Pre-disaster Recovery Research Articles

Effect of Near-Miss Events on Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning for Public Housing

Effect of Near-Miss Events on Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning for Public Housing

EFFECTIVENESS OF TSUNAMI MITIGATION STRUCTURES ON UNDERUTILIZED URBAN AREAS: A CASE STUDY ON REDUCING DAMAGE CAUSED BY TSUNAMI TO BUILDINGS

There are concerns that a Nankai Trough Mega Earthquake may occur soon, and may cause widespread damage. This demands not only functional enhancement of seacoast environments, but also pre-disaster recovery planning that includes evacuation drills and securing evacuation sites in coastal areas. One of the most effective measures for this is relocation to higher ground in urban areas. However, financial restrictions and topographical conditions do not make relocation to higher ground easy. Thus, new countermeasures must be investigated that can facilitate early recovery and reconstruction. We believe that reducing the collapse and washing away of buildings due to tsunamis in densely populated areas could be one of the ways to approach this problem. Here, we find that the risk of building collapse and washing away depends on the type of building1) and inundation height. Thus, inundation due to tsunami must be lowered to avoid the low risk of collapse or wash away. Therefore, we look at the example2) of Miyagi Prefecture amid the lessons of the Great East Japan Earthquake, and expand upon the idea of multiple countermeasures to cover the urban areas. Specifically, low-lying underutilized lands in urban areas must be utilized to provide multifunction disaster prevention facilities enabling multiple countermeasures. Based on the above-mentioned points, the purpose of the present study is to propose multiple tsunami countermeasures for urban areas and numerically investigate their effects. Thus, we conducted a case study in a port town with a small river, which is an area where disasters are a concern.

PENYUSUNAN RENCANA PEMULIHAN SEBELUM TERJADI BENCANA (PRE DISASTER RECOVERY PLANNING) SEBAGAI UPAYA MEMITIGASI RISIKO KEMUNGKINAN KEJADIAN BENCANA TANAH LONGSOR DI KABUPATEN PURWOREJO

Landslides is a high-risk threat in the Kaligesing district area, Bener district and Bruno district in Purworejo Regency. This refers to RT/RW Regency documents, History of landslides and results of field searches conducted by the service team. This activity aims to compile a plan for recovery before the disaster (Pre Disaster Recovery Planning) will occur a possible landslide in Purworejo Regency. Method of using activities ECLAC (Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean) which is used analyzes analyzes each sector of damage and losses and the method of assessment of damage and losses (Damage and Loss Assessment). This activity was carried out in 5 stages which were completed in a duration of 6 months. The results of the high impact area of ​​landslides occurred in 31 villages with 108 hamlets in the Kaligesing District, Bener District and Bruno District, as well as the potential threat of disaster for a total of 60,515 inhabitants living in the area. Evaluation of damage and loss of impact from the possibility of a landslide in Purworejo Regency worth Rp 417.617.458.000, with the total post-disaster recovery needs worth Rp 207.146.141.000. The Recovery Plan Document Before a Disaster can be legalized by the Purworejo Regency Government as a disaster planning document, action plan for rehabilitation and construction of landslides, and guidelines with legal force in the implementation of rehabilitation and construction of landslide disasters in Purworejo Regency.

Implementing a Pre-disaster Recovery Workshop in Intramuros, Manila, Philippines: lessons for disaster risk assessment, response, and recovery for cultural heritage.

The Sustainable Development Goals have included cultural heritage in the development agenda. However, natural hazards threaten the existence of several historic districts, like Intramuros in Manila, Philippines. Pre-disaster recovery planning has gained ground as a promising approach to improve disaster preparedness and recovery, although it has yet to be widely utilised for cultural heritage preservation. The authors organised a pre-disaster recovery planning workshop, which helped observe the existing system of disaster management for cultural heritage in Intramuros. Heritage Values and Vulnerability Assessments, which were presented to heritage experts, disaster managers, and the local community at the workshop, were conducted. As disaster risk management for cultural heritage is largely unexplored, the workshop generated much interest among stakeholders, as this was the first time that contact had been facilitated among them. It successfully demonstrated the benefits of pre-disaster recovery planning to provide inclusive and better recovery outcomes for historic districts.

Survey on Post-Disaster Timelines Following a Large-Scale Disaster Expected to Occur in the Near Future for Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning

The limitation of resources for post-disaster recovery after a large-scale disaster is a global problem. It is difficult to restart all activities simultaneously, so it is critical to determine when diverse social and economic activities should resume, called a post-disaster timeline (PDT). We surveyed PDTs in Aichi Prefecture, which is the most industrialized prefecture in Japan and, therefore, economically important. The results revealed differences in PDTs according to sex, occupation, and reference group (the main group the respondent had in mind when answering questions, such as Japan, Aichi Prefecture, and the disaster-affected area). We estimated PDTs for Aichi Prefecture as a whole and determined what kind of activities are socially acceptable even in the earlier stages of recovery. In pre-disaster recovery planning, it is critical to build consensus by considering the differences in PDTs among different groups of people. Furthermore, when a disaster occurs, PDTs in the disaster-affected prefecture as a whole and the existence of people with different PDTs should be taken into account.

Smart Agriculture Cloud Using AI Based Techniques

This research proposes a generic smart cloud-based system in order to accommodate multiple scenarios where agriculture farms using Internet of Things (IoTs) need to be monitored remotely. The real-time and stored data are analyzed by specialists and farmers. The cloud acts as a central digital data store where information is collected from diverse sources in huge volumes and variety, such as audio, video, image, text, and digital maps. Artificial Intelligence (AI) based machine learning models such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), which is one of many classification types, are used to accurately classify the data. The classified data are assigned to the virtual machines where these data are processed and finally available to the end-users via underlying datacenters. This processed form of digital information is then used by the farmers to improve their farming skills and to update them as pre-disaster recovery for smart agri-food. Furthermore, it will provide general and specific information about international markets relating to their crops. This proposed system discovers the feasibility of the developed digital agri-farm using IoT-based cloud and provides solutions to problems. Overall, the approach works well and achieved performance efficiency in terms of execution time by 14%, throughput time by 5%, overhead time by 9%, and energy efficiency by 13.2% in the presence of competing smart farming baselines.

The Study of Issues and Method: Using a Scenario Planning for Pre-disaster Recovery of Spatial Plan

The Study of Issues and Method: Using a Scenario Planning for Pre-disaster Recovery of Spatial Plan

Post-earthquake Repositioning in a High-Value Heritage Context

This paper examines how a town affected by a catastrophe can be restored by repositioning. We describe how we locally applied a method for building back better with participation. To do it, we merged some already known techniques. We learned three lessons. First, the methodology that we deployed can support a nonconflictive recovery process. Second, the building’s physical forms for the reconstruction according to the preferences of residents must be deeply investigated before proposing a model. Third, a post-disaster recovery plan has several problems in application, and where possible a pre-disaster recovery plan is preferable.

Method for "Timeline Mediation" in Pre-disaster Recovery Planning

Method for "Timeline Mediation" in Pre-disaster Recovery Planning

Electricity grid resilience amid various natural disasters: Challenges and solutions

Electricity grid vulnerabilities can lead to outages with prolonged load interruptions. Research activities on the impact of natural disasters on power system are underway to figure out the outage reasons, identify the ways to prepare for preventive actions, and increase the resiliency for the corrective and preventive actions under such scenarios. This paper presented a review of the methods for the electricity grid vulnerability analysis, pre-disaster recovery planning, and post-disaster restoration models.

A study of the community-based pre-disaster recovery planning on the high-density wooden housing area

A study of the community-based pre-disaster recovery planning on the high-density wooden housing area

Rising oceans, flooded towns: How Georgia coastline communities are readying to recover despite a changing climate

Climate change is posing a significant threat to the coastal counties of Georgia. The Georgia Department of Natural Resources and Hagerty Consulting have recognised this threat and are facilitating a nine-year project aimed at developing a disaster recovery and redevelopment plan for the state’s coastal communities, and providing state-wide technical assistance. This paper provides an overview of this planning initiative and summarises the many insights into the pre-disaster recovery and resilience planning process gained from this project.

Pre-Disaster Recovery Programs for Fishing Village in Wakayama Prefecture

Pre-Disaster Recovery Programs for Fishing Village in Wakayama Prefecture

Examining relationships between traditional vulnerability data proxies and hurricane risk perception indicators

Development, social processes, cultures, beliefs, risk perceptions, and attitudes contribute to spatial variations in vulnerability. Risk perceptions directly and indirectly affect how individuals react to and cope with risks, which can affect both pre-disaster vulnerability and post-disaster recovery. Risk perceptions influence how people develop and implement hazard mitigation and adaptation strategies to address risks before a disaster occurs. Understanding how individuals develop risk perceptions and act on them in response to hazards can provide information about existing public risk perception that is essential for the development and implementation of successful mitigation strategies. This paper presents a methodology for identifying and measuring the influence and interdependence of risk perception indicators on vulnerability at the local scale, using Sarasota County, FL as a case study. We use contingency tables to identify interdependence between categorical demographic and risk perception variables and determine ways in which significant pairings support existing literature on risk-reduction behaviours in vulnerable populations, or ways in which this information may be specific to Sarasota County, FL. Results suggest that interdependence exists between risk perceptions and demographics, but the degree of interdependence varies across specific variables, including presence of dependent populations (e.g., children under the age of 5) and duration of residency. Decision makers can use this information to identify non-traditional vulnerability indicators that influence preparation and evacuation behaviour and target customized risk communication to those populations. This information can also help decision makers identify and address attitudes or social processes that cause unequal access to information or risk reduction/mitigation resources in individuals.

David Godschalk

David R. Godschalk, professor emeritus in the Department of City and Regional Planning at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, passed away in early 2018. In this essay we reflect on Dave’s planning scholarship and practice. We discuss his main contributions in 4 prominent areas. First is the importance of public participation and collaboration for the planning and governance of communities. He argued for democratizing and recasting public participation, with planners working alongside community members coproducing plans and incorporating uncertainty, new information, and different viewpoints. Second is Dave’s focus on the tenets of the comprehensive plan and its core element, the land use plan. In the plan, central principles of livable urban forms and model planning processes can be integrated and translated to practice. With academic collaborators and practitioners he pioneered theoretical and empirical research on what constitutes a high-quality plan, a fundamental question at the heart of planning. Third is his research demonstrating how spatial planning can be used for hazard mitigation and urban resilience. This work forged a new generation of planning academics and practitioners who focused on hazard plans for predisaster mitigation and postdisaster recovery at multiple governmental levels. Finally, fourth is his personal involvement in planning-related institutions that he helped create, lead, or steer. In his various roles as scholar, teacher, mentor, collaborator, supervisor, planning director, and elected official, Dave touched the lives of many who now build on his contributions in creating better communities.

DEBRIS AND VESSEL TRANSPORT DUE TO TSUNAMI CURRENTS IN PORTS AND HARBORS

The focus of the discussion will be on the debris and vessel transport capacity of the tsunami induced currents in ports and harbors. The tsunami events in the past 15 years proved that understanding these processes within the port/harbor basin has paramount importance in safety, recovery and the long-term resilience planning of the facilities; as all of these depend on the ability of structures or infrastructure to resist damage and the capability of harbors to become functional after the event.
 
 This endeavor requires an accurate representation of the flow field around the floating objects. Particularly, when the size of an average container ship is considered among with its’ fairly high draft to depth ratio, the interaction between flow and the vessels gets stronger. Therefore, in this study, the developed numerical tool, which is coupled with a 2HD nonlinear shallow water model, takes the interaction between the flow and the objects into account, and provides accurate results in a computationally efficient way.
 
 We will also present example simulation results of a numerical modelling study aimed at providing the quantitative guidance on maritime tsunami hazards in ports and harbors. This information can be used in pre-disaster recovery planning with the identification of the safe mooring spots or where the debris will likely accumulate after future tsunamis. Whilst the harbor’s ability to resist damage is a function of reducing the exposure to hazardous conditions as well as the maintaining/upgrading the structures/infrastructure within the harbors.

A Comparative Analysis and Identification of Issues on Legislative Systems for Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning in Japan and U.S.

A Comparative Analysis and Identification of Issues on Legislative Systems for Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning in Japan and U.S.

Study on Extracting Spatial Community Memories for Construction of Pre-disaster Recovery Planning

Study on Extracting Spatial Community Memories for Construction of Pre-disaster Recovery Planning

User-generated content on the Facebook page of an emergency management agency

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore themes eventuating from the user-generated content posted by users on the Facebook page of an emergency management agency.Design/methodology/approachAn information classification framework was used to classify user-generated content posted by users including all of the content posted during a six month period (January to June 2015). The posts were read and analysed thematically to determine the overarching themes evident across the entire collection of user posts.FindingsThe results of the analysis demonstrate that the key themes that eventuate from the user-generated content posted are “Self-preparedness”, “Emergency signalling solutions”, “Unsurpassable companion”, “Aftermath of an emergency”, and “Gratitude towards emergency management staff”. Major user-generated content identified among these themes are status-update, criticism, recommendation, and request.Research limitations/implicationsThis study contributes to theory on the development of key themes from user-generated content posted by users on a public social networking site. An analysis of user-generated content identified in this study implies that, Facebook is primarily used for information dissemination, coordination and collaboration, and information seeking in the context of emergency management. Users may gain the benefits of identity construction and social provisions, whereas social conflict is a potential detrimental implication. Other user costs include lack of social support by stakeholders, investment in social infrastructure and additional work force required to alleviate the technological, organisational, and social barriers in communication among stakeholders in emergency management. A collective activity system built upon the Activity Theory was used as a lens to describe users’ activity of posting content on the Facebook page of an emergency management agency.Practical implicationsBy analysing the findings, administrators and policy makers of emergency management could identify the extent to which the core principles of disaster recovery are accomplished using public social networking sites. These are achieved in relation to: pre-disaster recovery planning; partnership and inclusiveness; public information messaging; unity of effort; and, psychological recovery to maximise the success of recovery in a disaster. Furthermore, a core principle which evoked a mixed response was timeliness and flexibility.Originality/valuePrevious studies have examined the role of social networking sites in disastrous situations, but to date there has been very little research into determining themes found in user-generated content posted on the Facebook page of an emergency management agency. Hence, this study addresses the gap in literature by conducting a thematic analysis of user-generated content posted on the Facebook page of the Federal Emergency Management Agency.

Long-term Disaster Recovery Plan in Japan and US: Policy Implications of Natural Disaster Recovery Plan in Korea

이 연구는 국외 장기복구계획을 중심으로 장기복구계획의 수립체계와 구성 및 내용적 특징에 대하여 개괄적으로 고찰하고, 향후 우리나라의 장기복구계획의 수립방향 및 정책적 함의를 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 일본과 미국은 다수의 대규모 재난을 경험하며 장기복구계획의 필요성을 인식하여 왔다. 이에 양국은 장기복구계획 수립을 위한 제도적 정비를 실시하고 지역의 중장기계획을 반영한 장기복구계획을 수립함으로써 지속적인 지역발전을 모색하고 있다. 또한 국외 장기복구계획은 지역차원의 종합적·실행중심적 성격을 띠고 있으며, 사후의 장기계획을 위한 사전적 검토를 실시하여, 재난 발생 후 신속하고 효과적인 복구가 가능하도록 하고 있다. 이에 따라 국내 복구계획에 관련하여 첫째, 복구 및 복구계획의 개념 확장, 둘째, 타 영역과 연계된 종합적·실행중심적 성격의 장기복구계획의 필요성, 셋째, 지속가능성을 위한 사전적 장기복구계획의 필요성 등을 개선방향으로 제시하였다.The purpose of this study is to derive policy implications and recommendations for long-term recovery plan (LTRP) based on the analysis of the planning system, contents, and characteristics of the disaster recovery plan in Japan and US. While experiencing several large-scale disasters, these two countries have perceived LTRP as essential. They amended the legal systems and management guidelines for building up their LTRPs incorporating regional long-term comprehensive plans, which could facilitate sustainable regional development. Their LTRPs are characterized as holistic, comprehensive, and action-oriented. In addition, they required pre-disaster recovery implementation for the post-disaster long-term recovery plan, which enabled their recovery process immediate and efficient. The policy implications for natural disaster recovery plan in Korea from these two countries are summarized as follows: (1) expanding the concept of recovery and the scope of recovery plan, (2) making a comprehensive and action-oriented LTRP reflecting various other sectors, and (3) ensuring sustainability through pre-disaster planning.