Pre-sowing Tillage Research Articles

The results of the production check of the mock-up sample of the tool with an active drive of rotary working bodies

Rationale. Improvement of the annular working bodies by dividing the solid cutting blade into separate parts (cutting knives) and turning them at an angle to the axis of rotation provides conditions for stable sliding of the soil over the working surface. The lack of knowledge of the process of furrow formation by these working bodies prevents the choice of their parameters that ensure the evenness of the bottom of the furrow in accordance with agrotechnical requirements.
 The purpose of the work is to improve the quality of work of rotary working bodies.
 Materials and methods. The production check of the prototype tool with an active drive of rotary working bodies was carried out in accordance with GOST 209152011 and ST RK 15592006. Qualitative indicators were assessed according to ST RK 1559-2006. The depth of tillage was 56 cm, the angle of attack of the rotary working body was 40, the kinematic parameter =0.880.94, the speed of the unit was 910 km/h. The conditions for conducting were determined according to GOST 209152011. Agrotechnical indicators were determined: soil crumbling, stubble retention and the degree of weed cutting, the rowness of the field surface; the content of erosive particles, the height of the ridges at the bottom of the furrow.
 Results. It has been established by research that a mock-up sample of the tool for pre-sowing tillage and steam treatment at a speed of 910 km/h, a tillage depth of 56 cm provides at least 98% of weed crops, 64.5% of stubble conservation, soil crumbling 84 85%, field surface ridges 1.4 - 1.6 cm, average height of ridges at the bottom of the furrow 1.8 cm. The content of erosion-hazardous particles less than 1 mm in size in the upper soil layer decreased compared to their content before the operation by 4%.
 Conclusion. The results of the production check show that the use of a mock-up sample of a tool with an active drive of rotary working bodies on surface tillage ensures the high-quality implementation of the technological process.

CO2 at introduction of fallow into circulation on gray forest soil

The work is devoted to research of CO2 emission dynamics on fallow lands of 5-10 years of age. The purpose was to study the amount of CO2 emission from gray forest soil at different technologies of fallow land introduction into agricultural turnover in the sub-boreal forest of Western Siberia. Technologies of fallow land introduction into turnover have a significant influence on CO2 emission. Spring wheat was cultivated on experimental plots under 2 technologies (methods) of fallow land introduction into turnover. In comparison with fallow land, CO2 emission increased by 1.35 times at agrotechnical technology (with pre-sowing tillage). At combined technology (direct sowing) - 1.18 times. The agrotechnical technology of fallow land restoration contributed to higher CO2 emission (than the combined technology), probably due to higher intensity of soil tillage during fallow land restoration with this technology and increased aeration and microbiological activity in the soil layer. On the basis of the data obtained on carbon dioxide emission from gray forest soils in the sub-boreal forest, models of soil CO2 emission depending on the applied technology of fallow land conversion were developed.

АГРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ МЕРЫ БОРЬБЫ С ЗАСОРЕННОСТЬЮ ПОСЕВОВ ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ В ОРОШАЕМОМ АГРОЦЕНОЗЕ

Purpose: to study methods to control weed infestation of crops by resource-saving methods of soil tillage, ensuring improvement of the phytosanitary condition of the irrigated agrocenosis. Materials and methods. The test scheme included studying the impact of moldboard plowing at different depths, flat-cut and surface primary tillage on weed infestation of crops. The features of agrotechnical methods in weed control were studied on experimental plots in Saratov region in 2021–2023. The experimental methodology is generally accepted. Results. The influence of different methods of primary tillage on weed infestation of agricultural crops in the crop rotation link under irrigation is considered. It is revealed that with the use of pre-sowing tillage and inter-row tillage during the crop vegetation period, a significant decrease in weed infestation of lands for the next crop is noted. For the first crop of the link – Sudan grass – the highest weed infestation was noted in the variant of minimum cultivation at 8–10 cm, the number of weeds was 26.0 pcs./sq. m. During the vegetation period, due to the high density of standing, the weed infestation of crops before harvesting decreased in all variants of the experiment. On the second crop of the link – spring wheat – and the third crop – soybean – the weed infestation varied insignificantly in all variants of the experiment. Weed control provided the biological yield of green mass of Sudan grass of 32.7–37.5 t/ha, spring wheat grain – 3.30–3.59 t/ha, soybean – 4.09–4.35 t/ha according to the variants of the experiment. No significant difference in the impact of the method of primary tillage on crop yield was revealed. Conclusions. Using the example of soybeans, Sudan grass and spring wheat, it has been proven that during their cultivation, using ploughing with furrow slice upside-down in the fall in combination with pre-sowing tillage and inter-row tillage during the crop vegetation is effective.

Greening of processes in soil cultivation

The article analyzes the factors affecting the soil, which directly affect the yield. Modern domestic agricultural machinery mainly has technical and technological solutions that make it possible to significantly advance in the direction of ecological balance of the impact of crop production on soils. These include non-fallow, combined techniques of basic and pre-sowing tillage, as well as the use of a new complex of heavy agrophilic running systems of heavy mobile power facilities.

THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT MICROBIAL FERTILIZERS ON THE WEEDINESS OF MAIZE

The experiment with low-input technology of maize was conducted at the field "Radmilovac", Faculty of Agriculture Belgrade in 2022 on the luvic chernozem soil type. Cropping system included tillage with a disc harrow at 25-30 cm with the complete previous crop residues incorporation and the pre-sowing tillage with a harrow. The basic fertilization was conducted in autumn with 500 kg ha-1 NPK (15:15:15). For top dressing in spring, the following microbiological fertilizers were applied: biofertilizer "Slavol" with 5.0 l ha-1 in two treatments and Eko lame 10 l ha-1 in three treatments. The top dressing in the control variant was done with nitrogen fertilizer AN at the rate of 60 kg ha-1 N. The maize (ZP SC 666) cultivar was grown in a six-crop rotation (winter wheat-maize-spring barley+red clover-red clover-soybean-sunflower). The weed community in maize consisted of 12 weed species, with dominating: Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. (perennial), Solanum nigrum L. and Avena fatua L., (annual species). The obtained results show that the highest number of weeds, weeds per species, fresh and air-dry biomass were recorded in the control treatment. The statistically lowest values for the number of weed plants per species were recorded in the treatment with Eko lame, but for air-dried biomass in the treatment with Slavol. The differences in weediness in the variants with microbiological fertilizers were not statistically significant, while there were statistically very significant differences compared to the control. Application of microbiological fertilizers affected the initial faster growth of maize plants and increased competitiveness against weeds.

Basic cultivation of crops by irrigation

An analysis of the results of field studies on the cultivation of crops against the background of various methods of soil cultivation is presented: agrophysical and agrochemical indicators, water and food regime of the soil. The purpose of the research is to study and develop improved agrotechnical techniques for growing crops using various methods of tillage, ensuring the improvement of agrophysical, agrochemical properties and preventing the development of degradation processes in irrigated lands of the Volga region. The object of research was the main and pre-sowing tillage for the crops of the link of irrigated crop rotation. The work methodology included studies that were based on the analysis of literature using a systematic approach, theoretical developments, generally accepted methods for laying and conducting field work. Studies were carried out in the Volga region on irrigated lands of the experimental production facilities of the Moscow Research and Development Institute in 2021-2023, where multifactorial field experiments were delivered and carried out. The issues are considered and justification is given for the existing resource-saving methods of soil cultivation. Based on the comparative characteristics, it has been proven that various methods of soil cultivation make it possible to identify their influence on agrophysical and agrochemical properties and fertility. It was found that the use of flat and fine tillage did not increase the compaction of the arable layer compared to plowing, however, in the lower layers (10-20 cm) there was an increase in soil density by 0.12-0.18 g/cm3. In the 0-10 cm layer, the greatest losses of soil structure were observed. Due to the lower impact on the soil during flat cutting, the proportion of water-reinforced aggregates in the upper horizon was higher compared to plowing with the formation turnover. However, in the 0-10 cm layer, prolonged use of this formulation by spraying and deflation resulted in a 1.1% reduction in agronomically valuable aggregates. Therefore, it is advisable to alternate dumping, flat cutting and minimal treatment in the irrigated crop rotation to optimize the composition of the arable layer and prevent erosion processes.

Research of the combined sowing working body

Today, the issues of ecology, resource conservation and reduction of production costs in agriculture are associated with the development of combined tillage - sowing machines, which make it possible to reduce a number of technological techniques. Taking into account these factors makes it possible to equip agricultural enterprises with means of mechanization adapted to the specific conditions of their production use. Therefore, a promising direction is the development of universal and combined machines, that is, technical means of mechanization capable of performing several technological operations in one working cycle or, after relatively simple retrofits, ensuring the consistent execution of a number of operations. To carry out experimental studies, an installation was developed and manufactured, which is a combined machine that provides pre-sowing tillage, strip spreading sowing, mineral fertilizers and post-sowing rolling. Using the experimental planning method, mathematical models have been developed that link factors such as the speed of the unit, the angle of attack of the coulter's paw, the depth of the coulter's paw when optimizing the degree of soil crumbling, pruning of weeds, changes in soil hardness. Analysis of mathematical models shows that factors in a certain way affect the quality of tillage (crumbling, hardness, pruning of plants). In the first place in terms of significant importance is the speed of movement. The degree of pruning of plants depends on the angle of attack. As for the depth of processing, this factor has practically no effect on the degree of pruning of weeds. This can be explained by the fact that the root system is located at a shallow depth. For other cultures, this factor may play a significant role.

Improving the quality of processing the soil environment by determining the rational structural and technological parameters for the rolling working bodies

The object of this study is the process of soil compaction with ring-spur and ring-tooth rollers. Based on the zonal optimization of the agrophysical parameters of the arable horizon, the influence of the rolling working bodies on the soil environment in terms of creating a uniform set layer density during pre-sowing tillage was investigated. It was established that soil density should be evaluated in a zonal section together with its aggregate composition, humus content, moisture, etc. Smooth-water-filled, ring-tooth, and ring-spur rollers were studied. The use of a smooth water-filled roller in previous studies contributed to the high unevenness of the compaction of the upper and lower layers of the arable horizon, which indicated the impracticality of further experiments. The research of ring-tooth and ring-spur rollers was carried out by the method of a multifactorial experiment under defined soil and climatic conditions (soil type, sod-podzolic; layer-by-layer soil moisture, 26...28 %; layer-by-layer soil density, 0.96...1.25 g/cm3). Regression models were built of the influence of the specific load, the frequency of passes, and the working speed of the unit on the density of the soil in layers: 0–5; 5–10; 10–15; 15–20; 20–25; 25–30 cm. To assess the heterogeneity of soil density in layers 0–5 and 5–10 cm, a data array was constructed. It was established that the ring-spur roller, even at a speed of up to 6 km/h, is not a tool suitable for regulating the equilibrium density of the seed layer. The best for pre-sowing soil cultivation is a ring-tooth roller (specific soil load, 350 kg/m; unit speed up to 6 km/h). The derived regression equations make it possible to select such a specific load on the ring-tooth roller that could provide a rational value of the layer density of the soil. This is economically and environmentally expedient.

Урожайность подсолнечника в зависимости от предпосевной обработки почвы на фоне применения гербицида Евро-Лайтнинг Плюс

The effect of pre-sowing tillage for sunflower hybrid Zubella CL, as well as the study of doses of herbicide Euro-Lightning Plus, VRK, in doses of 1.5; 2.0 l / ha. Experiments conducted in the Korablinsky district of the Ryazan region showed that the best yield was detected on variants with pre-sowing cultivation with the Compactor KPO-10 unit against the background of the herbicide Euro-Lightning Plus, VRK, at a dose of 2.0 l/ha (35.2 c/ha). In the study of clogging, treatment with herbicide Euro-Lightning Plus, IBS, in doses of 1.5; 2.0 l / ha significantly reduced the contamination in crops, by the phase of the beginning of flowering of the crop, compared with taking into account before treatment with herbicide. Keywords: SUNFLOWER, TILLAGE, CLOGGING, HERBICIDE, YIELD

Study of Physical and Mechanical Properties and Tillage Modes of Soil Under Modern Technological Principles

The availability of information about the physical and mechanical properties of the soil during the operation of tillage machines, including machines carrying out pre-sowing tillage, plays a key role in choosing the technological scheme and working bodies of the machine. The use of advanced tillage machines and technologies first of all requires studying the real situation of the corresponding physical and mechanical properties of the soil. From this point of view, the question raised has the same purpose. The studies were carried out on the territories of intensively agricultural regions and on samples taken from agricultural land. The results obtained during the experiment show that with an increase in the hardness of the soil from only 0.68 to 0.78 MPa, this cannot significantly affect the change in the resistivity of the working body. However, after this limit, an increase in the hardness of the soil significantly resists the working organ. In the course of the study, the physical and mechanical properties of the soil and the operating characteristics of the cutting body of the unit were also studied.

Rationale for the composition, type and quantity of technology for rice clusters

This paper underscores the predominant employment of seedling technology for rice cultivation in rice-growing clusters within the Republic of Uzbekistan. Despite its benefits in terms of minimal water and resource consumption, accelerated maturation, and harvest timing, this technology's widespread adoption remains limited. The study identifies a key factor in this limitation to be the absence of scientifically grounded information concerning the technical rationale required for rice cultivation via the cluster method, particularly among rice farm experts. (Research purpose) To provide the rationale for the composition, types, and quantities of technical equipment necessary to enhance the level of mechanization in the rice seedling technology. (Materials and methods) The research involves a range of methodologies, including monographic observation rules, information analysis and synthesis, normative methods, as well as the fundamental principles governing the operation of the machine and tractor fleet. (Results and discussion) The research focuses on the TCT RICE rice cluster, which encompasses a cropland area of 2700 hectares. The principal technical attributes of the PRO-600V transplanter were provided. In substantiating the composition, type and quantity of technical equipment for executing the production process, the operations delineated in standard flow charts for rice cultivation were employed as the foundational framework. A set of nine assessment criteria is utilized to determine the appropriate composition, type, and quantity of technical equipment necessary for the key agrotechnical activities, including plowing, pre-sowing tillage, seedling, plant cultivation, crop harvesting, and transportation. (Conclusions) Full mechanization of the production process in the cropland of the TCT RICE rice cluster is achieved by using 15 types of technical equipment with a total of 301 units. The results obtained can serve as primary material in the preparation of machine-tractor rice-growing units and the justification of the repair and maintenance base of rice-growing clusters. Complete mechanization of the production process within the cropland of the TCT RICE rice cluster is realized through the deployment of 15 categories of technical equipment, amounting to a total of 301 units. The research outcomes can be utilized as fundamental data for crafting machine-tractor units used for rice cultivation, as well as substantiating the infrastructure for repair and maintenance within rice-growing clusters. Keywords: rice cluster, rice cultivation, technical equipment, transplanter, assessment criteria, mechanization.

Investigating trititrigia cultivation in a semiarid zone

Over the course of several years of meticulous selection, The Tsitsin Main Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, successfully cultivated a novel trititrigia crop, characterized as a hybrid between wheat and couch grass. The intrinsic potential of this crop, as highlighted by the authors, instigated a keen interest in its investigation. (Research purpose) To conduct research on the cultivation of trititrigia Pamyati Lyubimovoy (In Memory of Lyubimova) in the semi-arid southern zone of the Rostov region. (Materials and methods) Trititrigia was cultivated on typical chernozem soil with carbonate content, characterized by heavy loamy texture, in conditions of insufficient and unstable moisture, following the zonal technology for cultivating winter wheat. The main pre-sowing tillage was performed using a shallow method by a combined KUM-4 unit. For seed sowing, the «Demetra» selective seeder was used. Throughout the trials from October 2020 to August 2022, meteorological conditions were taken into account, including precipitation levels and air temperature. Using two crops as examples, the biometric data of trititrigia plants, yield structure elements, combine yield and drought resistance were studied. (Results and discussion) It is determined that trititrigia Pamyati Lyubimovoy (In Memory of Lyubimova) aligns with the declared parameters in terms of plant height, ear length, and duration of the vegetative period. The plant development type of trititrigia is identical to winter wheat. (Conclusions) It is established that trititrigia Pamyati Lyubimovoy (In Memory of Lyubimobva) shows low resistance to drought within a semi-arid climate. Additionally, the straw yield surpasses the grain yield by a factor of four, while the weight of 1000 grains is low at 23.58 grams. Moreover, the combine yield (3.80 tons per hectares) falls short compared to the winter wheat variety Stanichnaya (5.09 tons per hectares). Further investigations into trititrigia within a semi-arid climate are considered necessary to determine its cultivation feasibility.

УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ И ГЕРБИЦИДОВ

In studies conducted in the conditions of the Ryazan region on gray forest soil, the effectiveness of the joint use of types of soil treatment and herbicides in winter wheat crops was determined. Phytosanitary, yield and economic indicators in the technology of wheat grain production, depending on factors, are determined. Ac-cording to the results, the species composition of weeds in winter wheat agrocenoses was determined, where 34 species were identified, among which 12 are the most common, from the families of haze, cabbage, cere-als, aster, buckwheat and others. In the experiment, the most effective way of pre-sowing tillage is determined by cultivation. The greatest increase in yield and the maximum economic effect is provided by the herbicide Prishans, SE, at a dose of 0.6 l / ha, used at the beginning of the phase of entering the wheat tube, provided that it is processed in the early phases of weed vegetation development. On average, according to the years of the study, the maximum yield of winter wheat was noted on variants with cultivation during the treatment of crops with herbicides Prishans, SE (43.2 c/ha) and Dianat, BP (42.0 c/ha). The maximum increase relative to the control, on average for two years, was 48.4% (+14.1 c/ha) on the variant Cultivation + herbicide Prishans, SE.

Improving the work process efficiency of a tillage module for pre-sowing tillage

The formation of a differentiated structure of the arable horizon during the pre-sowing processing of the grant is a relevant task that can be solved by designing appropriate soil-processing technical means. A scientific hypothesis has been put forward, according to which increasing the efficiency of the process of forming a differentiated structure of the arable horizon can be achieved by improving the design and substantiating the structural and technological parameters of the tillage module for pre-sowing tillage. Numerical simulation was carried out in the Simcenter STAR-CCM+ software package using the Lagrangian multiphase model employing the discrete element method. Calculation of second-order regression equations and statistical processing of the obtained data was carried out in the Wolfram Cloud software package. As a result of the simulation of the improved design of the tillage module, which includes one drum, plowshare, casing, and cleaner, it was found that it performs the operation of separation and redistribution of soil aggregates with almost the same efficiency as the basic design with 2 drums and plowshare. As a result of the simulation of the work process of the improved tillage module, regression equations of the content of the 10–30 mm fraction in the 0–4 cm soil layer and the content of the 0–10 mm fraction in the 4–8 cm soil layer from the research factors were obtained. The chosen factors of influence were a casing outlet clearance, casing inlet clearance angle, cleaner inclination angle, drum rotation frequency, unit movement speed, and processing depth. Solving the problem of multi-criteria optimization, the rational structural and technological parameters of the tillage module for pre-sowing tillage were calculated

Combined Implement for Soil Preparation and Sowing Сucurbits

The design of an energy-saving combined implement capable of performing basic and pre-sowing tillage, applying mineral fertilizers, forming irrigation furrows and sowing melons and gourds in one pass is substantiated. The use of a combined tillage unit allows to reduce labor costs by up to 39%, energy consumption for soil preparation – up to 45%, reduce the duration of work, reduce soil compaction by reducing the unit’s passes across the field and retain moisture in the soil layer.

РАЗРАБОТКА МОДЕЛИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ТЯГОВО-СКОРОСТНЫХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК МАШИННО-ТРАКТОРНОГО АГРЕГАТА ПРИ ОБРАБОТКЕ ПОЧВЫ В СОСТАВЕ ТРАКТОР – ПОЧВООБРАБАТЫВАЮЩЕ-ПОСЕВНОЙ КОМПЛЕКС

The efficiency of the use of tillage and sowing complexes is ensured by the fact that several operations are performed in one pass, such as pre-sowing tillage, sowing, rolling and leveling the soil. Thanks to the use of combined machines, the quality of sowing crops and productivity of work are improved, fuel and lubricants costs and labor resources are reduced, which ultimately has a positive effect on the cost of production. The article discusses the process of operation of a machine-tractor aggregate as part of a tractor and a tillage-sowing complex. A model has been developed and a calculation of the power and traction balance of a machine-tractor unit is presented when operating under specified conditions. It is shown that due to the reduction of power losses to overcome rolling resistance forces, the performance of the machine-tractor aggregate changes during operation. As an example, the theoretical dependencies for determining traction characteristics in the process of operation of the machine-tractor unit as part of the K-735 "Standard" tractor and the Kuzbass– TPK – 6.1 PPK are given

Justification of parameters of working body of deep loosener

The article presents the analysis results on the study of physical-mechanical properties of soils in Uzbekistan and experimental studies on the influence of parameters and rational geometric shape of working tools on the quality of soil tillage while reducing energy costs. It has been established that soil moisture and hardness in the periods of basic and pre-sowing tillage differ significantly according to weather conditions, agrophonous background, and sowing and harvesting technology of agricultural crops. The peculiarities of different soils and the main directions of preserving and increasing their fertility are considered. The problems of optimization of physical properties and issues of the fertility state of irrigated soils are highlighted. Special attention is paid to the problems of improving soil's basic physical and mechanical properties. The use of effective technologies for improving and ameliorating irrigated lands, increasing fertility, and reducing and preventing soil salinization is proposed. For prevention of decrease and preservation of soil fertility, purposeful measures on improvement of physical properties of soils are recommended, the mechanism of which solution is the application of innovative technology of processing providing purposeful growth and development of root system, moderate moisture of soil, increased water permeability, moisture stocks, and reduction of salinization. To prevent intensive moisture evaporation after deep tillage, it is recommended to carry out agrophobic treatment by maximum leveling and creating a shallow crumbly surface layer. To substantiate the parameters of the deep loosener were based on the fact that the degree and magnitude of soil deformation depend on both the shape and parameters of interacting working bodies and on the physical and mechanical properties of the cultivated medium.

Теоретичне обґрунтування конструктивних особливостей котка для передпосівного обробітку ґрунту

The article presents the results of exploratory theoretical studies of the design features of a roller for pre-sowing tillage. According to the number of operations, the rolling roller can be considered as one of the main means for ensuring high-quality preparation of the field for sowing. Therefore, the rolling process must be considered as a complex of operations, and its construction as a combination of the latter. The technological process of rolling helps to optimally place the seeds at a given depth, improves the contact between the seeds and the soil, and contributes to the rapid swelling and germination of the seeds. The main purpose of rolling is to conserve soil moisture, especially in arid conditions, by reducing physical evaporation. The analysis of the existing designs of domestic and foreign manufacturers of rolling rollers for pre-sowing soil cultivation and the technological process they perform showed that today the range of designs is growing, versatility is decreasing, each type of work requires its own roller, continuous formation of the compacted bottom of the seedbed with modern rollers in is not fully implemented. The main direction on which foreign roller manufacturers are working is strip rolling and preparation of the seed bed directly along the track of the coulters if the roller is part of the seeding unit. In addition to the classic ones, there are practically no cats for continuous rolling in the company's assortment. It has been established that the technological process will be more rational when rolling occurs not only in the upper layers of the soil, but also in the lower ones. For this purpose, a combined rolling roller with working elements of the cam type was proposed. A mathematical model of the interaction of the rolling roller and its elements with the soil has been developed. The proposed mathematical model of the working process of the improved roller allows to establish the nature of the specific pressure distribution depending on the constructive parameters of the roller elements and the physical and mechanical properties of the soil. The effectiveness of the proposed design of the rolling roller is ensured by the fact that due to the design of the working surface and cams, it is possible to ensure uniform compaction of the soil along the width of the grip of the roller and to the required depth and reduce the number of passes of the roller to ensure the necessary uniformity of compaction.

Analysis of the Functional Characteristics and Efficiency of Equipment for Fertilizing Pre-sowing Tillage and Fodder

The distinctive features of modern domestic machines for fertilization, presowing tillage and fodder preparation are given. Their technical characteristics are analyzed for compliance with the characteristics specified in the list of determining the functional characteristics (consumer properties) and the efficiency of agricultural machinery and equipment (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 1, 2016 city No. 740).

ВЛИЯНИЕ ПРЕДПОСЕВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ НА УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ ЯРОВОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ В УСЛОВИЯХ ЛЕСОСТЕПИ ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

The purpose of the research is to study the influence of early spring tillage techniques on the formation of spring wheat yield. The work was carried out in 2017-2019 in Ulyanovsk region. The soil area is represented by leached chernozem, medium-sized with a humus content of 6.22%, mobile phosphorus and potassium according to Chirikov – respectively 198 and 121 mg/kg, pHsol – 6.4 units, the sum of absorbed bases - 46.4 mg.-eq./100 g. The scheme of the field experiment provided for the study of the following options for pre-sowing tillage against the background of the use of N50P16K16: 1. Harrowing + cultivation; 2. Harrowing; 3. Cultivation. The soil density (1.10...1.15g/cm3) was found in favorable values for wheat, and did not worsen its condition. The reserves of productive moisture in the arable and meter layer of the soil before sowing were significantly higher than the harrowing option – 54.3 and 152.4 mm. The absence of pre-sowing cultivation did not affect the processes of nitrification in the soil. There is a tendency to a higher biological activity of the soil (33.3%) after harrowing. In general, the experimental plots were relatively clean of weeds, so there was no significant difference in the options. The yield of spring wheat in all variants of the experiment was almost the same 2.96...2.98 t/ ha. The lowest costs were observed on the harrowing option – 16614 rubles/ha, which was 6.1% lower than the classical pre-sowing tillage, and the cost of this option was 5508 rubles per ton of grain or 7.5% lower. The net income for the harrowing option amounted to 3,586 rubles per hectare, which is 55.7% higher than the classic option. The reduction in production costs led to an increase in profit and profitability of this option – 21.8%.