increases with the urease activity increased. The cementitious characteristics of CaCO3 is mainly determined by the percentage composition of calcite and vaterite, where higher vaterite content results in weaker cementitious characteristics. This study provides insights for evaluating the cementitious characteristics of CaCO3, which is beneficial for guiding the promotion and application of one-phase grouting method.

Anionic Ionomer: Released Surface-Immobilized Cations and an Established Hydrophobic Microenvironment for Efficient and Durable CO2-to-Ethylene Electrosynthesis at High Current over One Month.

Electrosynthesis of multicarbon products, such as C2H4, from CO2 reduction on copper (Cu) catalysts holds promise for achieving carbon neutrality. However, maintaining a steady high current-level C2H4 electrosynthesis still encounters challenges, arising from unstable alkalinity and carbonate precipitation caused by undesired ion migration at the cathode under a repulsive electric field. To address these issues, we propose a universal "charge release" concept by incorporating tiny amounts of an oppositely charged anionic ionomer (e.g., perfluorinated sulfonic acid, PFSA) into a cationic covalent organic framework on the Cu surface (cCOF/PFSA). This strategy effectively releases the hidden positive charge within the cCOF, enhancing surface immobilization of cations to impede both outward migration of generated OH- and inward migration of cations, inhibiting carbonate precipitation and creating a strong alkaline microenvironment. Meanwhile, the ionomer's hydrophobic chains create a hydrophobic environment within the cCOF, facilitating efficient gas transport. In situ characterizations and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the cCOF/PFSA catalyst establishes a hydrophobic strong alkaline microenvironment, optimizing the adsorption strength and configuration of *CO intermediates to promote the C2H4 formation. The optimized catalyst achieves a 70.5% Faradaic efficiency for C2H4 with a partial current density over 470 mA cm-2. Notably, it delivers a high single-pass carbon efficiency of 96.5% for CO2RR and sustains an exceptional stability over 760 h. When implemented in a large-area MEA electrolyzer and a 5-cell MEA stack, the system achieves an industrial current of 15 A and continuous C2H4 production exceeding 19 mL min-1, marking a significant step toward industrial feasibility in CO2RR-to-C2H4 conversion.

The geochemical and thermodynamic characteristics of waste sand reinforced by microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation

To achieve efficient utilization of waste sand and make it a recyclable resource, the waste sand was reinforced by microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)–Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were performed to determine the mineral morphologies and elemental compositions. The results of SEM showed that rhombohedral and dumbbell-shaped minerals filled the pores of the sand column, and the elemental compositions were C, O, Ca, Al, and P. Various organic functional groups were discovered by FTIR. Mineral compositions were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the mineral components were calcite and aragonite, and the crystallinity of calcite improved with the increase in the bacterial concentrations. Stable carbon isotope analyses showed that the sand columns at different bacterial concentrations ranged from − 18.9 ‰ to − 21.4 ‰, which were more negative than chemical calcite with − 10.9 ‰. The mechanical properties of compression strength and splitting tensile strength proved that MICP could enhance the strength of sand columns. Thermodynamic characteristics were carefully investigated using thermogravimetric analysis from 50 °C to 1000 °C, which showed that the activation energy and thermal stability of the sand columns reinforced by MICP increased. Therefore, this study provides important insights into the process of MICP, which has good spontaneity, ecological performance, and low energy consumption. It is conducive to the construction of ecological civilization and the requirements of green development, and it has important engineering significance.

DEM investigation into the small-strain stiffness of bio-cemented soils

AbstractBio-mediated methods, such as microbially induced carbonate precipitation, are promising techniques for soil stabilisation. However, uncertainty about the spatial distribution of the minerals formed and the mechanical improvements impedes bio-mediated methods from being translated widely into practice. To bolster confidence in bio-treatment, non-destructive characterisation is desired. Seismic methods offer the possibility to monitor the effectiveness and mechanical efficiency of bio-treatment both in the laboratory and in the field. To aid the interpretation of shear wave velocity measurements, this study uses the discrete element method to examine the small-strain stiffness of bio-cemented sands. Bio-cemented specimens with different characteristics, including properties of the host sand (void ratio, uniformity of particle size distribution) and properties of the precipitated minerals (distribution pattern, content, Young’s modulus), are modelled and subjected to static probing. The mechanisms affecting the small-strain properties of cemented soils are investigated from microscopic observations. The results identify two mechanisms controlling the mechanical reinforcement associated with bio-cementation, namely the number of effective bonds and the ability of a single bond to improve stiffness. The results show that the dominant mechanism varies with the properties of the host sand. These results support the use of seismic measurements to assess the mechanical efficiency and effectiveness of bio-mediated treatment.

Remediation of Cr(VI)-Contaminated Soil Based on Cr(VI)-Reducing Bacterium Induced Carbonate Precipitation

Remediation of Cr(VI)-Contaminated Soil Based on Cr(VI)-Reducing Bacterium Induced Carbonate Precipitation

An integrated experimental-modeling approach to identify key processes for carbon mineralization in fractured mafic and ultramafic rocks.

Controlling atmospheric warming requires immediate reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, as well as the active removal and sequestration of CO2 from current point sources. One promising proposed strategy to reduce atmospheric CO2 levels is geologic carbon sequestration (GCS), where CO2 is injected into the subsurface and reacts with the formation to precipitate carbonate minerals. Rapid mineralization has recently been reported for field tests in mafic and ultramafic rocks. However, unlike saline aquifers and depleted oil and gas reservoirs historically considered for GCS, these formations can have extremely low porosities and permeabilities, limiting storage volumes and reactive mineral surfaces to the preexisting fracture network. As a result, coupling between geochemical interactions and the fracture network evolution is a critical component of long-term, sustainable carbon storage. In this paper, we summarize recent advances in integrating experimental and modeling approaches to determine the first-order processes for carbon mineralization in a fractured mafic/ultramafic rock system. We observe the critical role of fracture aperture, flow, and surface characteristics in controlling the quantity, identity, and morphology of secondary precipitates and present where the influence of these factors can be reflected in newly developed thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical models. Our findings provide a roadmap for future work on carbon mineralization, as we present the most important system components and key challenges that we are overcoming to enable GCS in mafic and ultramafic rocks.

The solidification of heavy metal Pb2+-contaminated soil by enzyme-induced calcium carbonate precipitation combined with biochar

The remediation of heavy metal Pb2+-contaminated soil by enzyme (urease)-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICP) combined with biochar was studied. The solidification efficiency of Pb2+ reached 98.41 % when the mass ratio of CaCl2/urea was 1:1 using EICP technology to remedy Pb2+-contaminated water. However, the formed precipitate was accompanied by unstable vaterite, and Pb2+ had the risk of secondary leaching. When the biochar of 5 wt% was added to the Pb2+-contaminated soil, the soil structure tended to be dense and the toxic leaching concentration of Pb2+ was less than 5 mg/L, which met the national standard of China. The addition of biochar increased the pH of the contaminated soil and changed the free Pb2+ into insoluble Pb(OH)2. The biochar provided more nucleation sites for urease, and part of Pb2+ were adsorbed on its surface or diffused into the pores of biochar, which effectively solidified Pb2+ in the soil.

Experimental evaluation of the synergistic effect of calcium precursor dosage and bacterial strain interactions on the biogenic healing potential of self-healing cement mortar

This study investigates the microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) in repair mortar, focusing on the impact of calcium precursor dosage and bacterial strain selection. C6H10CaO6·xH2O and (CH3COO)2Ca·xH2O were used as calcium precursors at dosages of 0.1, 0.25, and 0.4 M with Bacillus subtilis VEB4, Priestia megaterium TSB16, and Halobacillus halophilus MCC2188 microbes. Quantitative assessment of precipitate and optimization of precursor dosages were conducted before making mortar cube specimens of size 70.6 × 70.6 × 70.6 mm with bacterial spores and nutrients immobilized in Modified Expanded Perlite. Cracked cube specimens underwent automated wet-dry cycles of 12 h daily for 60 days to induce healing. Comparative analysis of biomortar specimens showed P. megaterium as the most effective in compressive strength recovery (up to 89.33%) and crack healing with a maximum healed crack width of 0.64 mm, followed by B. subtilis with significant CSR improvements. H. halophilus, less efficient in non-saline conditions, healed cracks up to 0.48 mm. Calcium lactate was considered the better calcium source choice for B. subtilis and P. megaterium strains, whereas calcium acetate improved MICP by H. halophilus. Microstructural analysis of healed precipitates collected from cracked cubes identified distinct morphology of MICP and the presence of polymorphs viz, calcite, aragonite, and vaterite. Tailored selection and dosage of calcium precursors for each strain significantly enhanced MICP and improved the quality of healing products in cracks, advancing the understanding of self-healing construction biomaterials.

The role of organic matter in Brazilian Pre‐Salt carbonates

AbstractDiverse types of organic matter morphology were identified in Brazilian Pre‐salt carbonates. Stromatolites and laminated facies contain organic layers, filaments and rounded features inside calcite structures, as shrubs and spherulites. Analyses with optical and fluorescent microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, and ion mass spectrometry indicate the presence of organic compounds in thin sections. Fluorescent microscopy shows a high signal for organic portions in the thin section, mainly inside calcite structures and within the matrix. Scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy elemental mapping indicates the presence of carbon in the stromatolite facies, associated either with calcium and oxygen, indicating carbonate, or isolated from other elements, representing carbon content in the samples. The presence of organic matter along and inside calcite structures indicate a strong microbial influence in Brazilian Pre‐Salt carbonates precipitation. The purpose of this research is to show that the presence of organic matter is connected to the process of carbonate precipitation and/or dissolution. The occurrence of these organic compounds in distinguishing facies raises the discussion of biotic versus abiotic genesis of the Pre‐salt lacustrine reservoirs.

Mesh coated with microbially induced nanoscale vaterite for oil-in-water emulsion separation

Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP), with its hydrophilic rough microstructures and as an environmentally friendly material modification method, has shown great potential for oil-water separation. However, its efficiency in separating oil-in-water emulsions remains challenging. This study advances the MICP method by producing microbially induced nanoscale calcium carbonate on a mesh using calcium acetate instead of traditional calcium chloride, successfully achieving efficient separation of oil-in-water emulsions. The stainless-steel mesh (SSM) after calcium acetate-MICP treatment obtained nano-elliptical flake-like vaterite (vaterite-SSM) and demonstrated superior superhydrophilicity and underwater superoleophobicity compared to the mesh coated with micro-cubic structured calcite (calcite-SSM) treated by calcium chloride-MICP. Notably, vaterite-SSM achieved a flux of up to 309 L·m−2·h−1 and an oil rejection rate of over 98.7 % in gravity-driven separation of oil-in-water emulsions, demonstrating significant reusability after 6 cycles. Conversely, calcite-SSM was ineffective in emulsion separation due to coating instability and large particle spacing. Additionally, vaterite-SSM effectively separated various oil-water mixtures, maintaining high performance across 30 separation cycles. This study underscores the important use of calcium acetate in MICP to obtain nano-elliptical flake-like vaterite for efficient oil-water emulsion separation, advancing the promise of MICP as an effective and sustainable method for environmental applications.

Analysis of the Current State of Research on Bio-Healing Concrete (Bioconcrete).

The relatively small tensile strength of concrete makes this material particularly vulnerable to cracking. However, the reality is that it is not always possible and practically useful to conduct studies on high-quality sealing cracks due to their inaccessibility or small opening width. Despite the fact that currently there are many technologies for creating self-healing cement composites, one of the most popular is the technology for creating a biologically active self-healing mechanism for concrete. It is based on the process of carbonate ion production by cellular respiration or urease enzymes by bacteria, which results in the precipitation of calcium carbonate in concrete. This technology is environmentally friendly and promising from a scientific and practical point of view. This research focuses on the technology of creating autonomous self-healing concrete using a biological crack-healing mechanism. The research methodology consisted of four main stages, including an analysis of the already conducted global studies, ecological and economic analysis, the prospects and advantages of further studies, as well as a discussion and the conclusions. A total of 257 works from about 10 global databases were analyzed. An overview of the physical, mechanical and operational properties of bioconcrete and their changes is presented, depending on the type of active bacteria and the method of their introduction into the concrete mixture. An analysis of the influence of the automatic addition of various types of bacteria on various properties of self-healing bioconcrete is carried out, and an assessment of the influence of the method of adding bacteria to concrete on the process of crack healing is also given. A comparative analysis of various techniques for creating self-healing bioconcrete was performed from the point of view of technical progress, scientific potential, the methods of application of this technology, and their resulting advantages, considered as the factor impacting on strength and life cycle. The main conditions for a quantitative assessment of the sustainability and the possibility of the industrial implementation of the technology of self-healing bioconcrete are identified and presented. Various techniques aimed at improving the recovery process of such materials are considered. An assessment of the influence of the strength of cement mortar after adding bacteria to it is also given. Images obtained using electron microscopy methods are analyzed in relation to the life cycle of bacteria in mineral deposits of microbiological origin. Current gaps and future research prospects are discussed.

Magnesium polypeptide combined with microbially induced calcite precipitation for remediation of lead contamination in phosphate mining wasteland soil

Soil Pb contamination is inevitable, as a result of phosphate mining. It is essential to explore more effective Pb remediation approaches in phosphate mining wasteland soil to ensure their viability for a gradual return of soil quality for cultivation. In this study, a Pb-resistant urease-producing bacterium, Serratia marcescens W1Z1, was screened for remediation using microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP). Magnesium polypeptide (MP) was prepared from soybean meal residue, and the combined remediation of Pb contamination with MP and MICP in phosphate mining wasteland soil was studied. Remediation of Pb using a combination of MP with MICP strain W1Z1 (WM treatment) was the most effective, with the least exchangeable Pb at 30.37% and the most carbonate-bound Pb at 40.82%, compared to the other treatments, with a pH increase of 8.38. According to the community analysis, MP moderated the damage to microbial abundance and diversity caused by MICP. Total nitrogen (TN) was positively correlated with Firmicutes, pH, and carbonate-bound Pb. Serratia inoculated with strain W1Z1 were positively correlated with bacteria belonging to the Firmicutes phylum and negatively correlated with bacteria belonging to Proteobacteria. The available phosphate (AP) in the phosphate mining wasteland soil could encapsulate the precipitated Pb by ion exchange with carbonate, making it more stable. Combined MP-MICP remediation of Pb contamination in phosphate mining wasteland soil was effective and improved the soil microenvironment.

Flow-Slip Stability Behavior of Calcareous Sand Treated by Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation Technology

Flow-Slip Stability Behavior of Calcareous Sand Treated by Microbially Induced Carbonate Precipitation Technology

Factors Affecting the Physical Properties of Microbial Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) Enhanced Recycled Aggregates

Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) can enhance the physical properties of recycled aggregates. Compared to traditional technologies, MICP offers environmental benefits and produces no pollution. However, its mineralization efficacy is significantly influenced by the process parameters. To investigate this, an MICP mineralization test was conducted by manipulating various process parameters throughout the mineralization process. The water absorption rate, apparent density, and calcium carbonate content of the mineralized recycled aggregates were assessed to discern the impact of these parameters on the mineralization outcome. Further analysis using techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis (TG), X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were employed to elucidate the mineralization mechanism of the recycled aggregates at a micro-level. The findings indicated that the MICP treatment induced bacteria to precipitate CaCO3, forming calcite crystalline CaCO3 within the pores and microcracks. This led to a denser interfacial transition zone and, consequently, improved the physical properties of the recycled aggregates. Optimal mineralization was achieved when the bacterial solution concentration was 1.4, the temperature and pH were 35 °C and 9, respectively, and the urea concentration, Ca+ concentration, and mineralization time were 0.5 mol/L, 0.5 mol/L, and 7 days, respectively. Under these conditions, the mineralized recycled aggregate exhibited a 16.07% reduction in water absorption, a 1.07% increase in apparent density, and a 2.28% change in mass.

Carbon–sulfur–calcium isotopic variability of lower Cambrian shale-hosted carbonate concretions: Insights into growth mechanisms and calcium cycling

Marine calcium cycling is closely linked with carbon cycling in the ocean, in which authigenic carbonates precipitated in sediments play a non-negligible role. However, calcium cycling during authigenic carbonate precipitation in organic-rich, shaly sediments in geological history remains underexplored. This study focuses on carbonate concretions (aggregates of authigenic carbonates) in the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation, South China, to provide insights into calcium cycling during their growth. Sedimentological and mineralogical observations suggest that these concretions were formed through concentric growth by authigenic calcite and pyrite precipitation during the early diagenetic stage. Geochemical analyses reveal internal variations in “M-shaped” δ13Ccarb trends (from −11.9 ‰ to −4.4 ‰) and diverse δ34Spyr trends (from 4.7 ‰ to 14.0 ‰) along core-to-rim transects. These findings suggest formation through microbial sulfate reduction by organic matter in a shallow depth beneath the sediment–water interface. In contrast to the dynamic δ13Ccarb and δ34Spyr variations and multi-stage concentric growth, these carbonate concretions display nearly uniform δ44/40Cacarb values (from 0.80 ‰ to 1.03 ‰, average 0.96 ± 0.06 ‰, 1SD) and consistent internal trends, which are further attributed to strongly seawater-buffered porewater calcium geochemistry and small calcium isotope fractionation due to calcite precipitation at slow rates. This study confirms that early diagenetic carbonate concretions in the lower Cambrian Niutitang Formation are characterized by much heavier δ44/40Ca values compared to coeval shallow platform carbonates. In light of abundant authigenic carbonates observed in the lower Cambrian successions, their roles in calcium isotope mass balance in the early Cambrian ocean warrant further investigation in the future. Therefore, early diagenetic carbonate concretions in black shales could provide valuable insights into porewater and seawater calcium isotope signals, as well as early diagenetic and marine calcium cycling in geological history.

Application of biomineralisation for enhancement of interfacial properties of rice husk ash blended concrete

The present study is comprehensive research on application of biocementation to enhance the properties of concrete including rice husk ash (RHA) as a supplementary cementitious material (SCM). RHA has a large potential to be used as SCM because it has high silica content which eventually forms C–S–H gel by reacting with calcium and water, which increases strength of the cementitious material. However, using high doses of RHA causes a decrease in concrete strength because excessive silica is available to react with calcium hydroxide, forming silica clumps within the concrete matrix, which reduce the bonds within the concrete constituents causing micro cracks. Hence to mitigate this problem, enzyme induced calcium carbonate precipitation (EICCP) process was used to treat the micro cracks, and enhance the mechanical and durability properties of RHA blended concrete. Results showed that EICCP process enhanced the strength of the mix at each replacement level and 10% replacement level exhibited optimum results. with nearly 29% increment in compressive strength. This mix also exhibited enhanced durability as compared to the control specimens. Since concrete constitutes a significant portion of embodied carbon footprint, using greener concrete mixes like “Experimental Mix” has the potential to considerably decrease the carbon footprint of construction.