PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Research Articles

Impact of PRECEDE-PROCEED Model Audits in Cancer Screening Programs in Lombardy Region: Supporting Equity and Quality Improvement.

Health disparities related to socio-economic factors impact access to preventive health interventions. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model, a multidimensional approach to health promotion, has been adapted to optimise cancer screening programs in Lombardy, Italy, addressing these disparities. This study evaluated the application of systemic audits based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model across Lombardy cancer screening programs. A systematic region-wide audit was performed in 2019, and follow-up audits were performed in 2022-2023. Data were collected using structured analysis methodologies, including epidemiological, behavioural, and organisational assessments. The 2019 audit showed strengths in participation and quality standards but identified challenges in cervical cancer screening coverage and waiting times for assessments. Improvements plans included the digitisation of processes and stakeholder engagement. The 2022-2023 audits reported increased coverage for breast and colorectal screenings, but a slight decline in participation rates and examination coverage. Organisational improvements were noted, yet gaps in training and equity-targeted actions remained. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model audits led to notable improvements in the quality and equity of cancer screening programs in Lombardy. Sustained focus on digital integration, continuous re-training, and targeted equity interventions is essential for further progress.

Effect of Self-care Program Guided by PRECEDE–PROCEED Model on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes among Gestational Diabetic Women

Effect of Self-care Program Guided by PRECEDE–PROCEED Model on Maternal and Fetal Outcomes among Gestational Diabetic Women

Use of the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model in Piloting Vaccine Promotion and Infection Self-Protection: Intervention Development and Effectiveness Examination.

This study aimed to tailor and pilot a health education program using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model to promote vaccination and enhance self-protective behaviors against COVID-19 in Hong Kong populations. Quasi-experimental study. Phases 1-4 of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model were used to identify the needs for COVID-19 prevention. Strategies to address predisposing, reinforcing, and enabling factors in the PRECEDE-PROCEED model were developed, and an intervention package was generated thereafter. A pre-post experimental study was conducted among 50 participants to preliminarily assess the effects of the intervention based on Phases 5 and 8 of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. The 3-month intervention package contained 16 health education videos, 36 health tips, individual consultations, regular reminders of vaccination, incentive of anti-epidemic packages, and vaccine booking services. By the third month, 33 participants took a new dose of COVID-19 vaccine, and 5 participants withdrew. The vaccination rate for new dose achieved 73.3% (95% CI: 58.06-85.40%). Compared with the Hong Kong population in the same period, our study demonstrated higher increase in vaccination rate (9.97 vs. 1.36 doses per 1000 person-days). The percentage of early testing in personal and family level increased to 86.7% and 84.4%, respectively (both p < 0.05). For correct mask wearing and hand washing, the scores increased from a baseline score of 9.1 ± 1.6 and 4.9 ± 1.3 to 9.5 ± 1.0 and 5.3 ± 1.2, respectively (both p < 0.05). The application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model effectively facilitated the stepwise development, implementation, and evaluation of a health education program for improving vaccination rates and fostering self-protective behaviors against infections.

Applying the PRECEDE-PROCEED model to develop MommaConnect: a digital healthcare platform for addressing postpartum depression and improving infant well-being.

The PRECEDE-PROCEED model is a comprehensive planning and theoretical framework that incorporates epidemiological, environmental, behavioral, and social factors systematically to design, implement, and evaluate health promotion programs. As such, PRECEDE-PROCEED is a highly effective tool for addressing complex and significant public health concerns like postpartum depression (PPD). PPD negatively impacts mothers and their infants, with studies showing that approximately one in eight mothers experience PPD, leading to adverse effects on maternal functioning and infant development. However, access to specialized evidence-based treatment remains significantly limited due to barriers including social determinants of health. This paper explores the application of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model as a planning and theoretical framework for the design and development of MommaConnect, an innovative digital healthcare platform aimed at reducing PPD symptoms and improving maternal-infant interaction while overcoming barriers to treatment. Key components of the MommaConnect design and development process are mapped onto the steps of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. MommaConnect features are aligned with specific stages of the model, from assessing, predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors to designing, implementing, and evaluating the intervention. By leveraging this model, MommaConnect represents a promising innovative approach to address PPD to improve maternal functioning and infant health in a digitally-enabled era. This paper underscores the importance of utilizing a framework like the PRECEDE-PROCEED model in the design and development of innovative healthcare solutions.

Effect of oral health education on improving knowledge, attitude, practice, and oral health status of patients with liver cancer: A quasi-experimental study

PurposeTo evaluate the effectiveness of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model (PPM) in helping patients with liver cancer be aware of their knowledge, skills, and abilities in self-oral health behaviors and improve their oral health status. MethodsThis is a quasi-experimental study of 90 patients with liver cancer assigned to an oral health education or a control group. The intervention group was educated with the PRECEDE-PROCEED model. A brief oral scale and the knowledge, attitude, and practice oral health questionnaire were employed to measure the oral health status and cognitive behavioral ability to seek oral health in patients. ResultsAmong 102 eligible patients, 90 (88.23%) agreed to participate in the present study and were divided to intervention (n = 45) or control (n = 45) groups. After the intervention and one month after discharge, the oral health scores of patients in the Intervention group were lower than those of the control group (P < 0.05). In addition, after the intervention and one month after discharge, the patients in the test group had higher scores on knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors of oral health than the control group (P < 0.05). One month after discharge, the mean knowledge and skills scores were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that oral health education may be a useful health intervention for patients with liver cancer. It may also improve the knowledge and beliefs of liver cancer patients seeking oral health. Larger long-term investigations are necessary to provide more support for these preliminary conclusions.

Exploring Key Determinants of Trail Run Athlete’s Preparedness to Perform Pre-Hospital First Aid for Ankle Sprain

Trail runs have a high risk of injury like ankle sprains. Proper ankle sprain first aid requires preparedness to prevent more serious danger and ensure its success in the pre-hospital setting. This study aimed to explore key determinants of trail run athletes’ preparedness to perform pre-hospital first aid for ankle sprain using the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model theory. The research method used a descriptive correlational which approached cross-sectionally. The research recruited 120 trail run athletes of two professional clubs who were selected by simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires. The variables measured were knowledge, belief, value, attitude, and confidence. Bivariate analysis used chi-square and spearman-rho tests. Multivariate analysis used a logistic regression test. All of the statistical analyses used α = 0,05. The research results show that half of the respondents was 18 – 35 years old. The factors correlated to the trail run preparedness to perform pre-hospital first aid for ankle sprain was as follows. The majority had a medium level of knowledge (54,2%) and a significance level of p = 0.000. Similar trends were found between belief, value, and confidence in which there were no low levels of those variables with the same significance value of p = 0.000. Lastly, respondent’s percentages of attitudes were almost equally distributed between negative (45%) and positive (66%) with a significance level of p = 0,000. In multivariate analysis, all the variables had p-values &lt; 0,05. The OR was as follows, knowledge 14,713; belief 77,919; value 27,554; attitude 7,213; and confidence 12,408. The conclusion is found that knowledge, belief, value, attitude, and confidence were significantly correlated with the athlete’s preparedness Together all variables were correlated significantly to the athlete’s preparedness to perform pre-hospital first aid for ankle sprain. In conclusion, to improve athlete safety during trail runs is by improving the preparedness for any adverse event including trail runs. All of the factors could increase preparedness, but some factors resulted in higher preparedness. The factors that have more effect on preparedness than the others are belief and value.

Exploring Health Information-Seeking Behavior and Information Source Preferences Among a Diverse Sample of Cancer Survivors: Implications for Patient Education.

This study examined health information-seeking behavior among cancer survivors, including informational sources used and the factors correlated with information-seeking across different racial/ethnic groups. We used data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (2017-2022). Adjusted logistic regression was conducted to identify the predictors of information-seeking by race/ethnicity. Predicting variables were organized into demographic (age, education, race, income, and comorbidity), enabling (having health insurance, having a regular provider, and frequency of care visits), predisposing (quality of care, self-efficacy, and confidence in one's ability to get information), and reinforcing (patient-centered communication, ease of getting information, and confusing information available) factors based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model. We included 4723 cancer survivors, of which 15.41% have breast cancer, 17.50% have skin cancer, and 11.11% have prostate cancer. A majority (75.08%) had sought health information. Healthcare providers were the most preferred sources of information across demographic groups, followed by the Internet. Health insurance, a regular provider, and frequent visits were enabling factors that positively influenced information-seeking behavior. Confidence in getting information when needed and self-efficacy were predisposing factors positively associated with the information-seeking behavior. Finally, reinforcing factors (ease of getting information and non-confusion of the information available) were also positively associated with information-seeking. Study findings suggest that one-fourth of cancer survivors had not sought cancer-related information. The results have implications for identifying patients at increased risk for unmet information needs. They also contribute to our understanding of critical racial differences and similarities. Further, findings can help guide interventions to assist in information seeking based on patient preferences.

A framework to guide oral healthcare at long-term care facilities in the eThekwini district

Oral healthcare is an important aspect of the general healthcare of individuals residing in long-term care (LTC) facilities. However, it is often neglected in these settings and contributes to oral health disparities and oral diseases among residents. The World Health Organization promotes the reduction of health disparities and diseases through health promotion as an ethical obligation. The utilization of frameworks to promote oral health provides a structured approach to the design, implementation, and evaluation of oral health promotion programs. This study proposed a framework to guide the development, implementation, and review of an oral health promotion intervention, so as to ensure that a systematic and evidence-based approach is used for the delivery of oral health promotion activities. The framework comprised three stages: needs analysis, implementation and review of an oral health intervention, which was guided by the Precede-Proceed model and Intervention mapping. The empirical aspect involved a 4-phased mixed method exploratory study, based on action research and the plan-act-observe-reflect cycle, which illustrated how the framework was operationalized. The oral health intervention indicated positive outcomes with regard to knowledge and attitudes among caregivers. ConclusionThe framework incorporated the key components that influenced oral health provision at LTC facilities.

A community based intervention to modify preventive behaviors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in children: a randomized controlled trial based on PRECEDE PROCEED model

ObjectivesIran ranks among the top six countries globally with a significant incidence of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL). Using planning models is one community-based intervention to promote preventive behaviors. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the PRECEDE-PROCEED model (PPM) in modifying preventive behaviors related to CL in children through mother training in a community intervention.MethodsA randomized controlled trial based on the PPM model was conducted on 168 mothers (intervention (n = 84) and control group (n = 84) with 10 years old children in the rural areas of Iran. Mothers from 7 village areas were randomly allocated to the intervention (2 village) and control groups (5 village). The intervention group received a program comprising eight 90-minute training sessions and environmental interventions. In this study, we utilized the PPM as a framework to design the questionnaires on Leishmaniosis prevention behavior. Participants in both groups completed the questionnaires at baseline (before the intervention), immediately after the intervention, and at the 2-month follow-up. Analysis of the data was conducted utilizing SPSS20, with statistical significance set at p < 0.05.ResultsCompared to the control group, the intervention group showed significant increases in knowledge, enabling factors, reinforcing factors, attitude, and preventive behaviors related to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis over time from baseline to follow-up (P < 0.001). No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed in the alterations of the PPM construct, knowledge, and preventive behaviors within the control group from pre-intervention to follow-up.ConclusionsCommunity (education and environmental) intervention based on PPM is feasible and acceptable to modify preventive behaviors of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in children by increasing a mother’s knowledge and attitude as well as changing enabling and reinforcing factors.Trial registrationIRCT20160619028529N8.

Factors Influencing the Implementation of a Fall Prevention Exercise Program for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Qualitative Study Guided by the PRECEDE-PROCEED Model.

Multiple falls preventions exercise programs have been rolled out globally, however, few studies have explored the factors necessary for their implementation. This study aimed to investigate the factors influencing the implementation of "Steady Feet" (SF), a 12-week community fall prevention exercise intervention, for older adults living in Singapore. This study utilized purposive sampling to recruit two participant groups: (i) older adults who declined or withdrew from the program and (ii) providers of the program (eg, instructors). We conducted 22 semi-structured interviews, recordings were transcribed and translated, followed by thematic analysis. Data collection and analysis were informed by the PRECEDE-PROCEED framework, focusing on predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors. Findings revealed two predisposing, four enabling, and two reinforcing themes. Predisposing themes encompassed (i) knowledge, attitudes, and practices of older adults towards exercises and falls prevention, and (ii) perceptions and attitudes of providers towards SF. Both older adults and providers identified several enabling elements in implementing SF, emphasizing the significance of (i) accessibility, availability, and affordability. Providers highlighted (ii) tools and structural support for continual engagement, (iii) minimizing variations in capabilities through a competency development program, and (iv) fostering synergistic partnerships. Positive reinforcement included (i) the role of providers in engaging and promoting participation, (ii) family support, social networks, and (iii) incentives for older adults. Conversely, both groups highlighted negative reinforcements, including (iv) communication issues and (v) repetitive exercises, while providers specifically identified (vi) labor constraints as a deterrent for implementation. Findings indicate that effective implementation necessitates a multifaceted approach. Promoting participation involves engaging instructors, emphasizing social bonds and family involvement, offering incentives, and providing subsidized or free classes. A competency development program proved effective in reducing variations in providers' capabilities. Strengthening community partnerships, with management support, was crucial for ensuring the availability and accessibility of falls prevention programs.

The Relationship Between Knowledge and Social Support With Disaster Preparedness Behaviors in Surabaya

Introduction: Active faults in Surabaya move at 0.05 millimeters per year, causing earthquakes. Disaster preparedness is crucial for safety, reducing risks, enhance capabilities, and mitigate the impact of disasters. This study analyzes the relationship between knowledge, social support, and earthquake preparedness in Surabaya using the Precede-Proceed model. Methods: The method used in this study was correlational design with a cross-sectional approach. The total population of the study was 11,062 Ngagel residents, and a sample of 386 respondents from the Ngagel district was selected through purposive sampling. The independent variables in this study were knowledge and social support, while the dependent variable was the disaster preparedness behaviors of the local residents in facing earthquakes. The data were collected through a questionnaire and analyzed with logistic regression tests with a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: The analysis results showed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge (p=0.000) and social support (p=0.000) with disaster preparedness behaviors. Conclusion: Knowledge and social support have a positive relationship with disaster preparedness behavior, indicating a direct correlation. It is hoped that future researchers can conduct research with a wider range and add other factors that can initiate maladaptive responses.

Exploring the correlation of social networks, family support, health worker assistance, and health education using the precede-proceed model: impact on emotional responses in diabetes mellitus patients

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that has the potential to cause stress due to uncertainty about the course of the disease, treatment, and complications. The aim of this research was to analyze the relationship between the support of health workers, family support, social networks, and health education through the precede-proceed model approach to emotional responses. The type of research is a cross-sectional study. The research was conducted at the Simo Mulyo Health Center in Surabaya, with data collected from June to July 2023. The independent variables, namely the support of health workers, family support, social networks, and health education, were measured using a questionnaire, while the dependent variable, emotional response, was measured using a questionnaire. The population in this study comprised all people with diabetesmellitus registered at the Simo Mulyo Health Center in Surabaya. The inclusion criteria for this study were as follows: patients with unstable blood sugar regulation, aged between 26 and 65 years, capable of reading, and willing to be respondents. The sample size in this study was 112 respondents, and the sampling technique used was simple random sampling. Data analysis utilized the Spearman rho correlation test with a significance level of α = 0.05. The findings indicate that social network support and emotional response, with a p-value of 0.000 (p &lt; 0.005) and r = 0.879. Health education is correlated with emotional response, with a p-value of 0.000 (p &lt; 0.005) and r = 0.585. Health worker support is correlated with dealing with emotional responses, with a p-value of 0.000 (p &lt; 0.005) and r = 0.786. Family support is correlated with emotional response, with a p-value of 0.000 (p &lt; 0.005) and r = 0.738. Social network support, health education, family support, and health worker support correlate with the emotional response of people with diabetes mellitus. Therefore, health workers, families, and social networks can enhance support to improve the quality of the patient's emotional response, promoting patient enthusiasm for adhering to treatment and minimizing complications due to diabetes mellitus.

Community-Based Action Research Intervention to Promote Occupational Health Nursing of Portuguese Quarry Workers.

The northern region of Portugal has the largest number of companies manufacturing granite and stone products, which has become the region's trademark. In the municipalities of Marco de Canaveses and Penafiel, the economic activity of this area is important. However, the lack of attractiveness of this activity, combined with the high prevalence of silicosis and tuberculosis in this population, has led to a growing shortage of labor. In order for this project to be the result of collaborative, integral work centered on the people who are the target of health promotion, we used the Participatory Health Research (PHR) approach, based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model, to implement a mixed-methods study, including participant observation, interviews and document analysis. These data were used to co-create a study design. In 2021, a total of 102 interviews were carried out and self-completion surveys were distributed: the Fantastic Lifestyle Questionnaire (FLQ) and the EQ-5D-3L. Within the scope of occupational health nursing and in the field of action of public health nurses, with the interviews and self-completed surveys carried out, we identified potential focuses for occupational health nursing intervention to promote the health of stone industry workers: adherence to protective measures, energy balance deficit, tobacco and alcohol consumption and access to health services. Data analysis made it possible to assess the prevalence of risk behaviors by order and to involve managers and workers in the co-creation of a health promotion program. The accurate identification of the focuses for nursing intervention not only improves the effectiveness of occupational health services, allowing for targeted interventions adapted to workers' needs, but also contributes considerably to health promotion in the workplace, resulting in safer working environments, a reduction in occupational diseases and, consequently, a healthier and more productive workforce. This protocol of this study was not registered.

Health Promotion about Stunting Management Through the Precede - Proceed Model Approach

ABSTRACT Stunting is a problem of chronic malnutrition caused by insufficient nutritional intake over a long period of time due to the provision of food that is not in accordance with nutritional needs. Health cadres and mothers who have children under five are community groups who need to be equipped with stunting management including prevention, treatment and stimulation of development in children. The aim of Community Service (PKM) aims to provide health promotion in the form of education and training about stunting management through the Precede-Proceed Model approach. The method for this form of PKM activity is in the form of health promotion, simulation, and training for health cadres and mothers who have children under five in the traditional village of Cireundeu, Cimahi City which is carried out offline. The target audience for this activity is health cadres and mothers who have children under five, totaling 52 people. The results of the activity showed that there was a difference in the average knowledge scores of cadres and mothers with children under five. When the pre-test showed a score of 93 and the post-test showed a score of 98 with an average increase in score of 5 points. Health promotion related to stunting management in the form of prevention and management of stunting is considered effective in increasing the knowledge and skills of mothers with children under five and health cadres. By forming community groups that can prevent stunting, the quality of growth and development in children will be more optimal. Keywords: Health Promotion, Stunting Management, Precede Proceed Model

Management choices for better outcomes in oncologic screening programmes.

Improving screening programmes in terms of increasing screening participation and providing appropriate follow-up is a major challenge requiring great planning. This contribution discusses the effect of a major intra-organizational intervention on three population-based oncological screening programs (i.e., breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers) active in a large Italian Screening Centre. A review of the literature data on the key elements for high-quality healthcare was conducted. The PRECEDE-PROCEED model was retrospectively used as a theoretical frame for the improvement strategies adopted in the Centre. Classification of interventions to increase participation was performed according by target: individual, population, health workers, tests, and health service management. To assess the impact of the reorganization on the three screening programmes, the 'participation rate in the first-level screening tests' indicator was considered; the years 2018, 2019, and 2022 were analyzed.The main factors driven by the change were optimization of resources (human and financial), a stronger leadership, a higher collaboration level, stakeholders' engagement, positive work culture, and continuous staff learning. Reminders to non-responders (mobile phone text-message and letter), delivery of publicity by media, offering the self-sampling method for HPV testing, and increasing accessibility were implemented.A significant increase in screening participation was observed for all screening programmes when comparing the participation rates in 2022 to those in 2018 and 2019. In particular, focusing on 2019 (the last standard activity year before the COVID-19 emergency), an increase in participation rate of 3% for breast, 8.5% for cervical, and 4.6% for colorectal cancer screening was observed. This increase can plausibly be an effect of the improvement strategies implemented in the Centre.Performance measurements and internal and external feedback are regularly conducted to ensure ongoing improvement.

The effect of educational intervention based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model on self-care behaviors and quality of life of hypertensive patients.

To prevent the harmful consequences of hypertension and enhance the quality of life of hypertensive patients, the use of educational models is highly suggested. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the effect of education based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED on self-care behaviors and the quality of life of hypertensive patients in Kazeroon city, Iran, in 2023. A total of 120 hypertensive individuals who were referred to Kazeroon city health centers participated in the current quasi-experimental study. The participants were divided into two experimental and control groups using a random sampling technique (60 participants in each group). The self-care behaviors questionnaire, the quality of life questionnaire, and a questionnaire based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model were used as the data acquisition techniques. Both groups completed the questionnaires before and 2 months after the intervention. The educational program included a six-session, 50-60 min training program using three different teaching methods (speaking, Q&A, group discussion, and peer training) in health facilities. The data were examined using paired t, independent t, and chi-square statistical tests after being entered into the SPSS 24 statistical program. Following the intervention, the experimental group showed significantly higher values in quality of life, knowledge, attitude, enabling and reinforcing factors, and self-care behaviors compared to the control group (p < 0.001 for all comparisons). The experimental group also exhibited a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure measures compared to the control group (p < 0.001). In the present study, education based on the PRECEDE-PROCEED model and focusing on blood pressure self-care behavior in patients with hypertension led to a decrease in their systolic blood pressure measures and improved their quality of life.

The Relationship Between Years of Education on Nurse Related Barriers of Patient Education

Background: Patient education is a vital aspect of nursing practice, aimed at improving healthcare outcomes through interactive teaching. Despite its importance, various barriers hinder effective patient education, including time constraints, staff shortages, and organizational challenges. Understanding the factors influencing nurses' attitudes towards patient education is essential, as it directly impacts the quality of care. This study explores the relationship between years of education and nurse-related barriers to patient education, utilizing the PRECEDE model as a framework. Objective: To highlight the relationship between years of education on nurse-related barriers to patient health education. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used. A study was conducted at the nursing institute of the Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences, Nawabshah. All bachelor’s science nursing students (Generic) were study subjects. The sample size was 110 student nurses. The questionnaire was developed using the PRECEDE-PROCEED model for health promotion planning and evaluation—data collected and analyzed through the SPSS version 25 software (Statistical Packages for Social Sciences). Results: 100% of the study subjects were female. 84% of students were enrolled in the BSN Generic program. 75% of nurses documented their patient education in their nursing records. The most significant student nurse-related barriers to patient education, were poor knowledge about illness, reluctance to patient education, a lack of perceived responsibility that it is not their responsibility to provide patient education, negative attitude towards patient education, poor or inappropriate knowledge regarding patient education, inadequate attention towards educational, cultural and habitual needs of the patients and their families and lack of communication skills. Conclusion: It is concluded that years of education enhance patient education. Patient education is the prime responsibility of nurses. Since the student years, this practice has perceived the responsibility of nurses and developed a positive attitude towards education.

Conceptualising a theoretical framework for planning and evaluating workplace oral health promotion programs.

Workplaces have considerable potential for enhancing personal resources and providing a supportive working environment for staff health, including oral health and well-being. To date, assessments of workplace oral health promotion (WOHP) activities have observed benefits ranging from self-reported oral health to clinical parameters. However, previous WOHP actions were not based on a theoretical framework and did not consider the working environment as part of the planning and evaluation process. This article used evidence-based health promotion theoretical frameworks, and associated facilitators and barriers, in constructing an integrated and theoretically robust approach to planning and evaluating oral health promotion activities in the workplace. The PRECEDE-PROCEED Model for planning and evaluation, the reach effectiveness adoption implementation maintenance, and the Salutogenic Model of Health were chosen to complement each other in the planning and evaluation process, based on their different features and the applicability of those features to the workplace setting. Because of the limited literature in this area, the current article also used evidence from oral health promotion in other settings (including schools and the community) and general health promotion in the workplace to construct a theoretical framework for planning and evaluating WOHP activities. The theoretical framework developed could assist in planning or improving existing workplace health promotion programs that focus on or incorporate oral health elements. SO WHAT?: Future research on applying and adapting the proposed framework is required.

Practical Steps in Designing Intervention to Increase Childbearing Desires: An Intervention Mapping Approach

Background: Increasing the desire to have children is an important priority of the healthcare systems, which requires targeted planning. This paper describes the development of an intervention program using an intervention mapping approach (IMA) to increase the childbearing desires. Methods: From July to November 2022, the steps of the IMA process were completed. Starting with needs assessment, in this stage, we conducted a literature review, created focus groups, and conducted interviews with local stakeholders; meanwhile, the program objectives and the target audience were determined. Then, the road map for targeted interventions was prepared. Results: The needs assessment completed questionnaires (n=1288), the literature review, 3 focus groups (n=25 participants), in addition to interviews (n=30 participants) indicated that the most effective factors in the parents’ childbearing low desires were concern about the future of their children, economic problems, low parenting skills, and low skills to interact with their spouse. According to the PRECEDE-PROCEED model awareness, attitude, and self-efficacy were categorized as determinants at the individual level, perceived subjective norm at the family level, and organizational changes at the social level based on the results of the needs assessment. The findings from each step of the process informed successive steps. Conclusion: The IMA is a control-oriented, systematic, participation-based technique to design and implement targeted and ongoing health promotion programs.

Effect of Educational Program Based on PRECEDE PROCEED Model on Mothers’ Performance Regarding Care of Children with Asthma

Effect of Educational Program Based on PRECEDE PROCEED Model on Mothers’ Performance Regarding Care of Children with Asthma