Pre Earthquake Research Articles

Impacts of Massive Earthquake 2015 AD on Coffee Production and Marketing in Western Hills of Nepal

This study was conducted in Gulmi and Palpa districts in western hills of Nepal in 2017 AD with the main objective to assess the impacts of earthquake in coffee production and marketing. One hundred and sixty coffee producers were selected by a three- stage sampling procedure. In this study only 6.9 % of coffee producers had said that they had experienced impacts of massive earthquake 2015 AD on coffee production and marketing. Among the coffee producers(6.9%) who said that they had experienced the impact of earthquake 2015 AD, majority (37%) of them said that they had suffered some minor (repairable) cracks in their houses and sheds while 27% of them had said that rate of drying of water sources is accelerated after earthquake leading to shortage water for drinking and irrrigating coffee fields. Since eathquake 2015AD had minor impacts on coffee production and marketing, pre earthquake preparedness like public awareness programs, quality construction practices, preparation of new codes and standards for infrastructure design and training coffee producers, entrepreneurs and other stakeholders should be done in the study area to cope with the unforeseen consequences of earthquake in future.
 Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 7(1): 114-119

Electromagneticwaves caused by tectonic earth movement

Prior to large earthquakes the Earth sends out transient signals, sometimes strong, more often subtle and fleeting. These signals may consist of local magnetic field variations, electromagnetic emissions over a wide range of frequencies, a variety of atmospheric and ionospheric phenomena. Great uncertainty exists as to the nature of the processes that could produce such signals, both inside the Earth’s crust and at the surface..When rocks are stressed, peroxy links break, releasing electronic charge carriers, h_, known as positive holes. The positive holes are highly mobile and can flow out of the stressed subvolume. The situation is similar to that in a battery. The h_ outflow is possible when the battery circuit closes. The h_ outflow constitutes an electric current, which generates magnetic field variations and low frequency EM emissions. The study of chemical processes based on a model equation for electromagnetic waves is presented. Keywords : Electromagnetic waves; pre earthquake; tectonic.

Growth and Inhibition of Equatorial Anomaly Prior to an Earthquake (EQ): Case Studies with Total Electron Content (TEC) Data for Major EQs of Japan 2011 and Indonesia 2012

The processes leading to the growth and inhibition of equatorial anomaly before major earthquake (EQ) were viewed in this paper by examining global Total Electron Content (TEC) that contoured over longitude sectors covering Africa to Pacific, in association with EQ events of Japan (M = 9) that occurred at 135°E to 145°E and 35°N to 40°N, on March 9 and 11, 2011 and of Indonesia (M = 8.6) that took place at 2.311°N, 93°E, in April 11, 2012. The paper focuses on the development of abnormal increase in density in the night sector around—10° latitude zone prior to the two major EQ events, though their epicenters are separated widely from the anomaly region. The F-layer density variations from relevant locations and TEC features obtained from GPS at Appleton anomaly crest station are utilized as supporting inputs. The possible sources leading to the anomalous development in density are discussed in the frame of EQ time consequences of lithospheric-atmospheric processes between the equator and beyond. The role of electric field generated by pre EQ preparatory activities and dynamical coupling modes through seismic fault line are brought in to the ambit of discussion.

Increases in energy intake, insulin resistance and stress in rats before Wenchuan earthquake far from the epicenter

The study of pre-earthquake (PE) behavior in animals has always been shrouded by controversy. There is very little scientific evidence showing that animals can sense the coming of an earthquake and that their organisms undergo physiological changes during the PE period. On the day of the Wenchuan earthquake, prior to the time of its actual occurrence, we were coincidentally able to measure the insulin sensitivity and stress level in rats that were originally part of another study. We detected defects in insulin signaling and a decrease in glucose uptake in skeletal muscle (SkM) and adipose tissue (AT), indicating impaired insulin sensitivity. These changes were associated with significantly increased plasma corticosterone concentration and elevated HSD11B1 mRNA expression in SkM and AT. The increase in insulin resistance (IR) could be attributed to elevated local (SkM and AT) and systemic stress. Interestingly, we also noticed that the food intake in rats showed a sudden increase two days before the earthquake and reached a peak on the day of the earthquake itself. Our observations suggest the possibility that the rats underwent PE physiological changes consisting of an increase in the stress level and consequently leading to an increase in food intake and IR.