Pre Partum Research Articles

Penatalaksanaan HIV dalam Kehamilan

HIV infection has been a global epidemic around the world. in the absence of intervention, the rates of HIV transmission during pregnancy, labor or breastfeeding vary from 15-45%. Data from Indonesia Health ministry 2011 shows 21.103 pregnancy women who undergone HIV test 534 (2,5%) are positive HIV infected. The use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs has been success prevent mother to child transmission. Zidovudine monotherapy shows transmission rates (4,8%) higher than ARV combination. ARV combination that can use during pregnancy vary from triple NRTI, 2 NRTI + NNRTI, or 2 NRTI + PI with similar high virological supression rates. it has beeen shows a changing trend from sectio caesar to vaginal delivery with decrease of viral load using ARV combination, with increase percentage for vaginal delivery from 17% to 52%. Women who receive >9 weeks pre partum prophylaxis significantly have undetectable viral load in plasma and breast milk during labor.

Frequency of Post-Partum Hemorrhage and Associated Factors in Primiparous Women

Background: Postpartum hemorrhage refers to excessive blood loss during or after delivery, it defined as blood loss greater than or equal to 1000 ml or blood loss within 24 hours after the birth. The objective of this study is to investigate frequency of post-partum hemorrhage and associated factors in primiparous women. Materials and Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was conducted among 104 women aged 18-48 years, during six months (01/Oct/2022 to 30/March/2023). Women diagnosed post-partum hemorrhage and admitted in Nangarhar university teaching hospital (gestational age 36-42 weeks) were included in the study. Findings: Among 104 women, who were observed, mean age was 25.70 ± 5.24, most affected (71.15%) age group interval was (20 to 29-year age group). About 63(60.60%) were Primiparous and (39. 40%) women were multi parous. About fourth-five (80.80%), two third (67.30%), and one -third (31.70%) of participant were, illiterate and house wives, lived in rural areas and expressed as the economic condition as poor, respectively. Conclusion: History of pre-delivery anemia, maternal age, prolong labor, type of delivery, oxytocin use, low economic status, low education level and hypertension in pregnancy were associated factors for postpartum hemorrhage. 20-29-year age group, atony of uterus, prolonged labour, use of oxytocin, toxemia of pregnancy, and C/S delivery was statistically significant risk factors between primiparous and multiparous women. Close observation in antenatal, pre partum periods and intrapartum period is needed to identify women who have associated factors and early intervention to prevent post-partum hemorrhage.

Heat stress during the transition period is associated with impaired production, reproduction, and survival in dairy cows

Objectives of this retrospective cohort study were to determine the association of heat stress (HS) exposure during the periparturient period with production, health, reproduction, and survival during the first 90 d postpartum in dairy cows. A total of 5,722 Holstein cows (2,324 nulliparous and 3,397 parous) were categorized into environmental condition groups based on average temperature-humidity index (THI) exposure as thermoneutral (TN) or HS during the prepartum (PRE) and early postpartum (POST) periods into TN-TN (THI: PRE = 57.9 and POST = 63.7), TN-HS (THI: PRE = 68.2 and POST = 72.0), HS-TN (THI: PRE = 71.4 and POST = 65.6), and HS-HS (THI PRE = 72.2 and POST = 72.7). Nulliparous and parous cows were analyzed separately. In nulliparous cows, exposure to HS during the PRE, POST, or both PRE and POST periods was associated with a 1.7 kg/cow per day reduction in milk yield compared with TN-TN. Postpartum HS was associated with increases of 4.4 percentage points in incidence of retained placenta, 18.1 percentage points in incidence of metritis, and 2.0 percentage points in incidence of mastitis, but a reduction of 5.3 percentage points in pregnancy at first AI, and an increase of 4.5 percentage points in pregnancy loss compared with POST TN. Exposure to HS during PRE and POST periods was associated with increased removal from the herd. In parous cows, exposure to HS during PRE, POST, or both PRE and POST was associated with a 2.4-kg/cow per day reduction in milk yield when compared with TN-TN. There was an interaction between HS exposure PRE and POST and incidence of retained placenta, because POST HS was associated with an increase in incidence of 5.8 percentage points within PRE HS cows, whereas no difference was found within PRE TN cows. Postpartum HS was associated with an increase of 6.3 percentage points in incidence of metritis and tended to be associated with an increase of 1.9 percentage points in mastitis incidence compared with POST TN. There was an interaction between HS exposure PRE and POST and pregnancy per AI because POST HS was associated with reduced pregnancy incidence by 10.6 percentage points within PRE TN cows, whereas no difference was found within PRE HS cows. Removal from the herd increased in cows exposed to HS during the PRE or POST or PRE and POST. These data suggest that POST HS is associated with performance losses to a greater extent than prepartum HS and that nulliparous and parous cows are prompt to losses associated with exposure to HS during the transition period. The results corroborate findings from manipulative experiments that showed improved milk production and reproduction in cows under HS provided with heat abatement but adds insights to the associations between HS and health.

Successful Management of Pre Partum Cervico-Vaginal Prolapse Concurrent with Dystocia Due to Incomplete Cervical Dilatation in Surti Buffalo: A Case Report

Successful Management of Pre Partum Cervico-Vaginal Prolapse Concurrent with Dystocia Due to Incomplete Cervical Dilatation in Surti Buffalo: A Case Report

Incidence of Infant Death among the Baiga Tribe of Chhattisgarh, India

All children have the right to survive and thrive. Yet, children and adolescents still face significant challenges surviving past infancy and developing to their full potential. In 2019, 6.1 million children and young adolescents died, mostly from preventable causes. Objectives of the present study are to explore the incidences and determinants of infant death among the Baiga tribe of Chhattisgarh. This study is a retrospective, quantitative and exploratory and quasi qualitative research. Regarding the present study it has chosen the Baiga tribe. Structured interview schedule and non-participant observation were used for collection and cross validation of data. The results were analyzed using the 16.0 SPSS package. Pearson’s chi-square test and multinomial logistic regression analysis were used. More than half (51.2%) of the respondents had lost one or more than one infant already, out of this percentage, 46.3% respondents had lost one infant, which was 23.8%, of the total respondents. Just more than one third (35.2%) respondents witnessed the death of male infant, whereas 33% respondents were the helpless witness of the death of female ones. It can be presumed that delivery of the Baiga newborn by either untrained or trained “Dai” were one of the causal factors for death of male infant of the respondents. Most of the respondents have believed that the illness of their infant is the major cause for the death. The unpleasant fact is not only the cause of general tragedy in the Baiga household; it is also a pointer to utter failure in government health services in the backward sector. The non-participant observation finished by the researcher throughout the fieldwork is authenticated that the foremost cause for incidences of large-scale infant deaths in the Baiga tribe is the tremendous poverty widespread in them and the maternal malnutrition during pre and post partum period and failure of reproductive and child health programme in the Baiga community.

Assessment of lying down behaviour in temporarily crated lactating sows

Temporary crating may be a more acceptable housing system for lactating sows than permanent crating from an animal welfare point of view. It remains unclear whether opening the crate leads to changes in sow lying down behaviour and piglet activity that may pose an increased risk of injury to piglets. This study aimed to assess whether the lying down behaviour of lactating sows housed in temporary crating changed shortly after removal of confinement, whether it was influenced by piglets' behaviour and age and whether sows preferentially used some support during lying down after crate opening. Sows (n = 13) were crated from 5 days pre partum to 3 days post partum. Their behaviours were recorded on video over a 24-h period both preceding and following crate opening, as well as over a 24-h period on day 25. The following behaviours were analysed: position and activity of the piglets when the sow lie down, duration of the lying down events, use of pen walls or crate bars as support when lying down; and position of the sow in the pen when lying down. Piglet mortality was assessed every day. Data were analysed in SAS using GLM. The duration of lying down events did not differ between the 24-h periods before and after opening the crate but increased on day 25 (P < 0.01). Similarly, the percentage of piglets in the danger zone did not differ between the 24-h periods before and after opening the crate, but increased on day 25 (P < 0.0001). The percentage of piglets in the creep area increased temporarily the day after the crate opening (P < 0.0001). Sows frequently utilised support when lying down, but less over the 24-h period after the crate opening compared to the two other periods (P < 0.001). A higher percentage of piglets in the creep area resulted in longer lying down events where the sow's snout was in contact with piglets located in the creep area (P < 0.05). The present study shows that opening the crate does have an immediate impact on lying down behaviour and piglet behaviour, but it does not pose an increased risk to piglets. Our results also indicate that piglet behaviour changed with age and influenced sow lying down behaviour. Finally, our findings further suggest that some available lying down support may be a very important feature of the pen during the whole lactation period.

Net absorption and liver metabolism of amino acids and heat production of portal-drained viscera and liver in multiparous sows during transition and lactation

BackgroundDetermination of nutrient requirements in the late gestating and lactating sows is essential to optimize sow productivity. The objectives of the present study were to quantify amino acid (AA) fluxes and heat production across portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver in multiparous sows during transition and lactation.MethodsEight second parity sows were fitted with indwelling catheters in the femoral artery and in the mesenteric, portal and hepatic veins. Eight hourly sets of blood samples were taken starting 0.5 h before feeding at − 10, − 3, + 3, and + 17 d in milk (DIM). Blood gases, plasma metabolites and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients were measured.ResultsFeed intake, the ATTD of DM, energy, nitrogen, fat and crude fiber changed with DIM (P < 0.001). Except for Glu, O2, and urea, all net portal fluxes were positive, and all were affected by DIM (P < 0.05) and by sampling time (P < 0.01). Compared with pre partum levels, net portal uptake of AA was 3-63% lower at + 3 DIM but 40-100% higher at + 17 DIM. Net portal fluxes of AA peaked at 1.5 to 2.5 h after feeding except for Glu, and they were positively correlated with changes in sow feed intake across DIM. The net portal recovery was low for Met (49%), Thr (54%), and His (54%) and high for the remaining essential AA (63-69%) and none of them differed across DIM. Net hepatic uptake (i.e. hepatic oxidation) of Lys, Thr, Ile, Leu and Phe peaked at 0.5 to 2.5 h after feeding, whereas uptake of Trp, Val, and His was constant, while that of Met was close to zero.ConclusionThe net portal recovery was substantially lower for Met, Thr, and His than the remaining essential AA. Hepatic AA oxidation peaks 0.5 to 2.5 h after feeding. The heat production in PDV and liver was approximately two-fold higher at peak lactation compared to other stages. The study suggests that lysine was the limiting AA in peak lactation but not in early lactation.

Risk factors of S. aureus intramammary infection in pre partum dairy heifers under grazing conditions and molecular characterization of isolates from heifers and cows.

The aims of the research reported here were to identify potential risk factors associated with the presence of Staphylococcus aureus intramammary infection (IMI) in pre partum dairy heifers on 17 dairy farms from three provinces of Argentina and to characterize, at molecular level, isolates from those heifers and lactating cows from two selected herds. A total of 1474 heifers and 4878 lactating cows were studied. The prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus IMI in the heifers, heifers at quarter level and lactating cow mammary quarters was 14.41, 4.82, and 14.65%, respectively. Univariate analysis showed the key variables associated with S. aureus IMI presence in the heifers were: S. aureus IMI prevalence in cows of the lactating herd, the time calves stayed with their dam after birth, the calf rearing system, the place of rearing (own farm or other dairy farm) and fly control on the farm. None of the variables included in the multivariable analysis was associated with the presence of S. aureus IMI in the pre partum heifers, probably due to low variability among management practices used by the farms for rearing the heifer calves. At the molecular level, S. aureus isolates were grouped into three main PFGE clusters and several genotypes within the clusters. Isolates from mammary secretion of pre partum heifers and milk of lactating cows comprised different PFGE clusters in both herds, although two exceptions occurred. The absence of gene fnbpB, which codifies for a virulence factor protein involved in cell invasion by S. aureus, was significantly more frequent in pre partum heifer secretion isolates than in isolates from lactating cow milk. These results suggest that, under these management conditions, isolates from mammary secretions of pre partum heifers do not originate from the milk of lactating cows, but rather other sources to which the heifer is exposed.

Effect of Diet and Type of Pregnancy on Transcriptional Expression of Selected Genes in Sheep Mammary Gland.

Simple SummaryAn experiment was designed to determine the effect of diet and type of pregnancy on the mammary gland development, measured by the transcriptional expression of genes involved in angiogenesis and cell turnover/lactogenesis. To that end, twin and single-bearing ewes were fed naturalized pasture or red clover from day −45 pre-partum until day +60 post-partum, taking samples of mammary tissue at day −10, +30 and +60 post-partum. The results showed that the group of twin-bearing ewes fed red clover was the best combination to increase the expression of genes associated to angiogenesis and cell turnover/lactogenesis in the mammary gland.These trials were carried out to determine firstly the effect of diet and type of pregnancy on the transcriptional expression of genes involved in angiogenesis and cell turnover/lactogenesis inside the sheep mammary gland from late gestation to late lactation. Eighteen Ile de France sheep, 8 twin- and 10 single-bearing ewes were alloted into two groups according to their diet, either based on ad libitum naturalized pasture or red clover hay plus lupine from day −45 pre-partum until day +60 post-partum. Samples from diets and mammary glands were collected at day −10 pre partum (time 1), day +30 (time 2) and day +60 post-partum (time 3) and analyzed by qRT-PCR. Additionally, samples from longissimus dorsi muscle were taken from lambs twice, at weaning and 45 days later, to determine the effect of the maternal treatment with regard to diet and type of pregnancy, on the mRNA expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism. The data was processed using the lme4 package for R, and SPSS Statistics 23.0 for Windows®. The results showed that the group of twin-bearing ewes fed red clover showed a higher expression of genes involved in angiogenesis before lambing and in cell turnover/lactogenesis during late lactation, explained by a lamb survival mechanism to delay apoptosis as a way to keep a secretory cells population and boosted by the diet quality, assuring a longer milk production potential during late lactation. Regarding lambs, apparently the maternal diet would influence the transcriptional expression of lipogenic enzymes in the longissimus dorsi muscle after weaning, but further studies are necessary to validate these results. In summary, Twin-bearing ewes fed red clover performed best at increasing the expression of genes associated with angiogenesis and cell turnover/lactogenesis in the mammary gland.

RELATIONSHIP AMONG ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS IN TRANSITION PERIOD IN BUFFALOES

The objectives of this study were to record the changes in some acute phase proteins (APPs) either positive or negative during transition period and to demonstrate the correlation between different APPs in the transition period. To achieve these objectives, 29 pregnant buffaloes were selected at 2nd and 3rd milk season from Ard El -Kheir farm. The study was carried out in Assuit Governorate, Whole blood samples were collected from these buffaloes for determination of fibrinogen, blood plasma samples were collected for determination of vit. A and blood serum samples were collected for determination of serum albumin, serum total cholesterol, serum total bilirubin and serum haptoglobin). Blood samples were collected as the following: (-21d: -15d), (-14d: -8d), (-7d: -1d), calving day, 3 d P.P, 7 d P.P, 14 d P.P and 28 d P.P. The study revealed significant changes in the concentration of some acute phase proteins, whether positive or negative. The mean values of fibrinogen revealed significant changes with maximum increase at day 3 P.P. Non significant changes in the mean values of haptoglobin with maximum increase one week pre partum. Significant increase in the mean values of total bilirubin at calving day and post partum periods compared with pre partum periods, reached maximum at day 14 P.P. The mean values of albumin revealed significant changes with maximum increase one week pre partum. A significant decrease in the mean values of total cholesterol at pre partum compared with post partum reached maximum at calving day compared with pre and post partum periods. A significant decrease in the mean values of vit. A reached maximum at day 7 P.P.

The protective role of maternal post-traumatic growth and cognitive trauma processing in Palestinian mothers and infants: a longitudinal study

BackgroundWomen at pre partum and post partum are especially susceptible to war trauma because they struggle to protect their infants from danger. Trauma research suggests increased problems in maternal mental health and infant development. Yet many cognitive-emotional processes affect the trauma survivors' mental health, such as post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic cognition. The aim of this study was to examine whether a mother's high post-traumatic growth and optimal post-traumatic cognition could protect their own mental health and their infant's stress regulation from the effects of traumatic war experiences. MethodsThis three-wave prospective study involved Palestinian women living in the Gaza Strip who were at the second trimester of pregnancy (T1), women with infants aged 4 months (T2), and women with children aged 12 months (T3) months. The participants reported their war experiences in a 30-item checklist of losses, destruction, and atrocities in the 2008–09, 2012, and 2014 military offensives. Post-traumatic growth was assessed by a 21-item scale and post-traumatic cognition by a 36-item scale. Maternal mental health was assessed by post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depressive, anxiety, and dissociation symptoms at T1 and T3, and infants' stress regulation was assessed with the Infant Behaviour Questionnaire at T2 and T3. FindingsWe included 511 women at T1, 481 women at T2, and 454 women at T3. High maternal post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic cognition had protective roles. Post-traumatic growth had a protective effect on maternal mental health since severe exposure to traumatic war experiences was not associated with maternal PTSD, depression, and dissociation if women showed high post-traumatic growth, as indicated by the significant interaction effect between post-traumatic growth and war trauma on each of the three symptoms. Post-traumatic cognition had a protective effect on infant development since severe exposure was not associated with dysfunctional infant emotion regulation when mothers reported optimal post-traumatic cognition, as indicated by the significant interaction effect between post-traumatic cognition and war trauma on each of negative affectivity and surgency or extraversion. InterpretationThe nature of cognitive emotional processing of war trauma could explain the distinct roles of post-traumatic growth and post-traumatic cognition. High post-traumatic growth involves increased social affiliation, spiritual awareness, and psychological strengths resulting from painful and traumatic experiences. In the national struggle for independence, post-traumatic growth is often associated with heroism and even hardiness, which might benefit a mother's mental health but not their infant's wellbeing. Optimal post-traumatic cognition indicates successful and harmonious trauma processing, which enables mothers to be more reflective and sensitive to their infant's needs. Interventions to promote healthy infant development in war settings should encourage and support mothers' effective cognitive-emotional processing of traumatic experiences. FundingThe Academy of Finland and University of Tampere, Finland.

USING A DIGESTAMIN AS A FEED ADDITIVE IN EGYPTIAN BUFFALO COWS (Bubalus bubalis) DIETS

لإhis current work was performed to estimate the milk production and composition, blood parameters and some reproductive properties of Egyptian buffalo cows (Bubalus bubalis) fed a digestamin as feed additive. A total of 27 Egyptian buffalo cows were used in this study. The experimental buffaloes aged 4-8 years between the 2nd and 5th parity at late pregnancy (one month pre partum). Three main experimental basal diets were formulated from corn silage, berseem hay, rice straw and concentrate feed mixture containing 14 % CP and digestsmin was added at 0, 0.1, and 0.5% of DM, respectively. The current study showed that, increasing digestamin supplementation in buffalo cows diets increased significantly (P<0.01) average milk yield, total solids, fat, lactose, protein. On the other hand, there was a significant decrease (P<0.01) in milk total solid not fat, ash and somatic cells count by increasing digestamin supplementation to 0.5% level. Increasing digestamin levels also, significant increased (P<0.01) blood total protein, albumin and total lipids. Oppositely, there was a significant decrease (P<0.01) blood plasma globulin, glucose, AST and ALT concentration with increasing digestamin levels. The experimental diets with digestaminrecorded the higher (P<0.01) calf birth, calf birth at weaning, daily weight gain compared to other experimental diets, while the higher body weight and placenta weight of buffalo cows were obtained by control buffalo cows. Generally, there was a significant improved (P<0.01) in reproduction parameters of the experimental buffalo cows by digestamin supplementation. It could be concluded that, digestamin as a feed additive can improve the growth, productive and reproductive performance of Egyptian buffalo cows (Bubalus bubalis). So, it could be used in diets of Egyptian buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) especially with 0.5% of DM.

Porcine circovirus type 2 associated reproductive failure in a specific pathogen free (SPF) piglet producing herd in Norway: a case report

BackgroundSince 1999, scientists have published evidence of transplacental infection by porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and reproductive failure in pigs. Affected herds have frequently been start-up herds, either naïve or with a high proportion of PCV2 susceptible gilts. Here, delayed farrowing in non-vaccinated gilts was observed in a commercial specific pathogen free (SPF) herd. Mummified fetuses and stillborn piglets recovered from these gilts were PCV2 positive.Case presentationThe case herd was a self-recruiting, piglet producing unit of 240 sows. After detecting livestock associated methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA, CC398), stamping out was imposed by the authorities. An SPF herd was re-established and all dams were vaccinated against PCV2 until the farmer decided to exclude this vaccine. The first non-vaccinated batch consisted of 76% gilts. Here, one gilt showed signs of impending farrowing. This gilt was slaughtered three to four weeks after the expected farrowing date without having expelled any uterine contents. In the subsequent batch consisting of 79% gilts, three gilts showed similar clinical signs. Delayed farrowing was observed in two of these gilts and the uterine contents from the third gilt were recovered at the abattoir. Mummified fetuses and stillborn piglets were recovered from all three gilts. High levels of PCV2 DNA (>107 viral genomic copies/ 500 ng tissue) were found in myocardial samples by real-time PCR analysis. One myocardial sample submitted for immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis showed moderate amounts of PCV2 antigen. In the subsequent batch consisting of 77% gilts, several weak-born piglets were seen across different litters.ConclusionsThis case report describes an apparent link between in utero PCV2 infection, pre partum nest-building behaviour, mammary development and delayed farrowing. To date, no reports have described imminent signs of farrowing and delayed farrowing as clinical signs in conjunction with transplacental PCV2 infection in Norway. Reinitiation of PCV2 vaccination was strongly advised in this herd due to recent depopulation and repopulation and the high proportion of gilts. Vaccination was effective because no further cases have occurred since.

Efek Ekstrak Daun Binahong (Anredera cordifolia (Ten) Steenis) terhadap Profil Darah Merah pada Marmut (Cavia cobaya)

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of binahong leaves extract (BLE) on Cavia cobaya through the number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin, pack cell volume (PCV) and erythrocyte indices. Complete Random Design (CRD) was used in this study with 4 treatment and 4 replicate, those were T0 (control), T1 (10 mg / head / body weight), T2 (50 mg / head / body weight) and T3 (90 mg / head / weight). The administration of BLE was orally for 10 days pre partum and 10 days postpartum. Blood sampling was done three times, which wasbefore giving BLE , 1 day postpartum and 1 day after the giving of BLE. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and if there was effect of treatment, then continued with Duncan multiple range test. There was not significantly different among treatments for PCV before giving BLE, while the postpartum and post giving BLE showed significantly different (P&lt;0.05). There was not significantl different in the percentage of Hb among treatments for postpartum while in before giving BLE and post giving BLE were showed significantly different (P&lt;0.05). Total erythrocytes was not significantly difference among treatments for before giving BLE while in the postpartum and post giving BLE significantly different (P &lt;0.05). MCHC value was not significantly different between treatments which was before giving BLE and post giving BLE while in the postpartum was showedsignificantly different (P&lt;0.05). MCV and MCH values were not significantly different between treatments before giving BLE while in the postpartum and post giving BLE significantly different (P &lt;0.05). In conclusion, giving BLE at a dose of 50 mg/head/body weight can improve immunity and endurance Cavia cobaya on the treatment group before giving BLE, postpartum and post giving BLE of PCV, Hb, total erythrocytes, MCHC, MCV and MCH.

1540 Effects of diets containing either traditional anionic salts or a commercial anionic supplement on feed intake and energy balance of prepartum dairy cows

Anionic supplements are fed to prepartum (PP) dairy cows to reduce dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD) and improve calcium status at calving. Traditional anionic salts (AS) can reduce DMI, presumably due to poor palatability. Commercial anionic supplements purportedly are more readily consumed, but there is little research to support this assertion. Twenty-nine pregnant multiparous Holsteins were used to examine the effects of AS or a commercial anionic supplement (SoyChlor [SC]) on DMI and energy balance (EB) during the last 3 wk of pregnancy. The AS supplement consisted of 55% ammonium chloride, 29% magnesium sulfate, and 16% ammonium sulfate. At dry off, each cow entered a communal pen and was accustomed to a Calan gate feeder. The far-off dry period diet was a total mixed ration without anionic supplementation. At 21 d before expected calving date, cows were alternately assigned to a treatment. The AS or SC was incorporated into the diet to yield a calculated DCAD [(Na + K) − (Cl + S)] of −120 mEq/kg. Urine pH was monitored to ensure similar metabolic acidification among the two PP groups. Individual DMI was measured daily. Diet energy content (estimated using the CNCPS version. 6.5 model) and DMI allowed calculation of EB. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Post hoc testing of means was done using Bonferroni's procedure. Overall treatment and treatment by week effects for each of the three PP weeks were examined. Least squares means are in the table. Over the entire PP period, cows supplemented with SC had higher DMI (P < 0.001) and EB (P < 0.004) than cows supplemented with AS. Dry matter intake and EB declined for both groups as the PP period progressed toward calving.

Study of neonatal outcome in relation to maternal nutrition and anthropometry

Background: Neonatal mortality contributes to over 64% of the infants deaths and most of these deaths occur during first week of life. Of the various causes of infant mortality, birth weight is one of the important factors for the survival, normal growth and development of child.Methods: This one year hospital based case control study was undertaken to find out the proportion of low birth weight babies in institutional deliveries and to find out the association between various socio-demographic and maternal factors with low birth weight deliveries in study population. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 15.0. One way Anova and Chi square test was used. Results: Out of total 100 live new-borns, 46 were low birth weight babies. Significant associations were found between maternal height&lt; 150 cm, maternal weight gain and maternal pre partum body weight with low birth weight babies. Significant correlation was also seen between the age &lt;20 yrs and &gt;30 yrs of age, parity and socioeconomic status with low birth weight.Conclusions: This study provides baseline information from the tertiary care hospital in this region. Strengthening of the maternal health program focusing on maternal nutrition and iron and folic acid supplementation during antenatal period and nutrition education to facilitate better weight gain during adolescent period is required.

Serum metabolites and macro mineral profile of prepartum buffaloes affected with cervico-vaginal prolapse

Blood samples were collected from 36 pregnant buffaloes in third trimester of pregnancy. Out of total, 24 were suffering with pre partum vaginal prolapse (affected group) while the remaining 12 were normal pregnant buffaloes (control group). Serum was separated from blood and serum calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and other metabolic panels like protein, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol and urea were estimated to study their relationship during cervico-vaginal prolapse. Mean serum calcium (mg/dl) concentration in affected group was significantly lower as compared to control buffaloes. Serum phosphorus and magnesium levels did not differ significantly between 2 groups. Serum glucose level (mg/dl) was significantly higher in affected group as compared to the control animals. Total protein (mg/dl) was significantly lower in prolapsed buffaloes as compared to healthy buffaloes. No significant difference of serum urea and cholesterol was found between affected and control groups while serum triglycerides (mg/dl) was significantly higher in prolapsed buffaloes (45.25) as compared to control group.

Hormonal profile and body condition scoring in dairy cows during pre partum and post partum periods

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of selected indicators of energy, hormonal profile, body condition score (BCS) and their relationships in dairy cows of the Slovak Pied Cattle from 3 weeks before parturition to 9 weeks after. Significant differences were found in the mean values of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) (P &lt; 0.001) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) (P &lt; 0.05). According to BCS results, the dry cows were overweight (4.42 ± 0.75 points). After calving the cows lost weight significantly, as the BCS was 3.25 ± 0.30 points at 9 weeks post partum (P &lt; 0.001). The highest concentration of leptin was recorded before calving (26.80 ± 11.47 ng/ml). The concentrations of insulin and ghrelin did not change significantly (an increase in insulin concentrations from 580.8 ± 66.30 IU/ml to 625.50 ± 174.90 IU/ml and a decrease in ghrelin concentrations from 29.25 ± 4.82 pg/ml to 26.57 ± 5.35 pg/ml were found comparing 3 weeks to 1 week before parturition, respectively). Relationships between the hormones showed positive correlation between insulin and leptin (r = 0.220, P &lt; 0.05), BCS and leptin (r = 0.360, P &lt; 0.001), BCS and insulin (r = 0.232, P &lt; 0.05) and negative correlation between leptin and ghrelin (r = -0.235, P &lt; 0.05), BCS and ghrelin (r = -0.257, P &lt; 0.05). These data provide evidence that the variations in the concentrations of leptin, ghrelin, and insulin are related to variations in the BCS. Negative correlation between leptin and ghrelin contributes to the argument that leptin negatively regulates ghrelin.

Metabolic parameters and their relationship to energy balance in multiparous Simmental, Brown Swiss and Holstein cows in the periparturient period as influenced by energy supply pre‐ and post‐calving

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of three energy supply (E) levels [low (L), medium (M), high (H)], both pre-partum (PRE) and post-partum (POST), and their interactions on metabolic parameters and energy balance (EB) in dairy cows of three breeds. In both phases, E levels applied to a total of 81 multiparous cows of breeds Simmental (SI), Brown Swiss (BS) and Holstein-Friesian (HF; n = 27 for each breed) were 75%, 100% and 125% of recommendations of the German Society of Nutrition Physiology, using a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. During the pre-calving period, serum concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) were higher for L(PRE) cows, and glucose concentrations were elevated for H(PRE) cows. During the lactation period, NEFA concentrations were greatest for treatment L(POST). Mean concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) were highest for cows of the L(POST) treatment, intermediate for M(POST) and lowest for H(POST). Glucose concentrations were lower for L(POST) cows. SI cows had lower BHB concentrations both pre- and post-calving and higher glucose concentrations during early lactation than the other breeds. BHB concentration POST was highest for BS cows. Restricted feeding PRE resulted in a better energy status of cows fed above energy requirements POST (E(PRE) × E(POST) interaction). HF cows had a higher EB pre-calving, whereas SI cows had a less negative EB during early lactation, compared with the other breeds respectively. Correlations of serum NEFA, BHB and glucose concentrations with EB were strongest during the transition period. Results suggest that controlling energy intake during the dry period might be advantageous for the energy status of dairy cows after calving, whereas energy restriction in early lactation leads to metabolic stress. Evidence is provided of a clear relationship between EB and the blood metabolites NEFA and BHB, especially in the transition period.

Influence of energy and nutrient supply pre and post partum on performance of multiparous Simmental, Brown Swiss and Holstein cows in early lactation

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of pre partum (PRE) and post partum (POST) dietary energy and nutrient supply (E) and their interactions on feed intake, performance and energy status in dairy cows of three breeds. In this experiment, the effects of three energy and nutrient supply levels (low (L), medium (M), high (H)), both pre-calving and post-calving, were investigated, using a 3×3 factorial arrangement of treatments. In both phases (84 days pre- and 105 days post-calving) E levels applied to a total of 81 multiparous cows of breeds Simmental (SI), Brown Swiss (BS) and Holstein–Friesian (HF; n=27 for each breed), were 75%, 100% and 125% of recommendations of the German Society of Nutrition Physiology (GfE). Dry matter intake (DMI) was restricted, if energy intake exceeded target values. Pre partum DMI and energy intake were different as designed, liveweight and body condition score (BCS) of SI cows were higher, but EB was lower, compared to BS and HF cows. Milk yield and composition were influenced by all three main experimental factors (EPRE, EPOST, breed). Energy-corrected milk yield was 25.6, 28.6 and 30.1 kg/day for LPRE, MPRE and HPRE as well as 21.5, 30.1 and 32.6 kg/day for LPOST, MPOST and HPOST, respectively. Numerically, only for milk protein content the interactions EPRE×EPOST and EPRE×breed reached significance. Impact of energy supply pre-calving was more pronounced when cows had lower energy supply post-calving and vice versa. On the other hand, milk yield response of cows to energy supply above requirements was greater for cows that were fed on a low energy level pre partum. Impact of energy level pre partum was higher for HF cows, showing that their milk production relies to a greater extent on mobilization of body reserves. Increasing energy supply pre partum led to a more negative energy balance post partum, mainly by increasing milk yield and content, whereas feed intake was slightly reduced. Increasing energy supply post partum enhanced milk yield as well as milk protein and lactose content. Calculated energy balance corresponded well with liveweight and BCS change. Response of milk yield to increasing energy supply followed the principle of diminishing returns, since energy was increasingly partitioned to body retention. Increasing energy supply pre partum enhances milk yield and content post partum, but exacerbates negative energy balance and its consequences.