Preoperative Blood Urea Nitrogen Research Articles

A High Preoperative Blood Urea Nitrogen to Serum Albumin Ratio Does Not Predict Worse Outcomes Following the Robotic-Assisted Pulmonary Lobectomy for Lung Cancer.

The blood urea nitrogen to serum albumin ratio (BAR) is an emerging prognostic parameter of interest.The utility of BAR as a prognostic factor has not been analyzed in lung cancer patients undergoing pulmonary lobectomy.We evaluated the ability of High BAR to predict worse outcomes after robotic-assisted pulmonary lobectomy (RAPL) for lung cancer. We retrospectively analyzed 400 patients who underwent RAPL from September 2010 to March 2022 by one surgeon. Patients were stratified by Low BAR (<6.25 mg/g) and High BAR (≥6.25 mg/g).Patients' demographics, tumor characteristics, comorbidities, surgical complications, outcomes, and survival were collected and compared by High and Low BAR groups.The primary outcome of interest was 30-day mortality. Receiver operator curves (ROC) confirmed that 6.25 was an optimal threshold for estimating mortality based on Low and High BAR.There were no differences in surgical complications or outcomes between the Low and High BAR groups.The ability of BAR to predict 30-day mortality was evaluated with the area under the curve (AUC) analysis, which showed that higher BAR could not predict mortality (AUC=0.655; 95% CI, 0.435-0.875; p=0.166).Similarly, survival analysis revealed no difference in five-year overall survival between the Low and High BAR groups (p=0.079). High BAR did not predict worse outcomes after RAPL for lung cancer in our study.Further studies are needed to better determine the prognostic ability of BAR in lower-risk populations.

Preoperative Dehydration Predicts Adverse Events Following Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion.

Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) is a common procedure for neck arthritis, typically alleviating pain and improving function. Preoperative dehydration has been correlated with postoperative infection, acute renal failure, deep vein thrombosis, and increased hospital length of stay. However, some studies have suggested that preoperative dehydration has a minimal relationship with postoperative outcomes, specifically in arthroplasty and lumbar surgery candidates. Patients who underwent ACDF from 2015 to 2020 as part of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database were identified. We excluded patients who presented with acute trauma. Dehydration was determined using the accepted definition of preoperative blood urea nitrogen to creatinine ratio greater than 20. Lengths of stay and 30-day postoperative adverse events were compared between dehydrated and nondehydrated cohorts, adjusting for baseline features using standard multivariate regression. We identified 14,932 patients, and 4206 (28.1%) of whom were preoperatively dehydrated. Dehydrated patients had significantly higher odds of wound, hematological, and pulmonary complications; Clavien-Dindo grade IV, delayed length of stay (>5 days); and a lower likelihood of being discharged home (P < 0.005), even after controlling for demographic features (eg, sex, age, body mass index, race, and ethnicity). Furthermore, linear regression suggested an overall half-day increased length of hospital stay for dehydrated patients (95% CI [0.36, 0.60], P < 0.001). Preoperative dehydration is common among ACDF surgery patients and appears to correlate with an increased risk of postoperative complications and prolonged length of hospital stay. Evaluation of a patient's hydration status from standard preoperative laboratory metrics can be employed for risk stratification, patient counseling, and timing of ACDF surgeries.

Nomogram predicting early recurrence defined by the minimum P value approach for colorectal liver metastasis patients receiving colorectal cancer resection with simultaneous liver metastasis resection: development and validation.

Simultaneous resections have been increasingly performed for colorectal liver metastasis patients. However, studies explored risk stratification for these patients are scarce. Among which, a clear definition of early recurrence remains controversial and models for predicting early recurrence in these patients are lacking. Colorectal liver metastasis patients who developed recurrence followed by simultaneous resection were enrolled. Early recurrence was determined by the minimum P value method, and patients were divided into an early recurrence group and late recurrence group. Standard clinical data were collected from each patient including demographics features, preoperative laboratory tests and postoperative regular follow-up results. All the data were accessed by clinicians and recorded accordingly. The nomogram for early recurrence was constructed in the training cohort and validated externally in the test cohort. The optimal value of early recurrence by the minimum P value method was 13 months. A total of 323 patients were included in the training cohort, of which 241 (74.6%) experienced early recurrence. Seventy-one patients were included in the test cohort, of which 49 (69.0%) experienced early recurrence. Significantly worse post-recurrence survival (median 27.0 vs. 52.8 months, P=0.00083) and overall survival (median 33.8 vs. 70.9 months, P<0.0001) were observed in patients with early recurrence in the training cohort. Positive lymph node metastases (P=0.003), tumour burden scores ≥4.09 (P=0.001), preoperative neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratios ≥1.44 (P=0.006), preoperative blood urea nitrogen levels ≥3.55 µmol/L (P=0.017) and postoperative complications (P=0.042) were independently associated with early recurrence, and all these predictors were included in the nomogram. The nomogram for predicting early recurrence had a receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.720 in the training cohort and a receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.740 in the test cohort. The Hosmer-Lemeshow test and calibration curves showed acceptable model calibration in the training set (P=0.7612) and in the test set (P=0.8671). The decision curve analysis results for the training cohort and test cohort also indicated that the nomogram showed good clinical applicability. Our findings provide clinicians with new insights into accurate risk stratification for colorectal liver metastasis patients receiving simultaneous resection and contributing to the management of patients.

Development of an artificial intelligence algorithm for adjuvant chemotherapy based on a nationwide registry of patients with gastric cancer by the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association (JGCA).

4063 Background: Recent marked advances in machine learning have led to expectations of the clinical application of artificial intelligence (AI) to support medical care. Methods: A survival analysis model which consisted of 31 covariates was adopted for AI algorithms using machine learning and these were constructed using clinical data sets for training. The performance of AI algorithms was evaluated in order to determine the optimal chemotherapy including surgery alone without any adjuvant chemotherapy with the highest survival rate for each patient. This involved using clinical data for verification to compare survival of an AI-recommended treatment group, for which therapy recommended by AI was actually administered, with an AI-deprecated group, for which therapy recommended by AI was not administered. Results: The clinical characteristics of 23653 patients and treatment are described in the Table from 2011 to 2018 in a nationwide registry of gastric cancer patients in Japan by the Japanese Gastric Cancer Association and were made available for this study. S-1 monotherapy was used the most frequently of all adjuvant chemotherapy in this study. We used the "restricted mean overall survival time" (RMST) of all the patients as metrics. The RMST in the AI-recommended and the AI-deprecated groups were 51.4 and 47.5 months, respectively. Patient data for the verification were matched baseline characteristics by the propensity score. This model predicted effectively overall survival after gastrectomy. The RMST of over 80 years old patients were 43.9 in the AI-recommended and 38.3 months in the AI-deprecated, respectively. This AI algorithm recommended adjuvant S-1 more frequently for patients with higher age, male, American Society of Anesthesiologists – physical status 2, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 1, pT3/pT4, pN2/pN3, more than the upper normal limit of preoperative blood urea nitrogen, macroscopic types 2/3, differentiated adenocarcinoma, Roux-en-Y reconstruction, and Clavien-Dindo classification grade II/III. The RMST for pStage IIA/IIB/IIIA/IIIB/IIIC were 55.7/53.9/50.3/45.7/42.2 months in the AI-recommended and 55.1/50.7/43.9/36.9/32.0 months in the deprecated. This AI algorithm showed a higher survival rate in pStage III patients particularly. Conclusions: The AI algorithm could readily be integrated into clinical practice to choose adequate adjuvant chemotherapy for each patient based on each patient's baseline data because it trained and verified the nationwide registry has good predictive performance. [Table: see text]

Evaluating the utility of perioperative laboratory tests in primary shoulder arthroplasty

BackgroundThe rising incidence of primary total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) predicts a $4 billion increase in cost associated with this procedure by 2030. Studies have evaluated sources of cost containment, including inpatient services, namely routine perioperative laboratory tests. This study evaluates the utility of routine perioperative complete blood count (CBC) and basic metabolic panel (BMP) in TSA and identifies predictors of abnormal postoperative laboratory results and the need for medical intervention (NMI). MethodsAll patients undergoing primary TSA from 2013 to 2020 at a single institution were included. Demographics, comorbidities, procedural details, and preoperative and postoperative CBC and BMP values were recorded. Abnormal values were identified for each laboratory parameter. NMI was defined as postoperative blood transfusion, electrolyte repletion, fluid resuscitation, and inpatient medical consultation. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine independent predictors for abnormal postoperative CBC and BMP (AbBMP) results and NMI. A P value < .05 was considered statistically significant. ResultsA total of 328 patients were included in the study, with 202 (61.6%) female patients and a median age of 70.5 years. Medical intervention was required in 115 (35.1%). There were no differences in rates of NMI based on patient demographics, comorbidities, and preoperative CBC and BMP results, although there was a significant difference in rates of NMI when comparing postoperative serum potassium (4.1 mmol/L in no NMI group; 3.9 mmol/L in NMI group; P = .039). Ultimately, there were no demographic, surgical, or laboratory factors associated with postoperative NMI on predictive modeling. Increasing body mass index (odds ratio [OR] 1.08, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.15, P < .03), preoperative serum glucose (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.02-1.08, P = .003), and preoperative serum blood urea nitrogen (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.12, P = .01) are associated with an 8.0%, 5.0%, and 12% increase in odds of an AbBMP, respectively. Preoperative potassium is inversely correlated with odds of AbBMP (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.67, P = .01). ConclusionsAlthough postoperative laboratory tests were routinely obtained following primary shoulder arthroplasty, abnormal postoperative CBC and BMP were not associated with NMI. Postoperative BMP tests should be considered in patients with elevated body mass index, elevated preoperative serum glucose, elevated preoperative serum blood urea nitrogen, and those with preoperative serum hypokalemia. Postoperative CBC tests are likely not necessary after primary shoulder arthroplasty.

Acute kidney injury as an independent predicting factor for stage 3 or higher chronic kidney disease after nephrectomy.

The association between postoperative acute kidney injury (AKI) and long-term renal function after nephrectomy has not been fully explored, with accurate prognostic models in which AKI is an independent predicting variable still being absent. We conducted a retrospective study of 528 patients who underwent unilateral radical nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy owing to renal cell carcinoma between January 2013 and December 2016. Postoperative AKI was defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine level by 0.3 mg/dl or ≥5 0% increase from the preoperative value within 48 hours after surgery. The endpoint was the time to the incident stage 3 or higher chronic kidney disease (defined as eGFR<60 ml/min/1.73m²), or any claim for initiation of dialysis. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted to construct the final model. Internal validation was performed using 10-fold cross-validation. The model was evaluated in discrimination by Harrell's C-index and area under curve (AUC) values, and calibration by calibration plots. Five hundred twenty-eight patients were finally enrolled in the study cohort, and the median follow-up period was 38 months. Among 528 admitted patients, 232 (43.9%) developed AKI, and stage 3 or higher CKD occurred in 47 (8.9%) patients during the follow-up time, with 33 in 47 patients (70.2%) having postoperative AKI. AKI was significantly correlated with poor prognosis of renal function (HR = 3.079, P < 0.001). After the adjustment of conventional predictors, AKI was still independently related to kidney function deterioration, and the correlation was influenced by the severity of AKI. Five variables were selected to establish the prognostic model, including age, surgery type, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, preoperative blood urea nitrogen, and postoperative AKI. The model had good discrimination, with the Harrell's C-index of 0.92 (95% CI 0.89-0.95), and AUC values varying from 87.7 to 95.7 at different time points. AKI during the perioperative period is an independent predicting factor of stage 3 or higher CKD after nephrectomy.

The Impact of Serum Parameters Associated with Kidney Function on the Short-Term Outcomes and Prognosis of Colorectal Cancer Patients Undergoing Radical Surgery.

The current study was designed to investigate the impact of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum uric acid (UA), and cystatin (CysC) on the short-term outcomes and prognosis of colorectal cancer (CRC) patients undergoing radical surgery. CRC patients who underwent radical resection were included from Jan 2011 to Jan 2020 in a single clinical centre. The short-term outcomes, overall survival (OS), and disease-free survival (DFS) were compared in different groups. A Cox regression analysis was conducted to identify independent risk factors for OS and DFS. A total of 2047 CRC patients who underwent radical resection were included in the current study. Patients in the abnormal BUN group had a longer hospital stay (p=0.002) and more overall complications (p=0.001) than that of the normal BUN group. The abnormal CysC group had longer hospital stay (p < 0.01), more overall complications (p=p < 0.01), and more major complications (p=0.001) than the normal CysC group. Abnormal CysC was associated with worse OS and DFS for CRC patients in tumor stage I (p < 0.01). In Cox regression analysis, age (p < 0.01, HR = 1.041, 95% CI = 1.029-1.053), tumor stage (p < 0.01, HR = 2.134, 95% CI = 1.828-2.491), and overall complications (p=0.002, HR = 1.499, 95% CI = 1.166-1.928) were independent risk factors for OS. Similarly, age (p < 0.01, HR = 1.026, 95% CI = 1.016-1.037), tumor stage (p < 0.01, HR = 2.053, 95% CI = 1.788-2.357), and overall complications (p=0.002, HR = 1.440, 95% CI = 1.144-1.814) were independent risk factors for DFS. In conclusion, abnormal CysC was significantly associated with worse OS and DFS at TNM stage I, and abnormal CysC and BUN were related to more postoperative complications. However, preoperative BUN and UA in the serum might not affect OS and DFS for CRC patients who underwent radical resection.

Development and Validation of a Machine Learning Predictive Model for Cardiac Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury.

We aimed to develop and validate a predictive machine learning (ML) model for cardiac surgery associated with acute kidney injury (CSA-AKI) based on a multicenter randomized control trial (RCT) and a Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care-IV (MIMIC-IV) dataset. This was a subanalysis from a completed RCT approved by the Ethics Committee of Fuwai Hospital in Beijing, China (NCT03782350). Data from Fuwai Hospital were randomly assigned, with 80% for the training dataset and 20% for the testing dataset. The data from three other centers were used for the external validation dataset. Furthermore, the MIMIC-IV dataset was also utilized to validate the performance of the predictive model. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC), the precision-recall curve (PR-AUC), and the calibration brier score were applied to evaluate the performance of the traditional logistic regression (LR) and eleven ML algorithms. Additionally, the Shapley Additive Explanations (SHAP) interpreter was used to explain the potential risk factors for CSA-AKI. A total of 6495 eligible patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were eventually included in this study, 2416 of whom were from Fuwai Hospital (Beijing), for model development, 562 from three other cardiac centers in China, and 3517 from the MIMICIV dataset, were used, respectively, for external validation. The CatBoostClassifier algorithms outperformed other models, with excellent discrimination and calibration performance for the development, as well as the MIMIC-IV, datasets. In addition, the CatBoostClassifier achieved ROC-AUCs of 0.85, 0.67, and 0.77 and brier scores of 0.14, 0.19, and 0.16 in the testing, external, and MIMIC-IV datasets, respectively. Moreover, the utmost important risk factor, the N-terminal brain sodium peptide (NT-proBNP), was confirmed by the LASSO method in the feature section process. Notably, the SHAP explainer identified that the preoperative blood urea nitrogen level, prothrombin time, serum creatinine level, total bilirubin level, and age were positively correlated with CSA-AKI; preoperative platelets level, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, albumin level, and body weight were negatively associated with CSA-AKI. The CatBoostClassifier algorithms outperformed other ML models in the discrimination and calibration of CSA-AKI prediction cardiac surgery with CPB, based on a multicenter RCT and MIMIC-IV dataset. Moreover, the preoperative NT-proBNP level was confirmed to be strongly related to CSA-AKI.

Development and validation of a nomogram to predict complications in patients undergoing simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty: A retrospective study from two centers.

PurposeComplications were significantly increased 30 days after Simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty (SBTKA). In this study, an individualized nomogram was established and validated to predict the complications within 30 days after SBTKA.MethodsThe general data of 861 patients (training set) who received SBTKA in The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University between January 1, 2012 and March 31, 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into complication group (n = 96) and non-complication group (n = 765) according to the incidence of complications within 30 years after SBTKA. Independent risk factors for postoperative SBTKA complications were identified and screened by binary logistic regression analyses, and then a nomogram prediction model was constructed using R software. The area under curve (AUC), calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were selected to evaluate the line-chart. Meanwhile, 396 patients receiving SBTKA in the Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria (test set) were selected to verify the nomogram.ResultsFive independent predictors were identified by binary logistic regression analyses and a nomogram was established. The AUC of this nomogram curve is 0.851 (95% CI: 0.819–0.883) and 0.818 (95% CI: 0.735–0.900) in the training and testing sets, respectively. In the training set and test set, calibration curves show that nomogram prediction results are in good agreement with actual observation results, and DCA shows that nomogram prediction results have good clinical application value.ConclusionOlder age, lower preoperative hemoglobin level, higher preoperative blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, longer operation time, ASA grade ≥ III are independent predictors of SBTKA complications within 30 days after surgery. A nomogram containing these five predictors can accurately predict the risk of complications within 30 days after SBTKA.

Association Between Pre-operative BUN and Post-operative 30-Day Mortality in Patients Undergoing Craniotomy for Tumors: Data From the ACS NSQIP Database.

ObjectiveThere is limited evidence to clarify the specific relationship between pre-operative blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and post-operative 30-day mortality in patients undergoing craniotomy for tumors. Therefore, we aimed to investigate this relationship in detail.MethodsElectronic medical records of 18,642 patients undergoing craniotomy for tumors in the ACS NSQIP from 2012 to 2015 were subjected to secondary retrospective analysis. The principal exposure was pre-operative BUN. Outcome measures were post-operative 30-day mortality. We used binary logistic regression modeling to evaluate the association between them and conducted a generalized additive model and smooth curve fitting (penalized spline method) to explore the potential relationship and its explicit curve shape. We also conducted sensitivity analyses to ensure the robustness of the results and performed subgroup analyses.ResultsA total of 16,876 patients were included in this analysis. Of these, 47.48% of patients were men. The post-operative 30-day mortality of the included cases was 2.49% (420/16,876), and the mean BUN was 16.874 ± 6.648 mg/dl. After adjusting covariates, the results showed that pre-operative BUN was positively associated with post-operative 30-day mortality (OR = 1.020, 95% CI: 1.004, 1.036). There was also a non-linear relationship between BUN and post-operative 30-day mortality, and the inflection point of the BUN was 9.804. For patients with BUN < 9.804 mg/dl, a 1 unit decrease in BUN was related to a 16.8% increase in the risk of post-operative 30-day mortality (OR = 0.832, 95% CI: 0.737, 0.941); for patients with BUN > 9.804 mg/dl, a 1 unit increase in BUN was related to a 2.8% increase in the risk of post-operative 30-day mortality (OR = 1.028, 95% CI: 1.011, 1.045). The sensitivity analysis proved that the results were robust. The subgroup analysis revealed that all listed subgroups did not affect the relationship between pre-operative BUN and post-operative 30-day mortality (P > 0.05).ConclusionOur study demonstrated that pre-operative BUN (mg/dl) has specific linear and non-linear relationships with post-operative 30-day mortality in patients over 18 years of age who underwent craniotomy for tumors. Proper pre-operative management of BUN and maintenance of BUN near the inflection point (9.804 mg/dl) could reduce the risk of post-operative 30-day mortality in these cases.

Impacts of perioperative warming on vital findings and blood parameters of patients having cholecystectomy

This study was carried out to determine the effects of preoperative, preoperative, and postoperative warming on vital signs and blood parameters in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study was carried out in operating room A of a research and practice hospital. Necessary permissi-ons were obtained from the university research ethics committee, hospital, and patients. Eighty patients who had undergone medical operations in the hospital in the last six months were included in the sampling method. Body temperatures and physiological findings of the patients and room temperature were also given as percen-tages. Repeated measurements of variance and t-test evaluated postoperative physiological results of each patient. The average body temperature of the patients was 36.36+ 2.81°C, and the average body temperature after the operation was 36.33+ 2.80°C (p &gt;0.05). The mean arterial pressure (MAP) of the patients before the operation was 102.64+11.529 mm Hg. The mean arterial pressure of the patients in the recovery room after the operation was 98.55+ 9.940. During the operation, the MAP was between 96 and 98 Hg. There was a significant difference in terms of the mean arterial pressure of the patients (p &lt;0.05). The average hemoglobin, lymphocyte, platelet counts, activated partial thromboplastin time levels, and values were within the normal range, and there was a significant difference in terms of importance and levels before and after the operation (p &lt; 0.05). The average preoperative, preoperative and postoperative blood urea nitrogen (BUN) values of the patients were 13.79+ 6.126, 13.70+6.752, and 13.52+7.637, respectively. They were within the normal range, and there was no statistical difference (p &gt;0.05). As a result, it can be said that keeping the preoperative, preoperative, and postoperative body tempera-tures of the patients positively affects blood pressure, respiration, and oxygenation and help to normalize these values. In addition, it keeps erythrocyte, hemoglobin, leukocytes, lymphocytes, thrombocyte, APTT, BUN, AST, ALT values within the normal range. It contributes positively to the healing process of the wound. In order to increase the accuracy of this study, it is recommended to conduct studies that include more control and experi-mental groups.

Acute Kidney Injury as an Independent Predicting Factor for Stage 3 or Higher Chronic Kidney Disease after Nephrectomy

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) during the perioperative period mainly causes the loss of renal function after nephrectomy, while accurate prognostic models in which AKI as an independent predicting variable are still absent. Methods: A retrospective study of 528 patients with renal cell carcinoma who underwent nephrectomy between January 2013 and December 2016 was carried out. The endpoint was the time to the incident stage 3 or higher chronic kidney disease (CKD), or any claim for initiation of dialysis. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was conducted to construct the final model. Internal validation was performed using 10-fold cross-validation. The model was evaluated in discrimination by c statistics and area under curve (AUC) values, and calibration by calibration plots. Results: Among 528 admitted patients, 232 (43.9%) developed AKI, and stage 3 or higher CKD occurred in 8.9% of people during the follow-up time. AKI was significantly correlated with poor prognosis (HR=3.079, P<0.001), and after the adjustment of conventional predictors, AKI was still independently related to kidney function deterioration, and the correlation was influenced by the severity of AKI. Five variables were selected to establish the prognostic model, including age, surgery type, preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate, preoperative blood urea nitrogen and AKI. The model had good discrimination, with a C-harrell statistic of 0.92 (95% CI 0.89 to 0.95), AUC values varied from 87.7 to 95.7 at different time points. Conclusion: AKI during the perioperative period is an independent predicting factor of stage 3 or higher CKD after nephrectomy.

K-Means Clustering to Elucidate Vulnerable Subpopulations Among Medicare Patients Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty

BackgroundThe role of preoperative laboratory values for risk stratification following joint arthroplasty is currently ambiguous. In order to improve upon existing risk stratification within joint arthroplasty, this study sought to define novel phenotypes of total hip or total knee arthroplasty patients based entirely on preoperative laboratory measures. These phenotypes (“clusters”) were compared to elucidate statistically and clinically significant differences in outcomes. MethodsA total of 134,252 patients were gathered from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database between 2005 and 2015. “K-means” with 3 clusters was applied using 9 preoperative laboratory values: sodium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, albumin, bilirubin, white blood cell count, hematocrit, platelet count, and international normalized ratio of prothrombin values (INR). Outcome measures included 30-day readmissions, severe adverse events, and discharge to nonhome. ResultsCluster 2 was characterized by elevated preoperative BUN, creatinine, and INR and demonstrated almost twice the rate of adverse events (3.52% vs 2.20% and 2.22%), 30-day readmissions (6.39% vs 3.31% and 3.71%), and discharge to nonhome (47.97% vs 30.50% and 35.85%). Cluster 3 was characterized by a slightly higher risk of discharge to nonhome than cluster 1 and was overwhelmingly female (79.5% female, 35.8% discharge to nonhome). Cluster 1 represents the lowest-risk subgroup, experiencing the lowest rates of readmissions, adverse events, and discharge to nonhome. ConclusionPreoperative laboratory values, namely BUN, creatinine, and INR, are useful in identifying patients at risk of adverse outcomes. This analysis supports the existing surgical literature pushing for preoperative hydration as a targeted intervention to expedite recovery.

Risk factors of early right ventricular failure in patients undergoing LVAD implantation with intermediate Intermacs profile for advanced heart failure.

The clinical profile of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) candidates is rapidly changing, with increasing proportion of patients in more stable clinical conditions. However, early postoperative right ventricular failure (eRVF) is still one of the cornerstones associated with increased mortality and the preoperative recognition of associated risk factors remains challenging. The aim of this study was to identify predictive parameters for eRVF after LVAD implantation in patients with preoperative intermediate Intermacs (InM) risk profile 3-5. Preoperative laboratory, echocardiography, and right heart catheterization data collected from 80 patients with InM profile 3-5 before LVAD implantation were retrospectively tested with respect to their ability to predict the risk for eRVF after the implantation of a continuous-flow LVAD. Preoperative higher bilirubin and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, higher Model for End-stage Liver Disease score, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate, and higher central venous pressure to pulmonary capillary wedge pressure ratio (CVP/PCWP) were associated to higher risk of eRVF. Regarding the echocardiographic assessment, higher end diastolic linear dimensions of the RV, higher basal end diastolic RV linear dimension to LV ratio, severe tricuspid regurgitation, lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, and lower RV fractional area contraction identified patients with higher risk for eRVF. In the multivariable analysis, a CVP/CPWP > 0.55 (odds ratio [OR]: 4, 95% confidence interval [CII]: 1.4-11.8;P = .01) and BUN > 44.5 mg/dL (OR: 6.6, 95% CI: 1.51-23; P = .011) independently predicted the risk of eRVF. Preoperative BUN > 44.5 mg/dL and CVP/PCWP > 0.55 are associated to an increased risk of eRVF following LVAD implantation in intermediate InM patients.

Temporal trend and associated risk factors for new-onset atrial fibrillation following cardiac valve surgery.

Post cardiac surgery atrial fibrillation (POAF) is common, with adverse implications. However, relatively little is known regarding the time varying nature of risk factors associated with POAF. We describe variation in POAF along with its associated risk factors. Medical records of adult patients undergoing cardiac valve surgery from 2003-13, without a history of pre-operative AF were analyzed retrospectively. POAF was adjudicated using inpatient and outpatient electrocardiograms (EKG). Risk of AF over time along with time-varying risk factors were estimated using multiphase non-linear logistic mixed effects model. 10,461 patients with 100,149 EKGs were analyzed [median follow-up 4 months (IQR 48 hours-2 years)]. AF prevalence changed with time since surgery and two distinct phases were identified. Prevalence peaked to 13% at 2 weeks (early phase) and 9% near 7 years post-operatively (late phase). Older age, greater severity of preoperative tricuspid valve (TV) regurgitation, mitral valve replacement and prior cardiac surgery were time-independent risk factors for POAF. TV repair was associated with a decreased risk of early phase POAF. Pre-operative blood urea nitrogen, peripheral vascular disease and hypertension were associated with a higher risk of late phase POAF. POAF risk shows two distinct phases with an early peak and a late gradual rise, each associated with a different set of risk factors.

Ten years’ experience of augmentation cystoplasty for varied indications and its outcome

Background: The aim of the study was to evaluate long term efficacy and complications of augmentation cystoplasty in patients with bladder dysfunction. Methods: Our series comprises of 30 patients undergoing enterocystoplasty from March 2009 till December 2019. Clinical findings and investigations result along with surgical techniques used were noted for these patients. Postoperative complications along with urinary continence and renal outcome were evaluated.Results: Mean age of patients was 7 years and their mean follow up was for 4 years. Major complications occurred in 5 patients which were successfully managed and minor complication in 8 patients. Of these 16 patients were with neurogenic bladder and 14 with non-neurogenic bladder. The primary etiology of non-neurogenic bladder was extrophy epispadias complex (10 patients), posterior uretheral valves (2 patients), anterior uretheral valve (1 patient), and bilateral ectopic ureter (1 patient). The primary etiology of neurogenic bladder was meningomyocele (4 patients), anorectal malformation with vertebral anomalies (7 patients), partial sacral ageneis (4), nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder (1 patient). Relative continence was achieved in 97%. The preoperative serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) at the time of bladder augmentation (termed creatinine-1 and BUN-1)and the serum creatinine and BUN at the last follow up after bladder augmentation (termed creatinine-2 and BUN-2)were sought and compared using chi square test showed statistically significant improvement (p&lt;0.01).Conclusions: Augmentation cystoplasty is a necessary and safe procedure to increase the functional capacity of small contracted and poorly compliant bladder and allows patients to achieve relative continence and preserves renal function.

Preoperative laboratory testing for total hip arthroplasty: Unnecessary tests or a helpful prognosticator

BackgroundThe last decade has seen increasing initiatives to improve health care delivery while decreasing financial expenditures, as particularly exemplified by the implementation of bundled payments for lower extremity arthroplasty, which hold the providers responsible for the both the quality and cost of these procedures. In this context, the utility of routine preoperative laboratory testing is unknown. The present study characterizes the associations, if any, between preoperative sodium, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and creatinine values and the occurrence of general health adverse outcomes following total hip arthroplasty (THA). MethodsPatients undergoing primary THA were identified in the 2011–2015 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Cases with traumatic, oncologic, or infectious indications were excluded. Preoperative levels of sodium, BUN, and creatinine were tested for associations with perioperative adverse events and adverse hospital metrics using multivariate regressions that adjusted for patient baseline characteristics. ResultsA total of 92,093 patients were included, of which 5.25% had an abnormal preoperative sodium level, 24.20% had an abnormal preoperative BUN level, and 11.95% had an abnormal preoperative creatinine level. Abnormal preoperative sodium levels (odds ratios: 1.23–1.50, p < 0.007) and creatinine levels (odds ratios: 1.27–1.55, p < 0.007) were associated with the occurrence of all studied adverse outcomes and abnormal preoperative BUN levels (odds ratios: 1.15–1.52, p < 0.007) were associated with the occurrence of all adverse outcomes except for hospital readmission. ConclusionsAbnormal preoperative laboratory testing is significantly associated with adverse outcomes following THA, supporting the added value of laboratory evaluation of patients before elective arthroplasty procedures. Study designClinical, Level III.

ACUTE URINARY RETENTION CAUSED BY HUGE URETHRAL CARUNCLE

The female urethra is about 4 cm long and 8 mm in diameter. It is slightly curved and lies beneath the pubic symphysis just anterior to the vagina. Urethral lesions are important diagnostic tools in female urology. A urethral caruncle is a benign vascular tumor usually originating from the rear lip of the external urethral meatus, respectively, usually arise from the posterior lip of the urethral meatus and often observed in postmenopausal women. Although the etiology of urethral caruncles is still undetermined, they are the most common benign tumors of the female urethra including inflammatory polyps, cysts (Bartholin’s), prolapse of the urethra, urethral cancer, and diverticulum. Most cases are frequently asymptomatic, but, sometimes patients feel a lump or bleeding at the urethral meatus and sometimes it might cause acute urinary retention. Urethral caruncle is not included within the list of bladder overdistension causes in women. We present a huge urethral caruncle as a rare cause of acute urinary obstruction in a 51 year old woman, who asked for medical help on our emergency unit . The family referred that she was unable to urinate for the last 12h. The physical examination revealed bladder overdistension (globus vesicalis) and acute urinary retention. The patient’s history revealed a gradual reduction in urine flow for the last year and the presence of blood stains on her underwear over the past month. On a pelvic examination, there was a 3 × 2.5 cm dark red mass protrudring circumferentially from the urethra that was soft on palpation and originating from the posterior lip of the external meatus, was found during catheterisation. The case was evaluated with physical examination and the bladder was evacuated with a 12-Fr urethral catheter. In total, 1200 cc residual urine was removed. She had normal preoperative serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels. Before the surgical treatment we performed urethrocystoscopy which was normal. The patient was placed in the dorsolithotomy position.The caruncle was excised under general anesthesia. The lesion was totally resected (excision) and settled with 4-0 absorbable sutures and an 18 French (F) Foley silicon catheter was placed for urine drainage. There were no complications. The patient was discharged on the third postoperative day, the urethral catheter was removed on the seventh day and afterward the patient started to urinate easily. After surgical excision the histopathological report confirmed urethral caruncle. Local estrogen creams were also applied during the postoperative period. The postoperative period was uneventful and no signs of residual complaints were observed after 12 months of follow-up.

Intraoperative hypotension is a risk factor for postoperative acute kidney injury after femoral neck fracture surgery: a retrospective study

BackgroundHip fracture in elderly patients is a serious health concern due to the associated morbidity and mortality. Although acute kidney injury after hip fracture is known to be a significantly poor prognostic factor for morbidity and mortality, the literature regarding the risk factors for acute kidney injury after hip fracture is insufficient. This study aimed to investigate the incidence and associated risk factors for acute kidney injury in patients with femoral neck fracture.MethodsA total of 248 patients who underwent an operation for femoral neck fracture between January 2011 and January 2015 were retrospectively analyzed. Acute kidney injury was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines.ResultsThe incidence of acute kidney injury was 17.7% (n = 44). Risk factors for acute kidney injury included diabetes mellitus, pre-existing renal disease, preoperative blood urea nitrogen (BUN), preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), preoperative haemoglobin (Hb) level, type of operation, postoperative creatinine level and intraoperative hypotension (P < 0.05). After controlling for confounding variables, intraoperative hypotension was only the independent risk factor for acute kidney injury (P = 0.012).ConclusionsAcute kidney injury was found to occur frequently after surgery for femur neck fracture. Surgeons should be aware of acute kidney injury when planning the management of patients with femoral neck fracture and consider that the duration of intraoperative hypotension is a risk factor for acute kidney injury.

Impact of Elevated Preoperative Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) Levels on Outcomes in CF-LVAD Patients

Purpose Patients with advanced heart failure and cardiorenal syndrome can experience significantly elevation in blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels. We evaluated the impact of preoperative elevated BUN levels on bleeding and survival in patients who underwent continuous flow - left ventricular assist device (CF-LVAD) implantation. Methods We performed a retrospective review of 737 patients who underwent implantation of CF-LVADs from December 1999 through August 2017 at our center. Preoperative hemodynamics, perioperative characteristics, and postoperative outcomes were compared between patients with BUN ≥60 mmol/L and those Results Of the 664 patients included in the study (73 were excluded due to incomplete data), 53 patients had a BUN ≥60 mmol/L (mean: 83±28) and 611 patients had a BUN Conclusion Preoperative elevation in BUN above 60 mmol/L was associated with higher mortality. Additional studies are warranted to determine whether preoperative optimization of the uremia with medical therapy and/or dialysis can impact the increased risk of mortality.