Pre-extension Demonstration Research Articles

Pre-extension Demonstration and Evaluation of Top Feeder Honeybee Feeding Technology at Wolmera Woreda, Oromia Region

To maintain optimum honeybee colony population during dearth of floral resources, feeding of honeybee colonies with supplementary feeds is important. This research activity is conducted with the main objectives to evaluate and demonstrate top feeder technology under farmers’ management and create awareness on the importance of the technology. As to the method, selection of demonstration sites and farmers was purposive due to the reason that the evaluation of the technology requires modern box hive and experience on this hive. Two demonstration sites at two Village Administrations selected and Farmers research groups were used for technology evaluation. One FRG which contain 10-15 beekeepers strengthened at each demonstration site and group apiaries of FRG members used as centers of learning and technology evaluation. At each sites, farmers, development agents and experts trained and experimental colonies established. Honeybee colony follow up and technology evaluation activities undertaken in partnership with these FRG members, development agents and experts. As to the result, by using top feeder, the beekeeper can feed many colonies in short period of time. The average time taken to feed one honeybee colony using top feeder was only 55.85 seconds where as it was 107.26 seconds using plastic bucket under farmer’s management. Moreover, feeding using top feeder also reduced honeybee colonies disturbance during time of feeding. In conclusion, technologies like top feeder that saves beekeepers time and also reduce disturbances of honeybee colony are critical for our beekeepers. Therefore, it is suggested to further pre scale up the technology in other areas

Pre Extension Demonstration of Soil Test Crop Response Based Recommended Phosphorus Fertilizer for Maize in Bako Tibe and Gobu Sayo Districts of Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Pre-extension demonstration of soil test crop response based phosphorus fertilizer recommendation for maize was conducted in Bako Tibe and Gobu Sayo districts with the objective of participatory demonstration of soil test crop response based phosphorus recommendation under farmers’ condition in 2022 cropping season. Two treatments were applied (T<sub>1</sub>) blanket Recommendation (T<sub>2</sub>) Soil Test crop response based recommended phosphorus fertilizer with improved maize (BH-661) variety. The trial was conducted on eleven farmers’ fields which were used as replications. Plot size for each treatment was 10m x 20m with the spacing of 35cm and 75cm between plants and rows respectively using seed rate of 25 kg ha<sup>-1</sup> and with recommended optimum N-fertilizer rate of 110 kg ha<sup>-1</sup>. In each PAs, one FREG unit comprising of 20 farmers were established. About 185 (139 male and 46 female) participants were take part on field visit based training held during physiological maturity of maize. The average total biomass with soil test crop response based Recommended phosphorus fertilizer was 32,385 kgha<sup>-1</sup> while blanket recommendation was 27,730 kgha<sup>-1</sup>. Again the average grain yield for STCRBPR was 7,205kg ha<sup>-1</sup> while blanket recommendation was 4,641kg ha<sup>-1</sup>. Similarly, the results of the economic analysis indicated that the use of p-fertilizer based on soil test crop response and the blanket suggestion with MRR 500.93% could yield net returns of 188,029.36 and 119348 ETB per hectare, respectively. As a result, the suggested phosphorus fertilizer based on soil test crop response should be expanded/scaled up to include additional maize producer farmers in the region and surrounding districts.

On-farm Pre-extension Demonstration of Newly Released Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) Technology with Proper Agronomic Practices in Gamo and Konso Zones of Southern Ethiopia

Pigeon pea is widely cultivated by Ethiopian farmers, but its production remains low despite suitable conditions. This is partly due to inadequate demonstration of new pigeon pea varieties with proper agronomic practices. To address this, Arba Minch Agricultural Research Center released a new variety, Ashenafi, which showed promise in adaptation trials. However, its farmer preference and socio-economic benefits were not assessed. Therefore, a pre-extension demonstration of Ashenafi and a local check was conducted in 2024 at Karat Zuria and Boreda districts to improve pigeon pea production. The demonstration covered 20 farmers’ fields and 2 Farmers Training Centers, with 10m x 50m plots for each variety, using a spacing of 1.2m between rows and 0.5m between plants, a seed rate of 3 kg/ha, and a fertilizer rate of 100 kg/ha NPS. Grain yield data and farmer preferences were collected and analyzed. Ashenafi yielded 1,860 kg/ha compared to the local variety's 1,065 kg/ha at Karat Zuria, and 1,785 kg/ha compared to 890 kg/ha at Boreda. Results at the Farmers Training Center were similar. The significant yield gap of 787 kg/ha suggests a need to encourage adoption of the new variety. Ashenafi proved more profitable and was preferred by farmers for its earliness, quick branch emergence, seed size, grain yield, and pod number. Thus, Ashenafi is recommended for wider production with proper agronomic practices.

Pre-extension demonstration of inter-cropping of improved forages with food and cash crops at Semen Bench Woreda, Southwest Ethiopia

Pre-extension demonstration study was conducted in the North Bench district, Bench Sheko Zone, South-western Region, Ethiopia, in 2020/2021 main cropping season. The objective of the study was to demonstrate fodder production from improved forage legumes intercropped in food and cash crops and to evaluate the nutritional quality and compatibility of forage legumes. Three forage legumes, namely lablab, vetch, and cowpea, intercropped in maize, whereas alfalfa and desmodium intercropped in coffee. The demonstration was laid out in a randomized complete block design with ten replications on a farmer’s farm field with a participatory approach. The legumes were intercropped in maize three weeks after maize planting. The results revealed that maize plant height, maize grain yield, and maize stover biomass yields were not significantly (p > 0.05) different among treatments. However, significantly higher legume biomass yield and total biomass yield were obtained from maize-lablab-based intercropping as compared to maize-vetch and maize-cowpea-based intercropping systems. Similarly, the maize-lablab-based intercropping system recorded a significantly (p < 0.05) higher crude protein yield. The lower legume biomass yields were obtained from desmodium and alfalfa intercropped in coffee. Participant farmers were also very interested in forage production from maize-lablab-based intercropping systems as compared to maize-vetch, maize-cow pea, desmodium-coffee, and alfalfa-coffee-based intercropping systems. Therefore, farmers are recommended to intercrop lablab in maize to overcome the animal feed shortage in the study area.

Pre-Extension Demonstration of Irish Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in Midlands of Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Pre-Extension Demonstration of Irish Potato (Solanum Tuberosum L.) in Midlands of Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Pre-extension Demonstration and Popularization of Silk Production Technologies in South Ethiopia

The study was conducted in Shebadino, Tula and Wondogenet districts of Sidama regional state of southern Ethiopia from 2018 to 2023 with the objectives of to evaluate the performance of silk production technologies at various levels of silk production with stakeholders/beneficiaries. The study also aimed to create awareness and develop confidence among silkworm producers, development agents, agricultural experts and policy makers for wider dissemination. Nine kebeles’ (the lowest administrative level), were selected from three (3) districts for the purposes of this study. Five (5) farmers from each kebele were selected, totaling 45 farmers, for technology pre-scale up and promotion. Three rounds of theoretical and practical training were given to these farmers after they were selected. Training in the third round focused on managing row silk and cocoons after harvest, with a first round that covered broad knowledge and the importance of sericulture. Of the farmers who were chosen and trained, 95.6 percent were women who began raising silk worms, producing cocoons, and processing row silk. Each farmer received 30 kilograms of castor seed and 50 disease-free adult moths for pre-scaling up and promotion of the technology. During the first year of the study period, 90%, 50%, and 40% of the disease-free moths that were disseminated laid eggs and developed into cocoons at Shebadino, Tula sub city and Wondogenet districts respectively. Sericulture is very beneficial to young people, particularly women, in terms of providing a variety of employment options and viable income without affecting their regular agricultural activities or the existing sociocultural equilibrium. Sericulture technology with its package used, knowledge and skill of the farmers (users) on the technology upgraded, continuous follow up assured by DAs and experts. This study highlights the significance of sericulture for rural development and offers insightful information for its dissemination.

Pre-extension Demonstration of Improved Carrot Varieties at Gemechis and Chiro Districts, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Pre-extension Demonstration of Improved Carrot Varieties at Gemechis and Chiro Districts, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

Pre-extension Demonstration and Evaluation of Improved Food Barley Varieties in Chora and Gechi Districts of Buno Bedele Zone Southwestern Oromia, Ethiopia

The experiment was conducted in 2022 main rainy cropping season in Chora and Gechi districts of Buno Bedele zone with the objectives to evaluate the yield performance and economic profitability of food barley varieties, to identify farmers’ varietal selection criteria and to improve the targeted farmers` knowledge and skills towards improved selected food barley production and management practices. Based on barley production potential and road accessibility, five kebeles were selected where two improved barley varieties (Adoshe and HB 1307) were demonstrated and evaluated alongside the local variety (Torja) replicated on 14 demonstration sites. The 100 m2 plot size was used for each variety where all the recommended agronomic practices were followed. Data like grain yield, farmers’ varietal selection criteria’s, number of training and field day participants, cost incurred and profit obtained were collected where descriptive statistics, one way ANOVA, matrix raking and partial budget were used to analyze the collected data. Both list-wise deletion and single imputation methods were used in order to fix non-equal treatment as missed data among the fourteen demonstration sites. Accordingly, the descriptive result of list-wise deletion revealed that, the mean grain yield of 37.14, 39.79and 19.49 qt ha-1 were obtained from Adoshe, HB1307 and local varieties respectively whereas the mean grain yield of 34.04, 39.79 and 19.69 qt ha-1 were obtained from Adoshe, HB1307 and local varieties respectively. The list-wise deletion and imputation method analysis of variance among the yield of demonstrated barley varieties shows that there is statistically significant yield difference at (P<0.05) and (P<0.01) between the varieties respectively. The matrix raking shows Adoshe variety was preferred first by farmers. About 69 and 96 participants were participated on the training and field day respectively. The economic analysis result revealed that, the 3.55 ETB marginal rate of return by list-wise deletion and 3.51 ETB by imputation methods were obtained from HB1307 variety whereas, the 3.1 ETB marginal rate of return by list-wise deletion and 2.51 ETB by imputation methods were obtained from Adoshe variety indicating that farmers can recover all the incurred costs and gain 3.55/3.51 and 3.10/2.51 ETB for every 1 ETB they invest when they use HB1307 and Adoshe varieties respectively. HB1307 variety had high performance in terms of yield and economic profitability whereas Adoshe variety was favored by the farmers and therefore, HB1307 and Adoshe varieties were recommended for further scaling up in the study areas and similar agro ecologies.Key words__ Buno Bedele, Demonstration, Farmers, Food Barley, Participatory, Yield.

Pre-extension Demonstration of Soil Test Based NPS Fertilizer Recommendation under Lime Application for Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Horo Distric at Horo Guduru Wollega Zone, Oromia Region, Ethiopia

Wheat is a major crop produced in Ethiopian high lands and in particularly in study area, which is a staple food crop. Soil nutrient depletion restrains agricultural crop production and economic growth. A major challenge on recommendations on the amount and type of fertilizers to applied in the country level and in the study area. Soil test based phosphorous calibration study was conducted on bread wheat for three consecutive years for determination of the values of critical level phosphorus (10 ppm) and phosphorus requirement factor (11.03 kg/ha) in Horo District. This District was selected purposively based on potential Bread wheat production. Due to Ethiopia begun to use NPS fertilizer recently, Optimum NPS fertilizer rate for bread wheat production was determined in Horo District. In order to gain confidence in the diffusion of technology to end users, a pre-extension demonstration of the NPS fertilizer recommended rate for bread wheat based on soil tests was completed in the Horo district. The goal of this demonstration was to allow farmers to participate and test the technology during the 2020–21 cropping season. There were two treatments presented: a blanket recommendation and 100% phosphorous critical NPS at optimum nitrogen (46 kg/ha). The research findings were that the soil test crop-based NPS fertilizer rate application from 100% phosphorous critical NPS at optimum nitrogen (46 kg/ha) was recommended for the production of bread wheat in the Horo district. The analysis of variance indicated that, the highest grain yield (4110 kg/ha) was obtained from the application of Soil Test based NPS fertilizer recommendation (STBFR) whereas the lowest grain yield 3322.67 kg/ha from the blanket fertilizer recommendation. The economic analysis also revealed that the maximum net benefit 87089.40 Ethiopia Birr was obtained from STBFR. Soil test based NPS fertilizer recommendation was economically feasible and the highest Marginal rate of return and net income were obtained from soil test based fertilizer recommendation. Therefore, 100% Pc from NPS and Nitrogen 46 kg/ ha fertilizer rate recommended for bread wheat production and productive in the study area. Further scaling up/out the technology to reach more produced in the same soil type and agro ecology in particularly Eastern Wollega Zone and Horo district.

Availing Technology Options for Small-Scale Farmers: The Case of Pre-Extension Demonstration of Improved Rice Technology at Ilu-Harar District of Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Availing Technology Options for Small-Scale Farmers: The Case of Pre-Extension Demonstration of Improved Rice Technology at Ilu-Harar District of Western Oromia, Ethiopia

Pre-Extension Demonstration of Shiro Type Field Pea Technologies in the Highlands of Guji Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia

For improvement of field pea production, agricultural research centers have released many varieties. However, productivity of field pea is low due to insufficient demonstration of released and adapted varieties at farmers’ level. Hence, demonstration of released and improved varieties is the key approval for large scale production of field pea. Therefore, this experiment was exhibited at three highlands to estimate profitability and evaluate the yield of shiro kind field pea varieties. The Bilalo variety was demonstrated with local varieties by 12 farmers during the year 2022. Yield and costs of production were collected. The data was analyzed through cost benefit analysis and descriptive statistics. The result indicated that the Bilalo variety gave a better yield (25.92 Qt/ha) compared to the local variety (18.33 Qt/ha). Cost benefit analysis indicated that the Bilalo variety gave better returns (108672 ETB/ha) compared to the local variety (54022 ETB/ha). Farmers prefer the Bilalo variety because it provides a higher harvest, is more disease tolerant and has high market value over the local variety. The use of the improved shiro field pea variety is significant for yield increment and profit growth. Thus, the Bilalo variety should be used for shiro type field pea production in highland areas. Additional research is desirable to promote the Bilalo variety through scaling up in the highland and similar agro-ecologies of the Guji zone.

Pre-Extension Demonstration of Improved Bread Wheat Technologies at Highlands of Guji Zone, Oromia, Ethiopia

Increment of human population with the depletion of natural resources is challenging agriculture-based economy of developing countries. Hence, it is mandatory to find possible solutions to feed the increasing population. Ethiopian government has a vision the motto of food self-sufficiency by wheat production. for surplus production breeders have released many bread wheat varieties for different agroecologies. Therefore, released variety must be extended to the end users. This activity was proposed to evaluate bread wheat varieties at highlands of Guji zone. Three districts were selected based their wheat production potential. Sinja, Wane and Sanate bread wheat varieties were demonstrated on 10mx10m of 21 farmers’ land. Training and mini field day was organized for bread wheat promotion in selected districts. Descriptive statistics and cost-benefit analysis were used to analysis the data. The result showed that highest yield of 28.71qt/ha was harvested from Sanate followed by Wane (26.29 qt/ha) and Sinja (23 qt/ha) varieties. Production of Sanate, Wane and Sinja in highlands of Guji zone could generate 55489 birr/ha, 61263 birr/ha and 49846 birr/ha, respectively. Regardless of higher yield of Sanate experimental farmers preferred Wane variety as its color attract the market demand. Farmers witnessed the higher yield, good return and acceptance of Wane variety. Hence, Wane variety should be disseminated in highlands of Guji zone through pre scaling up and large scale production.

Pre-Extension Demonstration of Kik Type Field Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Varieties in Selected Highland Districts of Guji Zone, Southern, Oromia, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, many varieties were released to improve field pea yield at different locations. However, field pea’s productivity is low because the released and improved varieties were not demonstrated at farms. Therefore, demonstrating improved field pea varieties is an entry point to large extension production. Hence, this study was conducted in three highland districts of the Guji zone to evaluate the yield and profitability of kik type field pea varieties on farmer’s land. An improved variety named Burkitu and local varieties were demonstrated on 12 experimental farmers in 2022. Yield data and production costs were collected and analyzed by descriptive statistics, and the profitability of varieties were estimated by cost benefit analysis. The results showed that kik type Burkitu variety generated a yield of 23.58 qt/ha compared to 18.33 qt/ha of local variety. The result of cost benefit analysis also indicated that Burkitu (97005 birr/ha) variety gave better returns than the local variety (54022 birr/ha). Based on higher yield, disease tolerant and market demand Burkitu variety was preferred by farmers. Using improved field pea varieties was important for higher yield and return. Hence, farmers should use Burkitu for kik type field pea production. Further research is needed to promote Burkitu as scaling up varieties in the highland areas of the Guji zone.

Pre-Extension Demonstration and Evaluation of Adapted Tomato Technologies Under Irrigation in Kelem and West Wolega Zones

Pre-Extension Demonstration and Evaluation of Adapted Tomato Technologies Under Irrigation in Kelem and West Wolega Zones

Pre-extension demonstration of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum. L) varieties at midlands of Guji zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia

In Ethiopia, wheat is a strategic crop to solve food insecurity. However, there is a lack of improved variety which can increase surplus production. Thus, demonstration and use of improved and new variety are important for producers. This demonstration aimed to evaluate the yield performance and profitability of the Adola 1 bread wheat variety. Adola 1 and the local variety were demonstrated on 10 m x 10 m during the 2021 production year in the midland districts of the Guji zone. Farmers were trained in wheat production. Interviews and measurements were taken to collect the data. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive, net income, and narrations. The result of the demonstration showed that Adola 1 variety gave a higher yield (36.41 qt/ha) than the local variety (23.21 qt/ha) in the Wadera district. The result of net income showed that Adola 1 variety gave more Net income (73266.79 ETB/ha) than the local variety (26830.71 ETB/ha). Production of the Adola 1 variety was more profitable than locally used varieties at Midland. The color of Adola 1 was preferred by farmers for market and household consumption purposes. Adola 1 was an early matured variety so it was preferred by farmers. Adola 1 was more easily threshed than the local variety in the Wadera district. Despite being affected by birds the early maturity of the Adola 1 variety was likened by experimental farmers. Farmers should use Adola 1 variety in their bread wheat production. For further promotion, the pre-scaling up of the Adola 1 variety should be conducted in the midland districts of the Guji zone.

Pre Extension Demonstration of Improved Desho Grasses at Highland Districts of Guji Zone, Southern Oromia, Ethiopia

Food and feed is the most aspect in agricultural sector. Potential land is covered by crop production to feed the increasing human population. Hence, for livestock production feed production is challenging to be solved at farm level. Therefore, balancing the available land for crop and livestock production is critical as the land is fixed resource. This could be achieved by demonstrating year round forage production on small area. This activity was conducted at highland districts of Guji zone to evaluate biomass yield of Desho grasses and to enhance the knowledge and skills of farmers on production of Desho grass. Areka DZF № #590 and Kindo Kosha DZF № #591 desho grasses were planted on 5m×10m with the recommended packages. Knowledge and skills of farmers were taken before and after demonstration. Training and mini field day was organized. Cutting and carry system was used to feed livestock. Measurement, observation and interview were used to collect the data. Plot cover, plant height regeneration and fresh biomass were collected. 17 Knowledge and skills questions were prepared and interviewed to 18 farmers before and after demonstration. Descriptive and t tests were used to analysis the data. The result of descriptive showed that Kindo Kosha DZF № #591 variety had more plot cover (88.47%) than Areka DZF № #590 variety (85.76%). As desho grass is annual forage and regeneration trait was important for livestock feed. Kindo Kosha DZF № #591 variety also provide high in regeneration capacity (85%) than Areka DZF № #590 (83%). More fresh biomass was obtained from Kindo Kosha DZF № #591 (49.78t/ha) than Areka DZF № #590 (47.59t/ha). The result of paired sample test showed that there was a mean significance difference in knowledge and skills before and after on demonstration of desho grasses at 0.001 level. Knowledge and skills of farmers were increased by trainings and field days organized on desho grass demonstration. Both desho grasses were identified and preferred for livestock feed by experimental farmers. Desho grasses were important as feed, soil erosion control and as income generating. Therefore, it is better to pre scaled up these desho grasses at highland areas of Guji zone. To know more advantage of desho grass as livestock feed further research is needed on the effect of desho grass on milk and meat production at the study areas.

Pre-Extension Demonstration of Improved Durum Wheat Varieties in Growing Areas of Amhara and Oromia Regions of Ethiopia

In Ethiopia Durum wheat has been traditionally grown on heavy black clay (vertisols) on the residual moisture and recently being grown on light soils under rainfed conditions and it is consumed as leavened bread, common bread, macaroni, spaghetti, biscuits, and pastries. The national average yield is low because of the use of unimproved local cultivars, abiotic and biotic stresses. This research activity was conducted to create demand and awareness on the availability of the newly released varieties and evaluate the performance of the variety under farmers’ condition for further wider scaling up of the technology. The study went further to evaluate the preference of farmers concerning the demonstrated technology. Totally, fifty target farmers were selected for the research from ten kebeles of selected Districts. Training was provided for farmers, development agent and District experts. The newly released durum wheat varieties were planted on plots of 10 meter by 10 meter at Farmers’ Training Center and on 0.125 hectare of land on farmers’ field according to the recommended rate of fertilizer 100 kilo gram per hectare NPS and 150 kilo gram Urea with seed rate of 100 kilo gram per hectare. The results indicated that the highest average yield 3.5 tons per hectare was obtained from Utuba variety at Gelan Arabsa District of Sheger City. Utuba variety was preferred because of its higher yield, big grain seed size, heavy spike, market preference, good tillering capacity and palatable straw for animal feed while Tesfaye variety was preferred first by its disease resistance. Based on the findings, it is recommended that promotion of improved durum wheat varieties can contribute to durum wheat production and productivity improvement.

Pre-extension Demonstration and Evaluation of Improved Milk Churner in Horo Guduru Wollega Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia

This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of improved plastic milk churner in relation to the local clay pot churner in Horo district. A total of thirty households were selected from three rural kebeles where milk processing for butter making has long tradition. The evaluation of both churners was carried out by using 7 liters of milk obtained from local and crossbreeds and with reference to the result obtained significantly higher quantity of butter (0.39 kg/7liter) at P>0.5 was obtained from improved churner than traditional clay pot (0.27kg/7liter). Furthermore, the traditional mechanism of butter processing took significantly longer churning time (70 minute on average) than improved churner (46 minute). In conclusion, improved churner was preferred to local one for its ability to yield better amount of butter, more butter making efficiency and shorter churning time it required. Using improved churner could also contribute for reducing gender disparity through participating men in milk churning process. Therefore, the technology ought to be promoted and extended to other small scale dairy producers outside the study area Keywords: Butter, Clay pot, Milk churner, Tradition DOI: 10.7176/CER/15-1-02 Publication date: February 28 th 2023

Pre-extension Demonstration of Improved Teff Technologies in Selected Districts of Western Oromia

Pre-extension Demonstration of Improved Teff Technologies in Selected Districts of Western Oromia

Participatory demonstration of newly recommended nitrogenous fertilizer application rate on maize and evaluation of its effect on maize Productivity case of Halaba zone SNNPR, Ethiopia

Nutrient deficiency is one of among major problems constraining the development of economically successful agriculture. Specifically, this resulted from lower crop performance. To enhance crop performance, the application of the newly recommended fertilizer rate is among the necessary measures. Hence, this pre-extension demonstration of the newly recommended fertilizer rate on maize and evaluated the change in its profitability. The demonstration was conducted at two farmers’ training centers and ten beneficiary farmers’ fields. Partial budget analysis was employed to evaluate the change in profitability from the new recommended rate. Based on the result, the average yield performances that were obtained from farmer's fields were 40.0 Q ha-1, 29.4 Q ha-1 of the new rate, and blanket recommendation rate, respectively. In addition, the yields obtained from the farmers’ training center were 47.0 Q ha-1 and 33 Q ha-1 of the new recommendation rate and blanket recommendation rate, respectively. This might be due to the effective monitoring and follow-ups in the farmers' training center than the farmers’ field. The result of the partial budget analysis revealed that adopting of newly recommended rate increases the overall profit, which is 8680 ETB per hectare. Therefore, it is better if increase the adoption rate of the newly recommended fertilizer rate on maize to improve the production and productivity of maize producers. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 12(2): 96-100, December 2022