Precipitation In Mountainous Areas Research Articles

Effect of oasis and irrigation on mountain precipitation in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains based on stable isotopes

Water is one of the scarcest resources in arid regions, and irrigation is an important means to improve crop yield and ensure food security. The Xinjiang features an integrated irrigation agriculture and oasis economy paradigm. However, the understanding of the impact mechanism and quantitative analysis of irrigation on precipitation is inadequate now. With the aim of clarifying the response relationship between mountain precipitation and irrigation in oasis, we clarify and quantify the moisture sources of precipitation using the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model and multisource data (including field-collected isotopes data, C-Isoscape, ERA5, and GDAS). The results obtained show: (1) Isotope analysis provides valuable insights into the climate background and precipitation recycling. The Local Meteoric Water Line's lower slope and intercept than Global Meteoric Water Line suggest a severe arid climate and strong sub-cloud evaporation. The intercept (13.44) of Local Meteoric Water Line in Mountain Areas exceeds the global average, indicating significant moisture recycling in mountain areas (MA). The d-excess in MA is prominent year-round, highlighting the influence of recycled moisture. (2) The oasis and irrigation influence the local precipitation through offset, remote, combination, and delayed effects. The offset effect hinders precipitation formation in irrigation areas (IA) due to the counteracting irrigation-induced humidification and cooling effect. Through the interaction of westerly circulation and local mountain-oasis hydrological cycle, irrigation-induced moisture is transported to MA and uplifted, which is remote effect. The combination effect synergistically enhances precipitation intensity, especially in intricate MA, through the combined influence of terrain's forced uplift and convective cells. Furthermore, the mountainous precipitation influenced by the mountain-oasis hydrological cycle often exhibits a delayed effect. (3) Based on HYSPLIT model tracking results, the contribution ratio of oasis and irrigation induced evapotranspiration to summer precipitation in MA is approximately 19.60%, ranging from 13.68% to 28.49%. The findings provide insights into the mechanisms of irrigation and water resource management in the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains.

Quantitative Precipitation Estimation in the Tianshan Mountains Based on Machine Learning

Precipitation in the Tianshan Mountains is abundant, and the quantitative estimation of precipitation in mountainous areas is important to the application and evaluation of regional water resources. With remote sensing technology, satellite inversion of precipitation can estimate precipitation in mountainous areas. However, the Tianshan Mountain terrain is complex, and the spatiotemporal variation in precipitation is large, so the accuracy of satellite precipitation inversion is not high. Here, precipitation data from around 1000 automatic weather stations in the Tianshan Mountains are used to study the correction technology of the Integrated Multisatellite Retrievals for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission’s (IMERG) monthly precipitation products using stepwise regression (STEP), geographically weighted regression (GWR), and random forest (RF). First, geographic information system technology was used to extract topographic variables from a digital elevation model, and vegetation indexes, which are important precipitation indicators, were introduced as explanatory factors to correct satellite precipitation data. Second, GPM IMERG precipitation was corrected by establishing the stepwise regression, the geographically weighted regression model, and the random forest model. The three correction methods can improve the GPM IMERG in terms of relative bias, root mean square error, correlation coefficient, and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, while the random forest method shows better corrections than the two traditional methods. For dense rainfall stations, the geographically weighted regression method is as effective as random forest. For different altitudes, the results show that RF has the best correction effect in the first three zones, but the correction effect in the last zone (over 3000 m) is worse than STEP. This study provides a practical reference method for estimating precipitation data in the non-rainfall observation area, which helps to deepen the scientific understanding of the water resource distribution in the Tianshan Mountains and provide scientific data support for regional hydrological and meteorological research.

Improvement of the multi-source weighted-ensemble precipitation dataset and application in the arid area of Tianshan Mountains, central Asia

With high resolution and wide coverage, satellite precipitation products like the Multi-Source Weighted Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) could support hydrological research in arid regions, where the spatial heterogeneity of precipitation is high, but rain gauges are sparse, but these products are inevitably subject to errors. In this study, we integrated measured precipitation and topographic data, and improved MSWEP by interpolation and an optimal regression model. The Tianshan Mountain area was taken as a typical arid area, and spatial stratified heterogeneity of precipitation was analyzed. The results show that: (1) The optimal regression model combined the advantages of site interpolation and MSWEP and improved the underestimation of precipitation in mountainous areas; (2) The precipitation decreased from West to East, and from North to South, and the precipitation in West and East subregions increased linearly with the elevation. The maximum precipitation height zone in the North is located at 4300 m. There are two maximum precipitation height zones in the South; (3) The accuracy of spatial interpolation of station data was limited by the uneven distribution of the stations in the East subregion, and the inaccuracy of MSWEP was due to the land cover and topography of the North and South subregions. The improved MSWEP (IMMSWEP) not only resolved the problem of lack of rainfall stations in arid area, but also resulted in an inversion of regional spatial precipitation differentiation with high resolution and high precision, providing a reference for meteorological researchers.

Evaluation of GPM and TRMM and Their Capabilities for Capturing Solid and Light Precipitations in the Headwater Basin of the Heihe River

Obtaining accurate precipitation data in mountainous regions is important but challenging. In ungauged areas, remotely sensed precipitation products are useful supplements and alternatives to measured precipitation products. However, their ability to detect solid precipitation and light precipitation in mountain areas is still unclear. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate two satellite precipitation products, Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and Tropical Precipitation Measuring Mission (TRMM), in the headwaters of an inland river on the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (the Heihe river basin), with a specific focus on their performance regarding light precipitation and solid precipitation. The achieved results reveal that both GPM and TRMM perform poorly over the Heihe river basin, with low Correlation Coefficient value and Critical Success Index value, particularly in winter. Based on the coupled Time-Variant Gain Model-Degree Day Factor Model (TVGM-DDF) initiated in this paper, the GPM is more applicable in terms of running hydrological models. With the aim of detecting solid precipitation, the GPM is more capable of detecting solid precipitation but still unsatisfactory at two stations. In the case of light precipitation, both products underestimate light precipitation. In general, the performance of the two products in the Heihe river basin is not satisfactory and should be enhanced in upcoming explorations. This study provides a strong foundation for choosing alternate precipitation data for related research in the mountain basin.

Interannual Variability of Extreme Precipitation during the Boreal Summer over Northwest China

Herein, we investigated the characteristics and mechanisms of interannual variability of extreme summer precipitation in northwest China (NWC). The four high-resolution precipitation predicting products under assessment indicated that both the accumulation of summer daily precipitation ≥95th percentile, and the summer maxima of daily precipitation generally decreased in a southeast—northwest direction, while relatively high values were observed in the Tienshan and Qilian Mountain areas. In turn, the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite dataset underestimated extreme precipitation in mountainous areas, while Asian precipitation highly—resolved observational data integration towards evaluation (APHRODITE) and Climate Prediction Center (CPC) captured the characteristics of extreme precipitation in NWC. AMIP-type simulations of the interannual variability of extreme summer precipitation in NWC were quite unsuccessful. However, all of them can capture the increasing trends. Therefore, we further found that the interannual increase in extreme precipitation in NWC is strongly correlated with the weakened South Asian high, strengthened Western Pacific Subtropical high, the enhanced westerly jet, and the mid- to high-latitude Rossby wave trains, whose formation and sustenance can be traced back to sea surface temperature-anomalies in the western Pacific in May, June, and July. An increased sea surface temperature promotes convection and induces diabatic heating, which stimulates anticyclonic anomalies that disturb the enhanced westerly jet, resulting in a barotropic Rossby wave train via the Gill-type response. Additionally, it guides more water vapor convergence to NWC and enhances upward motion via anticyclonic anomalies over western Europe and Eastern Asia, and cyclonic anomalies over Central Asia.

A high-resolution numerical simulation of the “7.19” extraordinary heavy rainfall in Henan Province under topographic effect

Introduction: In this study, based on the ERA5 dataset, the orographic precipitation characteristics during an extraordinary heavy rainfall event in Henan Province on 19 July 2016 are analyzed.Methods: In addition, by using the WRF model and the NCEP GDAS/FNL dataset, a high-resolution numerical simulation is carried out, including a series of sensitivity experiments on the Taihang Mountains, Yunmeng Mountain, and low-altitude areas.Results and Discussion: The distribution of observed precipitation shows that the precipitation over the Taihang Mountains in northern Henan during the daytime on July 19 is significantly enhanced due to the topographic effect compared with that over the plain on the east. The simulation results demonstrate that the distribution of simulated precipitation over the steep terrains on the east side of the Taihang Mountains is closer to the observational precipitation when SRTM-90m is introduced to the WRF model. When the altitude of the Taihang Mountains is lowered by 50%, the accumulated precipitation along the Taihang Mountains in the daytime on July 19 decreases by 26%, accompanied by the northward movement of the heavy precipitation center over the northern Taihang Mountains. In addition, Yunmeng Mountain plays an important role in blocking or diverting the easterly and southeasterly low-level jet. When the terrain elevation of Yunmeng Mountain is reduced, the convergence zone of the wind field in the low level moves to the areas along the Taihang Mountains, which leads to the expansion of the area with heavy rainfall, with the average accumulated precipitation in mountain areas increasing by 7%. In addition, when the low altitude terrain in the study region is reduced by 50%, the center of heavy precipitation obviously moves westward. Combined with the diagnostic analysis of the topographically forced vertical velocity, the results show that the uplift of the low-level jet caused by the low-altitude terrain in northern Henan is one of the reasons that affect the location of the heavy rainfall center.

Regional Climate Effects of Irrigation Over Central Asia Using Weather Research and Forecasting Model

AbstractA dynamic irrigation scheme in which soil moisture acts as an irrigation trigger was incorporated into the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with the Noah‐Mosaic land surface model, in which irrigation was only considered in irrigated portions within each grid cell. Two experiments (with and without irrigation) were first designed and continuously run 21 years (1994–2014) to simulate the impacts of irrigation over Central Asia on regional climate. Soil moisture after irrigation increased greatly because of the large irrigation amount. Irrigation significantly increased latent heat flux through increasing soil evaporation and transpiration, and their contributions to increases in latent heat flux were roughly equal. The sensible heat flux was decreased because of the increased latent heat flux, which led to decreases in surface air temperature and land surface temperature. The simulations of temperature and soil moisture in croplands were improved in experiment with irrigation. The daily minimum surface air temperature was slightly affected by irrigation, even increased during nonirrigation period. During daytime, the airflows blowing from croplands to mountains would also bring parts of the increased water vapor to mountainous areas. Since the increased water vapor was transported upward in mountainous areas, irrigation obviously increased precipitation here. Multiple sensitivity experiments were conducted, and all concluded that irrigation over Central Asia led to increases in precipitation in mountainous areas, which showed that the conclusion was certain and not affected by the selected parameterization schemes and the simulated irrigation amount.

Potential recharge sources and origin of solutes in groundwater in the central Qinghai–Tibet Plateau using hydrochemistry and isotopic data

Study regionThe Nagqu River Basin in the central part of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, China. Study focusGroundwater flow systems in permafrost regions are characterized by a unique circulation. Understanding the groundwater circulation mechanism is essential for studying the hydrological effect of permafrost degradation in alpine regions. In this study, potential water sources and origin of solutes in the groundwater of a typical alpine region were studied using hydrochemistry, 18O, 2H and 3H analyses. This research is essential for studying the hydrological effects of permafrost degradation. New hydrological insights for the regionUpon moving from the mountainous region to the plains, the renewal rate decreases from 10.5% to 0.6% and the mean transit time increases from 5–30 to 20–32 years. Groundwater is mainly recharged by ground ice meltwater and infiltration of glacier meltwater, snow meltwater and precipitation in mountainous areas, and by deep groundwater near faults. Discharge to surface water, evaporation, and overflow into springs are the main drainage modes. Water/ice–rock/soil interactions, such as dissolution of aluminosilicate minerals, are the main factors affecting the hydrochemical evolution. This study provides a data-driven approach for understanding groundwater recharge and evolution in similar systems.

Comparison of Data from Rain Gauges and the IMERG Product to Analyse Precipitation in Mountain Areas of Central Italy

In central Italy, particularly in the Umbria-Marche Apennines, there are some complete, high-altitude weather stations, which are very important for assessing the climate in these areas. The mountain weather stations considered in this study were Monte Bove Sud (1917 m.a.s.l.), Monte Prata (1816 m.a.s.l.) and Pintura di Bolognola (1360 m.a.s.l.). The aim of this research was to compare the differences between the precipitation measured by the rain gauges and the data obtained by satellite using the IMERG algorithm, at the same locations. The evaluation of possible errors in the estimation of precipitation using one method or the other is fundamental for obtaining a reliable estimate of precipitation in mountain environments. The results revealed a strong underestimation of precipitation for the rain gauges at higher altitudes (Monte Bove Sud and Monte Prata) compared to the same pixel sampled by satellite. On the other hand, at lower altitudes, there was a better correlation between the rain gauge value and the IMERG product value. This research, although localised in well-defined locations, could help to assess the problems in rain detection through mountain weather stations.

Quantifying Recycled Moisture in Precipitation in Qilian Mountains

Studies about the hydrological cycle based on basin or regional scales often ignore the uniqueness of recycling moisture in mountain areas, and little effort has been made to understand the impact of the local recycled moisture on precipitation in mountain areas. We collected and analyzed a series of samples (stable isotope of precipitation, soil water, plant water, runoff, and groundwater) in the Qilian Mountains, northwest of China. Based on the isotopic mixing model, the characteristics of recycled moisture in the Qilian Mountains were evaluated. The results showed that lateral advection moisture is the primary source of precipitation (83.5~98.38%). The contribution rate of recycled moisture to precipitation was higher in the spring, summer, and autumn (2.05~16.5%), and lower in the winter (1.62~3.32%). The contribution of recycled moisture to precipitation in the high-elevation areas (>2400 m) was higher than that in the foothills area (2100~2400 m). The contribution of vegetation transpiration (fTr) to precipitation in the east of Qilian Mountain was higher than that of the land surface evaporation (fEv). These proved that in the eastern part of Qilian Mountain, the arge-scale water cycle has a greater impact on precipitation in the area. The influence of local circulating water on precipitation dominated in the summer half of the year. Understanding the contribution of local circulating water to precipitation in the eastern part of Qilian Mountain will help us to understand the local hydrothermal conditions better and provide a basis for rationally arranging local agricultural production activities.

Retraction Note: Short-term rainfall monitoring in mountainous area based on Bayesian model and mental health intervention of college students

Lifelong learning algorithm based on Bayesian model can receive data continuously and update the model dynamically in real time. It is suitable for the processing of scalability and data flow pattern. It is one of the hot spots in the field of machine learning. Aiming at the problem of continuous learning of data stream, this paper studies Bayesian model design, parameter reasoning, and multi-data processing. Then, according to the product operation of wavelet transform and short-term monitoring support vector machine, the precipitation dynamic estimation method of rainfall radar multiplier in mountainous area is proposed. Based on the precipitation data of East China in 2019 and the rainfall data observed by radar in mountainous areas, and taking the estimated time as the reference, the radar reflection and rainfall data in mountainous areas in the first 30 min are selected and converted into wavelet field as the training data, and then the dynamic precipitation estimation model is established by using vector medium, and the precipitation in mountainous areas is estimated at 6-min intervals. Finally, this paper makes an intervention study on college students’ mental health. The research object is a university student. The subjects are divided into two groups by using random clustering samples. There were 779 people in the experimental group; the other group was the control group, with a total of 355 people. In order to improve their mental health literacy, we should change the implementation of mental health education curriculum. The changes of dependent variables include self-reported mental health literacy, self-efficacy of coping with psychological problems, and behavior attitude of seeking psychological help. Based on the above Bayesian model and intervention research, this paper intervenes the mental health education of college students, so as to improve the mental health quality of college students.

Corrections of Precipitation Particle Size Distribution Measured by a Parsivel OTT2 Disdrometer under Windy Conditions in the Antisana Massif, Ecuador

Monitoring precipitation in mountainous areas using traditional tipping-bucket rain gauges (TPB) has become challenging in sites with strong variations of air temperature and wind speed (Ws). The drop size distributions (DSD), amount, and precipitation-type of a Parsivel OTT2 disdrometer installed at 4730 m above sea level (close to the 0 °C isotherm) in the glacier foreland of the Antisana volcano in Ecuador are used to analyze the precipitation type. To correct the DSDs, we removed spurious particles and shifted fall velocities such that the mean value matches with the fall velocity–diameter relationship of rain, snow, graupel, and hail. Solid (SP) and liquid precipitation (LP) were identified through −1 and 3 °C thresholds and then grouped into low, medium, and high Ws categories by k-means approach. Changes in DSDs were tracked using concentration spectra and particle’s contribution by diameter and fall velocity. Thus, variations of concentration/dispersion and removed hydrometeors were linked with Ws changes. Corrected precipitation, assuming constant density (1 g cm−3), gives reliable results for LP with respect to measurements at TPB and overestimates SP measured in disdrometer. Therefore, corrected precipitation varying density models achieved fewer differences. These results are the first insight toward the understating of precipitation microphysics in a high-altitude site of the tropical Andes.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Forest rainfall characteristics based on heterogeneous computing and influencing factors of athletes’ physical supplement

The advent of the era of big data greatly stimulates the research and application of heterogeneous algorithms. Firstly, based on the characteristics of heterogeneous FPGA computing platform, this paper develops kb-knn heterogeneous algorithm based on KNN. In order to make full use of the heterogeneous platform, this paper classifies the unclassified data and adopts the parallel implementation scheme of flow between devices, so that the master and slave devices in the heterogeneous system can participate in the calculation cycle of global hydrology and material energy. This paper explains the importance of forest rainfall distribution for regional social and economic development and agricultural production, ecological balance, optimal allocation of water resources, and environmental protection. Due to the limited availability of data from multiple sources, there are few studies to analyze the precipitation changes of different time scales in mountainous areas. The forest precipitation data used in this paper usually have low temporal and spatial resolution, and cannot describe the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of precipitation in mountainous areas. In addition, the physical fitness of athletes mainly includes strength training and speed training. The combination of recovery and nutrition is the basic knowledge that coaches must have. The rehabilitation of athletes mainly depends on the amount of exercise, physical therapy, and massage adjustment. Reasonable nutrition is one of the most important factors for athletes to win and ensure their health and sports ability. Heterogeneous computing platform provides a new solution to accelerate the implementation of such algorithms. In the heterogeneous computing platform, this paper discusses the nutrition of athletes’ physical supplement and describes the characteristics of forest rainfall.

A New Look at Storm Separation Technique in Estimation of Probable Maximum Precipitation in Mountainous Areas

Storm separation is a key step when carrying out storm transposition analysis for Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP) estimation in mountainous areas. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has recommended the step-duration-orographic-intensification-factor (SDOIF) method since 2009 as an effective storm separation technique to identify the amounts of precipitation caused by topography from those caused by atmospheric dynamics. The orographic intensification factors (OIFs) are usually developed based on annual maximum rainfall series under such assumption that the mechanism of annual maximum rainfalls is close to that of the PMP-level rainfall. In this paper, an alternative storm separation technique using rainfall quantiles, instead of annual maximum rainfalls, with rare return periods estimated via Regional L-moments Analysis (RLMA) to calculate the OIFs is proposed. Based on Taiwan’s historical 4- and 24-h precipitation data, comparisons of the OIFs obtained from annual maximum rainfalls with that from extreme rainfall quantiles at different return periods, as well as the PMP estimates of Hong Kong from transposing the different corresponding separated nonorographic rainfalls, were conducted. The results show that the OIFs obtained from rainfall quantiles with certain rare probabilities are more stable and reasonable in terms of stability and spatial distribution pattern.

Accounting for elevation and distance to the nearest coastline in geostatistical mapping of average annual precipitation

Spatial distribution of precipitation in mountainous areas suggests strong control of surface orography on precipitation processes. Generally, quantifying orographic control of precipitation and identifying homogeneous areas are difficult because of the complex combination of factors, which could influence the precipitation process. The objective of this study was to account for morphometric attributes (elevations and distances to the nearest coastline) in geostatistical mapping of average annual precipitation in southern Italy. The study area was the Calabria Region, which has a spatially variable Mediterranean climate because of its high orographic variability. In this study, annual precipitation data collected by the former Italian Hydrographic Service for the 1916–2006 period were used. Elevations and distances to the nearest coastline were derived from a digital elevation model with 250 m × 250 m cell size in a geographic information system environment and used to delineate areas with homogeneous morphological features [landscape units (LU)]. The effectiveness of LU was assessed estimating the expected value of the average annual precipitation with polygon kriging and comparing their differences with the Mann–Whitney–Wilcoxon test. The average annual precipitation map showed that mountains areas receive more precipitation than low elevation areas and, in the Tyrrhenian side, it was also evident the orographic influence of Coastal chain on precipitation with high precipitation values. Results can help in understanding the differences among LU and the influence of surface orography on spatial patterns of annual precipitation in mountainous regions.

How can CMIP5 AGCMs’ resolution influence precipitation in mountain areas: the Hengduan Mountains?

The precipitation over the Hengduan Mountains (HMs) during rainy seasons is investigated based on observations, reanalysis datasets, and 28 atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) from Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5). Most CMIP5 AGCMs generally capture two observed precipitation centers over the southwestern HMs and on the west side of Sichuan basin (WSSB), but their location, range, and magnitude vary with models. As the horizontal resolution increases, the details of simulated precipitation pattern are improved and closer to observation and reanalysis, as well as the increasing magnitude of precipitation over the southwestern HMs. However, the simulated precipitation on the WSSB is overestimated regardless of resolution. Mechanisms involved in resolution affecting precipitation pattern and biases of precipitation on the WSSB are explored. Representation of topography in AGCMs influences orographic effect, which contributes to simulations of both horizontal and vertical moisture flux convergence and further precipitation over the HMs. The biases of WSSB precipitation between reanalysis and AGCMs are attributed to the discrepancy in the vertical distribution of upward motions. The simulated upward motions can reach a higher level than reanalysis, and a spurious center of upward motions develops at 400 hPa due to the overestimation of circulation-precipitation feedback in AGCMs.

Distribution of Precipitation Depending on Synoptic Scale Disturbances with Satellite Estimate Comparisons in the Japanese Alps Area during Warm Seasons

Gauge-based hourly precipitation data during the 2015-2016 warm seasons in central Japan observed with the Japan Meteorological Agency AMeDAS network and the Japanese Alps Inter-University Cooperation Project (JALPS) mountain observation network are archived. Gauge data are compared to satellite precipitation data (GSMaP_MVK and GPM/DPR) produced by Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The distributions of precipitation measured in gauges depend on synoptic scale disturbances showing areas of regional increases/decreases affected by large mountain ranges without year-to-year variability, except for a composite of typhoon cases. Differences in precipitation amounts are less than 2 mm/d depending on satellite product version or timing of passive microwave observations. Larger precipitation amounts of GSMaP_MVK estimated at more than 2 mm/d are distributed over inner mountain areas and northern coastal areas along the Sea of Japan, and larger amounts of gauge-measured precipitation are distributed in central Gifu and Shizuoka Prefectures. The underestimate of local sporadic heavy precipitation in mountainous areas obtained from GSMaP_MVK data was expected depending on shallow convections. Further strategies are discussed for conducting case studies to reveal the causes of discrepancies between gauge-measured and satellite-indicated precipitation.

Application of Multiple Approaches to Investigate the Hydrochemistry Evolution of Groundwater in an Arid Region: Nomhon, Northwestern China

Groundwater is a critical water resource for human survival and economic development in arid and semi-arid areas. It is crucial to understand the groundwater circulation and hydrochemical evolution for sustainable management and utilization of groundwater resources in those areas. To this end, an investigation of the hydrochemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater was conducted in Nomhon, an arid area located in the Qaidam Basin, northwest China, by using hydrochemical (major and trace elements) and stable isotopes (δD and δ18O) approaches. Stable isotopes and ion ratios were analyzed to determine the recharge sources, hydrochemistry characteristics, and major hydrogeochemical processes. Meanwhile, inverse geochemistry modeling was applied to quantitatively determine the mass transfer of hydrogeochemical processes. The results showed that groundwater in the study area is mainly recharged by atmospheric precipitation in mountainous areas, and the groundwater in the center of basin might originate from ancient water in cold and humid environments. Along the groundwater flow path, the TDS of groundwater increased gradually from fresh to salty (ranging from 462.50 to 19,604.40 mg/L), and the hydrochemical type changed from Cl·HCO3–Na·Mg·Ca to Cl–Na. Groundwater chemical composition and mass balance modeling results indicated that from alluvial fan to lacustrine plain, the main hydrogeochemical processes changed from the dissolution of halite and albite and the precipitation of dolomite and kaolinite to the dissolution of halite and gypsum, precipitation of calcite, redox (SO42− reduction), and cation exchange. This study would be helpful for water resources management in this area and other similar areas.

Modeling Winter Precipitation Over the Juneau Icefield, Alaska, Using a Linear Model of Orographic Precipitation

Assessing and modeling precipitation in mountainous areas remains a major challenge in glacier mass balance modeling. Observations are typically scarce and reanalysis data and similar climate produ ...

Remapping annual precipitation in mountainous areas based on vegetation patterns: a case study in the Nu River basin

Abstract. Accurate high-resolution estimates of precipitation are vital to improving the understanding of basin-scale hydrology in mountainous areas. The traditional interpolation methods or satellite-based remote sensing products are known to have limitations in capturing the spatial variability of precipitation in mountainous areas. In this study, we develop a fusion framework to improve the annual precipitation estimation in mountainous areas by jointly utilizing the satellite-based precipitation, gauge measured precipitation, and vegetation index. The development consists of vegetation data merging, vegetation response establishment, and precipitation remapping. The framework is then applied to the mountainous areas of the Nu River basin for precipitation estimation. The results demonstrate the reliability of the framework in reproducing the high-resolution precipitation regime and capturing its high spatial variability in the Nu River basin. In addition, the framework can significantly reduce the errors in precipitation estimates as compared with the inverse distance weighted (IDW) method and the TRMM (Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission) precipitation product.