Pre-emergence Application Of Pendimethalin Research Articles

Chemical Weed Control in Field Pea [Pisum sativum(L.) var arvense

Field pea [Pisum sativum (L.) var arvense] is an important pulse crop mainly grown as a winter vegetable in the plains of north India. The effect of ready-mix application along with various pre- and post- emergence herbicides were evaluated for effective and season long weed control in pea. Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin +imazethapyr (ready-mix) at 1250 g ha-1 provided excellent control of Coronopus didymus, Anagallis arvensis and Chenopodium album similar to weed free conditions and resulted in highest yield (1795 kg ha-1) among the herbicidal treatments. Post-emergence (2-4 leaf stage) application of imazethapyr alone and its different ready-mix combinations with imazamox at 60-80 g ha-1 provided 86.0-94.0% control of weeds at 60 DAS and resulted the grain yield ranging 1503-1620 kg ha-1.The maximum weed control index at 30 DAS (91.5%) was recorded with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr at 1250 g ha-1 followed by pendimethalin + imazethapyr (PRE) at 1000 g ha-1 (87.80%). Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (RM) at 1250 g/ha gave the highest net return along with the highest Benefit Cost Ratio (2.36) followed by the same combination at 1000 and 800 g ha-1.

Influence of Fertilizer and Weed Management Practices on Yield, Economics and Post-Harvest Soil Properties of Onion (Allium Cepa L.) in North Central Plateau Zone of Odisha

To evaluate the nutrient and weed management practices on performance of onion, a field experiment was carried out during rabi 2017-18 and 2018-19 at the experimental plot of RRTTS, OUAT, Keonjhar, Odisha taking fifteen treatments in a split plot design. Among all the treatments, the maximum plant height was recorded in N3W4 (56.29 cm) which was closely followed by N3W3 (55.97 cm), number of leaves plant -1 was higher in N3W3 (12.47) significantly which was closely followed by N2W4 (12.33) and N2W3 (12.00) and maximum neck thickness was recorded in N1W2 (1.39cm). Among yield parameters, the average bulb weight of onion ranges from 33.56 g (N1W2) to 87.6 g (N2W3) while, the highest bulb yields of onion (17.37 and 20.40 t ha-1) was recorded for the treatment which to be exact was applied with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.8 l ha-1 supplement with one hand weeding at 25 DAT with B:C ratio of 1.84 and 1.76 for the year 2017-18 and 2018-19 respectively. Similarly, the treatment combination of N2W3 i.e. application of 50% STBFR along with 50% FYM based on N requirement and pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.8 l ha-1 + one hand weeding at 25 DAT) was recorded the highest. The available nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, potash and sulphur content (284.67 kg ha-1, 14.83 kg ha-1 , 97.43 kg ha-1 & 11.40 kg ha-1) in the post harvest soil was recorded highest with the treatment N2W3.

Evaluation of the Impact of Herbicidal Weed Management Practices on Weed Density, Yield Attributes and Yield of Irrigated Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)

In the Rabi season of 2021-22, an experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Research Farm of CCS Haryana Agricultural University in Hisar. The aim was to examine how herbicidal weed management affects irrigated chickpea. The experiment was laid out in Randomised Block Design (RBD) with thirteen treatments, each repeated three times. The treatments included various herbicides applied at different stages, such as pre-plant incorporation (PPI), pre-emergence (PRE), and post-emergence (POE). Interestingly, the Ready mix (RM) herbicide application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (RM) @ 1000 g a.i ha-1, applied both as PPI and PRE, outperformed the herbicides applied solely as PPI, PRE, or POE. Among the herbicidal treatments, the combined during PPI and PRE stages exhibited excellent control over a diverse weed population, leading to a significant increase in chickpea yield compared to the weedy check. The number of seeds per pod, pods per plant, and branches per plant varied significantly with different weed control treatments. Weed-free plots showed the highest values in these parameters. The uncontrolled growth of weeds in the weedy check resulted in a 55.2% reduction in seed yield as compared to weed-free plots. The maximum seed yield (1968 kg ha-1) and favorable yield attributes were observed in the weed- free treatment, statistically comparable to the yield obtained from two hand weeding at 30 and 50 days after sowing (1940 kg ha-1). Among herbicidal treatments, the highest seed yield was achieved with the PRE application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (RM) @ 1000 g a.i. ha-1 (1827 kg ha-1). The dominant weed flora consisted of Chenopodium album, Fumaria parviflora and Anagallis arvensis. Density of different weed species was significantly influenced by different weed control treatments. All the weed control treatments significantly reduced the total weed density and dry matter accumulation by weeds in comparison to weedy check. Weed free and two hand hoeing reduced the weed population drastically which was statistically at par with PRE application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (RM) at 1000 g a.i. ha-1. Chenopodium album, Fumaria parviflora and Anagallis arvensis were effectively controlled by RM irrespective of its time of application.

Effect of Weed Management Practices on Growth, Yield of Vegetable Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) cv. Kashi Kanchan

The present investigation contains seven different treatments viz., weedy check (control), weed free check (3 hand weeding) (first hand weeding at 25 DAS), pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6ml/L, pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6ml/L + one hand weeding, pre- emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6ml/L + post emergence @ 40-50 g/ha at 25 DAS, post-emergence application of Metribuzin @ 525g/ha at 25DAS and post-emergence spray of Imazethapyr @ 100 g ai/ha at 25 DAS replicated thrice. The cowpea variety ‘Kashi Kanchan’ was used in experiment. Results of the experiment revealed that though, the weed free check (T2) recorded zero weed population and slightly higher values of growth and yield parameters but among tested treatments, pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6ml/L + one hand weeding (T4) and pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6ml/L + Quizalofop ethyl @ 40-50 g/ha at 25 DAS(T5) significantly reduced weed number (48.12 and 52.18/m2) and produced significantly highest plant height (47.30 and 45.98 cm), pod length (21.64 and 20.86 cm), number of pods/plant (35.94 and 34.18), average pod weight(11.18 and 11.06 g), green pod weight/plant (367.84 and 348.63g), green pod weight/plot (11.24 and 10.54 kg) and green pod yield per hectare(118.96 and 111.55q). However, these three treatments (T2, T4 and T5) were statistically at par with each other in terms of growth and yield parameters.Hence, these two weed management practices (T4 and T5) may serve as alternative of manual weeding and may be recommended for farmers of the central plain zone of Uttar Pradesh for higher returns from vegetable cowpea crop.

Effect of Weed Management Practices on Growth, Yield and Quality of Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench

The present investigation entitled “Effect of weed management practices on growth, yield and quality of okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench)” was conducted at Vegetable Research Farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur during kharif season 2022. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with seven different treatments viz. T1 = Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6 ml /L, T2= Post emergence application of Quizalofop-ethyl @ 0.040 kg/ha ,T3 = Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 6 ml/L + one hand weeding at 40 DAS , T4 = Post emergence application of Quizalofop-ethyl @ 0.040 kg ha-1 at 25 DAS + one hand weeding , T5 = Pendimethalin @ 6 ml /L as pre-emergence + Quizalofop-ethyl @ 0.040 kg ha-1 at 25 DAS , T6 = Weed free check (Three hand weeding) 20, 40 and 60 DAS , T7 = weed check control replicated thrice. The result of the study revealed that at 30 DAS maximum plant height (30.96cm) was reported in treatment T3 : Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6 ml/L + one hand weeding at 40 days of sowing whereas at 60 and 90 DAS maximum plant height (75.50 and 113.53 cm) was reported in T6 : Weed free check (Three hand weeding) 20, 40 and 60 DAS. Maximum number of branches per plant (4.60)at 60 DAS was found in T3 : Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6 ml/L + one hand weeding at 40 DAS and 90 DAS maximum number of branches per plant (5.86) was reported in T6 : Weed free check (Three hand weeding) 20, 40 and 60 DAS. Maximum number of nodes (17.83 ) at 60 days after sowing was noticed in treatment T3 = Pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 6 ml/L + one hand weeding at 40 DAS and 90 Days after of sowing maximum number of nodes () was in treatment T6 = Weed free check (Three hand weeding) 20, 40 and 60 DAS. Maximum Pod diameter( 1.74cm) , fruit weight (12.88gm ), pod length( 14.1cm) , number of pods per plant( 25.66 ) , pod yield per plant ( 304.73gm) , pod yield per hectare (16.91 t), TSS( 3.2 Brix), crude fibre (8.46%) and cholorophyll content (1.18 mg) and relative cholorophyll content (54.39) .

Efficacy of Herbicides against Complex Weed Flora and Yield of Summer Blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)

A field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Farm, B. A. College of Agriculture, Anand Agricultural University, Anand, Gujarat, India during summer season of the year 2022 to study the “Efficacy of herbicides against complex weed flora and yield of summer blackgram (Vigna mungo L.)”. Experiment comprised of ten different weed management treatments, viz. pre-emergence application of pendimethalin (30% EC) 750 g/ha (T1), oxyfluorfen (23.5% EC) 117.5 g/ha (T2), pyroxasulfone (85% w/w WG) 127.5 g/ha (T3), diclosulam (84% WDG) + pendimethalin (30% EC) (tank mix) 21.0+750 g/ha (T4), pendimethalin (30%) + imazethapyr (2% SL) EC (pre-mix) 800 g/ha (T5), PoE application of imazethapyr (35%) + imazamox (35%) WG (pre-mix) 70 g/ha (T6), quizalofop ethyl 7.5% + imazethapyr 15% (w/w EC) (pre mix) 112.5 g/ha (T7), propaquizafop (2.5%) + imazethapyr (3.75%) ME (pre-mix) 125 g/ha (T8), IC fb HW at 20 and 40 DAS (T9) and weedy check (T10) were laid out in randomized block design with four replication. Results revealed that pre-emergence application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr 800 g/ha PE followed by IC fb HW at 20 and 40 DAS registered lower density and dry weight of weed, higher weed control efficiency, yield attributes and yield of black gram. While maximum net return (₹ 40324/ha) and BC ratio (2.62) were under pre-emergence application of pendimethalin (30%) + imazethapyr (2% SL) EC (pre-mix) 800 g/ha (T5) over rest of the treatments.

Legume Intercropping for Weed Control Efficiency in Kharif Maize (Zea mays L.) under Amritsar Conditions

Background: Maize is referred to as the “Queen of Cereals” since it has highest genetic yield potential. So, Maize being a rainy season crop, suffers badly due to heavy weed infestation reducing the potential yield. Intercropping with legumes is the effective technique to control weed infestation. Therefore, this study is focused on to evaluate the legume intercropping for weed control efficiency in kharif maize (Zea mays L.) under Amritsar conditions. Methods: A field study was carried out to evaluate the effect of “Legume intercropping for weed control efficiency in kharif maize (Zea mays L.) under Amritsar conditions” at Student’s Research Farm, P.G. Department of Agriculture, Khalsa College Amritsar, during Kharif season 2021-2022. The experiment consists of six treatment combination which were tested in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The treatment consisted of T1 - sole maize, T2- paired row maize, T3- maize + green gram (1:1), T4- maize + green gram (2:2), T5- maize + black gram (1:1), T6- maize + black gram (2:2) and two weed management practices i.e. weedy check and pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha-1 (pre-emergence). Result: The results indicated that maize + green gram (1:1) intercropping system registered considerably lowest weed density of both monocot and dicot weeds at 25 DAS (58.14 m2) and 50 DAS (61.72 m2) and also significantly lower weed dry matter at 25 DAS (2.06 q ha-1), 50 DAS (4.58 q ha-1), 75 DAS (5.88 q ha-1). Maize + green gram (1:1) treatment also recorded considerably highest weed control efficiency (17.57 %) at 25 DAS and (16.38%) at 50 DAS. The highest maize grain yield (38.85 q ha-1) was achieved in maize + green gram (1:1) followed by (37.68 q ha-1) maize + black gram (1:1) and (33.41 q ha-1) maize + green gram (2:2). Maize grain equivalent yield and benefit-cost ratio significantly superior in all the intercropping systems than pure stand yield of crop. The highest maize grain equivalent yield (66.78 q ha-1) and benefits: cost ratio (3.6) was obtained in maize + green gram (2:2) followed by (3.31) maize + black gram (2:2) and (2.5) maize + green gram (1:1). Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin at 0.75 kg ha-1 gave substantially lower weed density at25 DAS (56.05 m2), 50 DAS (57.97 m2) and weed dry matter at 25 DAS (2.16 q ha-1), 50 DAS (4.03 q ha-1) and 75 DAS (5.35 q ha-1) and significantly superior weed control efficiency at 25 DAS (30.97%) and 50 DAS (27.98 %) over weedy check. Significantly higher maize grain yield (36.94 q ha-1), legumes yield (8.87 q ha-1), maize grain equivalent yield (58.45 q ha-1) and benefits: cost ratio (3.19).

Yield and Nutrient Uptake of Green Gram (Vigna radiata L.) and Weeds as Influenced by Different Integrated Weed Management Practices in Western Uttar Pradesh

The field experiment was conducted at Crop Research Centre of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture & Technology in Meerut (U.P.) during kharif 2021 to assess the performance of post-emergence application of Imazethapyr and Quizalofop-ethyl in combination with pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin on green gram (Vigna radiata L.). The experiment laid out in randomized block design with three replications and comprised of treatments Control (Weedy check) T1, Weed free T2, One hand weeding 20 DAS T3, Two hand weeding 20 and 40 DAS T4, Quizalofop-ethyl 50g a.i./ha Post-emergence (20 DAS) T5, Quizalofop-ethyl 50g a.i./ha Post-emergence (20 DAS) + one hand weeding 40 DAS T6, Imazethapyr 50g a.i./ha Post emergence (20 DAS) T7, Imazethapyr 50g a.i./ha 20 DAS + one hand weeding 40 DAS T8, Pendimethalin 1.0kg a.i./ha Pre emergence T9 and Pendimethalin 1.0kg a.i./ha Pre emergence + Imazethapyr 50g a.i./ha 20 DAS + one hand weeding 40 DAS T10. Treatments effects were evaluated in terms of weed dynamics growth and yield of green gram. The highest total NPK content and uptake by grain and straw found with weed free treatment followed by Pendimethalin 1.0kg a.i./ha Pre emergence + Imazethapyr 50g a.i./ha 20 DAS + one hand weeding 40 DAS was at par with Imazethapyr 50g a.i./ha 20 DAS + one hand weeding 40 DAS. Among the herbicides, the lowest total NPK content and uptake by weed was found with the application of Pendimethalin 1.0kg a.i./ha Pre emergence + Imazethapyr 50g a.i./ha 20 DAS + one hand weeding 40 DAS. The results revealed that treatment T2 (weed free) had the best financial return (Rs 91250 ha-1) and B:C ratio (2.72), while among the herbicides treatment T10 and T8 had the highest net financial return (Rs 92706 ha-1) and B:C ratio (3.14) respectively.

Weed Management in Ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi L.) at Farmer’s Fields in South East Rajasthan

The field experiments were conducted during kharif (July–October) seasons of 2014–15 and 2015–16 at KVK, Rajsamand, Rajasthan and farmers’ field with objective to explore and test other alternative and economical methods of weed control. On-farm Trial, technology option Oxadiargyl applied 50 g a.i. ha-1 applied as early post emergence at 20 DAS proved the best over farmers’ practice as well over recommended practice of 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 pendimethalin pre-emergence in terms of growth and yield attributing characters viz., plant height, primary and secondary branches, number of umbels, number of umbellets umbel-1, number of seeds umbel-1 and remained statistically at par with weed free treatment. Weed indices namely weed count, weed dry weight, weed index and weed control efficiency were statistically significant by oxadiargyl applied 50 g a.i. ha-1 as early post emergence at 20 DAS and pre-emergence application of pendimethalin 1.00 kg a.i. ha-1 pendimethalin over farmer’s practice. Lower WI and higher WCE was observed by oxadiargyl applied 50 g a.i. ha-1 followed by pendimethalin 1.00 kg a.i ha-1. Grain and starw yield recorded in weed free plot was statistically at par with yield obtained by application of oxadiargyl 50 g a.i. ha-1. Net returns and B:C were also high in refined technology option i.e. of 50 g a.i. ha-1 oxazdiargyl (` 127570 ha-1 and 4.77) over recommended practice of 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 pendimethalin pre-emergence (` 107930 ha-1 and 4.19) and farmers’ practice (` 75930 ha-1 and 3.49).

Varietal Improvement and Weed Management for Aerobic Rice Cultivation in the Drought-Prone Jharkhand State

Aerobic rice varietal and weed management trials under direct seeding were carried out at Birsa Agricultural University Rice Experimental Area, Kanke, Ranchi in the wet seasons of 2017 and 2018. Efforts were made to select better high-yielding varieties and improved production technology for aerobic rice cultivation. Dhaincha (Sesbania aculeata), Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), and urd bean (Vigna mungo) were grown along with direct seeded rice, uprooted and used as a green mulch, 25 days after seeding. Six varietal trials were conducted under aerobic conditions during the 2017 and 2018 wet seasons in which the entries RP 6191-HHZ1-Y4-Y1-Y1 (6.90 t ha-1), PA 6129 (hybrid) (6.45 t ha-1), RP 6273-HHZ4-DT3LI1-LI1 (6.10 t ha-1), CR Dhan 201 (5.185 t ha-1), US 380(hybrid) (5.28 t ha-1), NVSR 2107 (4.73 t ha-1), IIRRH 124 (hybrid) (4.70 t ha-1) with early maturity were found promising. In varietal trials, intermediate plant height (100 to 110 cm), non-lodging and high yield (>4.0 t ha-1) were major criteria for selection. Two to three irrigations were applied as per the requirement. Naveen variety under aerobic conditions produced maximum yield with 125 kg N per hectare in both years. Among weed control methods, rice+ dhaincha+ pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 g a.i. per hectare in 2017 and rice+ dhaincha+2,4 D @ 0.8 kg a. i. per hectare as post- emergence application produced maximum yield with weed control efficiency of 61.4% in 2018.

Response of different weed management practices on growth and yield of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) under irrigated conditions of Punjab

The field experiment was carried out during the summer season of 2021-2022 to study the response of different weed management practices on growth and yield of black gram. Cyperus sp., Phyllanthus niruri, Trianthema portulacastrum, Amaranthus viridis were the dominant weeds. It was observed that besides weed free treatment the lowest weed count, dry weight of weeds (3.66 g m-2), weed index (2.73%) as well as highest weed control efficiency (60.06%) were found with the pre-emergence (PE) application of pendimethalin1 kg ha-1 followed by one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (DAS). The maximum growth attributes, yield attributes and yield were found with the pre-emergence application of Pendimethalin 1 kg a.i. ha-1 followed by one hand weeding at 40 DAS which was statistically at par with pre emergence application of Pendimethalin 1 kg a.i. ha-1 followed by post emergence application of imazethapyr 75 g a.i. ha-1 at 40 days after sowing. The economics parameters were recorded highest with the application of Pendimethalin (PE) 1 kg a.i. ha-1 followed by one hand weeding at 40 days after sowing. Hence Pendimethalin is most effective treatment among the other treatments.

Competence of Different Selective Herbicides for Weed Control and Productivity of Wheat in Central Telangana Zone, India

Aim: To study the effectiveness of seven (07) herbicides for the control of weeds in wheat crop.
 Study Design: Randomized Block Design.
 Place and Duration of Study: A field study was executed in the rabi seasons, 2014-15 to 2016-17 at Agricultural Research Station, Basanthpur, Telangana.
 Methodology: New molecules of herbicides were tested in different combinations and compared with the traditional weed control practice through the weed parameters viz., weed density, weed dry matter, weed index and weed persistence index. The performance of wheat crop in terms of grain yield and cost economics were noted to attest the efficiency of different herbicide treatments.
 Results: Based on the results, the pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 3.0 l ha-1 and a hand weeding at 45 DAS is advised to obtain maximum grain yield while the post emergence application of clodinafop propargyl @ 60 g a.i. ha-1 + metsulfuron methyl @ 4 g a.i. ha-1 at 3 leaf stage of weed is recommended for higher economic benefits.
 Conclusion: Pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 3.0 l ha-1 followed by a hand weeding at 45 DAS can be recommended for higher wheat crop grain yield. And in case of labour shortage, one post emergence application of Clodinafop propargyl @ 60 g a.i./ha + metsulfuron methyl @ 4g a.i./ha at 3 leaf stage of weed i.e., at 25 DAS of wheat crop can be the cost-effective weed management practice in the wheat crop.

Impact of multi mix herbicide on growth and weed indices in irrigated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Food and nutritional security for the country India depends on the agriculture sector. Groundnut is an important food legume cum oilseed crop and weed infestation is the major problem causing yield reduction. Therefore, the field experiment study was conducted during the winter season of 2022 at Central farm, Agriculture College and Research Institute in Madurai to evaluate the newer multi-mix herbicide combinations and find out the appropriate weed management practices for yield enhancement and weed suppression in irrigated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The experiment consisted of twelve treatments (T1 to T12) laid out in a randomized complete block design. Among the weed flora, almost two third of the weed infestation was documented as broad-leaved weeds (51%), followed by grassy weeds (36%) and less infestation by sedges (13%) in groundnut at the experimental site. Application of pre-emergence alone and post-emergence alone does not suppress the weed infestation efficiently. For that, this study focused on using multi-mixed herbicides along with hand weeding to determine herbicide's efficacy on weed control and growth parameters. Among the weed control methods, weed-free check (T12) increased the growth parameters viz., Plant height (65.3 cm), Leaf Area Index (4.34) and Dry matter accumulation (5536 kg ha-1) and higher weed control efficiency (99.2%). Among the herbicidal treatments, pre emergence application of pendimethalin + imazethapyr (ready mix) followed by hand weeding at 40 days after sowing (T7) gave significantly (P=0.05) higher results in growth components of groundnut and weed suppression compared to other herbicidal treatments.

Control of acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicide-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) with sequential applications of dimethenamid-Pin dry edible bean

AbstractBiotypes of Palmer amaranth that are resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor are becoming widespread in western Nebraska. There are limited effective postemergence (POST) herbicides labeled for ALS-inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth control in dry edible bean. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of dimethenamid-Pin a sequential preemergence (PRE) fb followed by (fb) POST program at two POST application timings, the first and third trifoliate stages (V1 and V3, respectively), for controlling ALS-inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth in dry edible bean. A field study was conducted in 2019, 2020, and 2021 in Scottsbluff, NE. PRE-alone applications of pendimethalin + dimethenamid-Pprovided inconsistent Palmer amaranth control. Dimethenamid-Papplied POST following a PRE application of pendimethalin + dimethenamid-Pprovided effective (>90%) Palmer amaranth control at 4 wk after V3 only at the V1 application timing in 2019. In 2020 and 2021 dimethenamid-Papplied POST at V1 and V3 following a PRE application of pendimethalin + dimethenamid-Pprovided 99% and 98% Palmer amaranth control at 4 wk after V3, and 98% and 94% Palmer amaranth control at harvest, respectively. Palmer amaranth biomass was reduced by 95% to 99% and by 96% to 98% compared with the -nontreated control when dimethenamid-Pwas applied POST at V1 and V3, respectively, following a PRE application of pendimethalin + dimethenamid-Pin 2020 and 2021. Application of a mixture of dimethenamid-Pwith imazamox + bentazon POST provided similar results to those of the fomesafen-containing treatments and dimethenamid-Palone POST. Dimethenamid-Papplied POST following a PRE application of pendimethalin + dimethenamid-Presulted in similar yield as the fomesafen-containing treatments. If fomesafen is not an option due to the crop rotation interval restriction, using dimethenamid-Pin a sequential PRE fb POST program is the only effective alternative to control ALS-inhibitor–resistant Palmer amaranth in Nebraska. The use of dimethenamid-Pin a sequential PRE fb POST program, alone or mixed with foliar-active herbicides should be considered by dry edible bean growers who are dealing with ALS-inhibitor-resistant Palmer amaranth.

Evaluation of maize based inter cropping system as influenced by planting geometry and weed management practices

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017 at the Research Farm, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre to study of the effect of planting geometry and weed management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) based intercropping system. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments and replicated three times. The results revealed that different planting geometry patterns did not affect the growth and yield attributes at any stage of growth of maize. Growth attributes tended to increase with advancement of growth and maximum values were recorded at 90 DAS. The highest grain and stover yields of maize were recorded as 2.54 t ha-1 and 4.98 t ha-1 from the maize + soybean (2:2) planting geometry. Weed management practices had significant effect over weedy check on plant growth parameters, yield attributes, grain and stover yields except test weight of maize. The highest grain (2.87 t ha-1) and stover yields (5.55 t ha-1) of maize were recorded with two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS which was at par with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i.ha-1 + 1 HW at 30 DAS.

Evaluation of maize based inter cropping system as influenced by planting geometry and weed management practices

A field experiment was conducted during kharif seasons of 2016 and 2017 at the Research Farm, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre to study of the effect of planting geometry and weed management practices on maize (Zea mays L.) based intercropping system. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with twelve treatments and replicated three times. The results revealed that different planting geometry patterns did not affect the growth and yield attributes at any stage of growth of maize. Growth attributes tended to increase with advancement of growth and maximum values were recorded at 90 DAS. The highest grain and stover yields of maize were recorded as 2.54 t ha-1 and 4.98 t ha-1 from the maize + soybean (2:2) planting geometry. Weed management practices had significant effect over weedy check on plant growth parameters, yield attributes, grain and stover yields except test weight of maize. The highest grain (2.87 t ha-1) and stover yields (5.55 t ha-1) of maize were recorded with two hand weedings at 20 and 40 DAS which was at par with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i.ha-1 + 1 HW at 30 DAS.

Effect of Crop Establishment Methods and Weed Management Practices on Productivity and Profitability of Clusterbean under Semi-arid Region of Rajasthan

Background: Adequate tillage checks and delays the emergence of weeds and provides a more favourable environment for early crop establishment. Slow growth of crop plant provides favourable environment for emergence of weeds. Cultural as well as mechanical practices such as hand weeding and intercultural are effective but unavailability of labour and continuous rainfall in rainy season does not permit for timely management of weeds Chemical weed control is effective weed management option which provides effective control of weeds. It is well known that weeds are ubiquitous but their presence in cropped area particularly in rainy season crops like clusterbean act as major limiting factor in achieving high potential yield. The current study aimed to study the impact of crop establishment methods and weed control practices on productivity and profitability of clusterbean. Methods: A field experiment was carried out to find out suitable method of crop establishment methods and weed management practices in clusterbean during kharif seasons of 2018, 2019 and 2020. The experiment was conducted in spilt plot design with three replications. The treatments were four crop establishment methods viz., conventional sowing, zero tillage sowing, broad bed sowing, zero tillage sowing with mulch as main plots and four weed control practices viz., weedy check, pendimethalin+imazethapyr 1000 g ha-1, T3- Imazethapyr 40 g ha-1, T4-Imazethapyr+imazamox 40 g ha-1 as sub plot treatments . Result: The broad bed sowing of clusterbean along with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin+ imazethapyr 1000 g ha-1 was found effective to achieve higher productivity and farm profitability.

Effect of integrated weed management on quality seed production in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

The experiment entitled, “Effect of integrated weed management on quality seed production in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)” was carried out during summer 2021 at All India Coordinated Research Project on Vegetable Crops, Department of Horticulture, Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri (Maharashtra). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. There were eleven treatments viz., T1: Pre emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 Kg a.i./ha, T2: Pre emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 Kg a.i./ha + one hand weeding 25 DAS, T3: Post emergence application of Quizalofop @ 40 g/ha 25 days after sowing, T4: Post emergence application of Quizalofop @ 40 g/ha 25 days after sowing + one hand weeding 45 DAS, T5: Pre emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 Kg a.i./ha + T3, T6: T5 + one hand weeding 45 DAS, T7:Mulching with silver black polyethylene, T8: Organic mulch, T9: Hand weeding 25 and 45 DAS, T10: Weed free check, T11: Weedy check (Control). Among all the treatments, significantly maximum seed yield per vine (35 g), seed yield per plot (700.00 g), seed yield per ha (466.65 kg) and seed vigour index II (16864.7) were found in treatment T7 - Mulching with silver black polyethylene followed by T10- Weed free check. However, the highest 1000 seed weight (27.18 g), higher speed of germination (28.95) and maximum germination percentage (90.00%), and higher seed vigour index I (2415.00) were recorded in treatment T7 - Mulching with silver black polyethylene which were at par with the treatment T10 - Weed free check. As there were no weeds in T10 - Weed free check treatment since the weeds were being removed and this treatment was kept weed free throughout the growing period of crop. The number of weeds (m-2) at 30, 60, 90 days after sowing were found lowest in T7 - Mulching with silver black polyethylene which was at par with the treatment T6 -Pre emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha + T4.However, T11-Weedy check was found highest number of weeds per m2 at 30, 60 and 90 DAS during summer. Lowest weed index (-20.90%) recorded in T7 - Mulching with silver black polyethylene followed by treatment T6 - Pre emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 Kg a.i./ha + Post emergence application of Quizalofop-ethyl @ 40 g/ha 25 days after sowing + one hand weeding 45 DAS (3.29%). Cent per cent weed control efficiency was recorded in treatment T10 - Weed free check at 30, 60 and 90 DAS as the weeds were removed frequently and this treatment was kept weed free throughout the growing period of crop. Significantly higher weed control efficiency at 30, 60 and 90 DAS was observed in treatment T7 - Mulching with silver black polyethylene (89.73%, 86.81% and 83.72%, respectively) followed by the treatment T6 - Pre emergence application of Pendimethalin @ 0.75 Kg a.i./ha + Post emergence application of Quizalofop-ethyl @ 40 g/ha 25 days after sowing + one hand weeding 45 DAS (88.69%, 85.63% and 81.78%, respectively).

Effect of Maize (Zea mays L.) and Legume Intercropping Systems on Weed Dynamics

The field experiments were conducted during two consecutive seasons of kharif (June to October), 2016 and 2017 at the Experimental Research Farm, ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Nagaland Centre, Medziphema, Nagaland, India. The treatments consisted of four planting geometries i.e. maize+black gram (1:1), maize+black gram (2:2), maize+soybean (1:1) and maize+soybean (2:2) and three weed management practices i.e. weedy check, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1+one hand weeding (1HW) at 30 DAS and two hand weedings (2HW) at 20 and 40 DAS. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with two factors comprising twelve treatment combinations and replicated three times. The results revealed that among the planting geometry, maize+soybean (2:2) recorded the highest weed control efficiency (WCE) and reduced the weed population, fresh weight and dry weight of monocot and dicot weed at 60 DAS and gave the maximum maize equivalent yield (4374.96 kg ha-1). Among the weed management, 2HW at 20 and 40 DAS recorded the lowest weed population, fresh weight, dry weight and the highest weed control efficiency (WCE) of monocot and dicot weed at 60 DAS and the maximum maize equivalent yield as 4591.10 kg ha-1 which was at par with the pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1+1HW at 30 DAS as 4461.80 kg ha-1. The highest net return (` ha-1), return per rupee invested and B: C ratio were recorded from the pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1+1HW at 30 DAS with ` 36624.05 ha-1 which was closely followed by 2HW at 20 and 40 DAS with Rs. 35428.81 ha-1.

Efficacy of chemical and cultural weed management practices on nutrient uptake in black gram (Phaseolus mungo)

The results of the field experiment carried out during kharif season of 2010 at agronomy department farm, Dr.P.D.K.V.,Akola revealed that N,P,K uptake by black gram (Phaseolus mungoL.) and weeds were significantly higher under weed free and weedy check treatments among all of the weed control treatments. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design replicated three times with thirteen treatments, in that chemical and cultural treatments were compared with weedy check and weed free control. Herbicide application in general and pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @1.5kg/ha in particular reduced the nutrients removal by weeds and enhanced the nutrient uptake by the crop followed by cultural practices of two hand weeding at 15 & 30 days after sowing. The pre-emergence application of pendimethalin in @ 1.5 kg/ha recorded highest nutrient uptake in grain (34.92, 6.50, 34.16 NPK kg/ha resp.) and strover (63.26, 10.60, 57.60 NPK kg/ha resp.) among all the weed control treatment except weed free treatment. The crude protein content of grain was the highest with pre-emergence application of pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg/ha (21.65) followed by pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg/ha (21.55).