Pragmatic Evidence Research Articles

Cost-effectiveness analysis and return on investment of SunSmart Western Australia to prevent skin cancer.

Each year, malignant melanoma accounts for 57 000 deaths globally. If current rates continue, there will be an estimated 510 000 new cases annually and 96 000 deaths by 2040. Melanoma and keratinocyte cancers (KCs) incur a large societal burden. Using a mathematical population model, we performed an economic evaluation of the SunSmart program in the state of Western Australia (WA), a primary prevention program to reduce the incidence of skin cancer, versus no program. A societal perspective was taken combining costs to the health system, patients and lost productivity. The model combined data from pragmatic trial evidence of sun protection, epidemiological studies and national cost reports. The main outcomes modelled were societal and government costs, skin cancer counts, melanoma deaths, life years and quality-adjusted life years. Over the next 20 years, the model predicted that implementing the WA SunSmart program would prevent 13 728 KCs, 636 melanomas and 46 melanoma deaths per 100 000 population. Furthermore, 251 life years would be saved, 358 quality-adjusted life years gained and AU$2.95 million in cost savings to society per 100 000 population would be achieved. Key drivers of the model were the rate reduction of benign lesions from sunscreen use, the costs of purchasing sunscreen and the effectiveness of reducing KCs in sunscreen users. The likelihood of WA SunSmart being cost-effective was 90.1%. For the WA Government, the estimated return on investment was $8.70 gained for every $1 invested. Primary prevention of skin cancer is a cost-effective strategy for preventing skin cancers.

CIRSE Standards of Practice on Carotid Artery Stenting

BackgroundCarotid artery stenting has been used effectively to treat internal carotid artery stenosis since 1989 (Mathias et al. in World J Surg. 25(3):328-34, 2001), with refined and expanded techniques and tools presently delivering outstanding results in percutaneous endoluminal treatment of carotid artery stenosis.PurposeThis CIRSE Standards of Practice document is directed at interventional radiologists and details the guidelines for carotid artery stenting, as well as the different implementation techniques. In addition to updating all previously published material on the different clinical indications, it will provide all technical details reflective of European practice for carotid artery stenting. CIRSE Standards of Practice documents do not aim to implement a standard of clinical patient care, but rather to provide a realistic strategy and best practices for the execution of this procedure.MethodsThe writing group, which was established by the CIRSE Standards of Practice Committee, consisted of five clinicians with internationally recognised expertise in carotid artery stenting procedures. The writing group reviewed existing literature on carotid artery stenting procedures, performing a pragmatic evidence search using PubMed to select relevant publications in the English language from 2006 to 2022.ResultsCarotid artery stenting has an established role in the management of internal carotid artery stenosis; this Standards of Practice document provides up-to-date recommendations for its safe performance.

Accuracy of Treatment Recommendations by Pragmatic Evidence Search and Artificial Intelligence: An Exploratory Study.

There is extensive literature emerging in the field of dentistry with the aim to optimize clinical practice. Evidence-based guidelines (EBGs) are designed to collate diagnostic criteria and clinical treatment for a range of conditions based on high-quality evidence. Recently, advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have instigated further queries into its applicability and integration into dentistry. Hence, the aim of this study was to develop a model that can be used to assess the accuracy of treatment recommendations for dental conditions generated by individual clinicians and the outcomes of AI outputs. For this pilot study, a Delphi panel of six experts led by CoTreat AI provided the definition and developed evidence-based recommendations for subgingival and supragingival calculus. For the rapid review-a pragmatic approach that aims to rapidly assess the evidence base using a systematic methodology-the Ovid Medline database was searched for subgingival and supragingival calculus. Studies were selected and reported based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA), and this study complied with the minimum requirements for completing a restricted systematic review. Treatment recommendations were also searched for these same conditions in ChatGPT (version 3.5 and 4) and Bard (now Gemini). Adherence to the recommendations of the standard was assessed using qualitative content analysis and agreement scores for interrater reliability. Treatment recommendations by AI programs generally aligned with the current literature, with an agreement of up to 75%, although data sources were not provided by these tools, except for Bard. The clinician's rapid review results suggested several procedures that may increase the likelihood of overtreatment, as did GPT4. In terms of overall accuracy, GPT4 outperformed all other tools, including rapid review (Cohen's kappa 0.42 vs. 0.28). In summary, this study provides preliminary observations for the suitability of different evidence-generating methods to inform clinical dental practice.

CIRSE Standards of Practice on Management of Endoleaks Following Endovascular Aneurysm Repair.

Endoleaks represent the most common complication after EVAR. Some types are associated with ongoing risk of aneurysm rupture and necessitate long-term surveillance and secondary interventions. This document, as with all CIRSE Standards of Practice documents, will recommend a reasonable approach to best practices of managing endoleaks. This will include imaging diagnosis, surveillance, indications for intervention, endovascular treatments and their outcomes. Our purpose is to provide recommendations based on up-to-date evidence, updating the guidelines previously published on this topic in 2013. The writing group was established by the CIRSE Standards of Practice Committee and consisted of clinicians with internationally recognised expertise in endoleak management. The writing group reviewed the existing literature performing a pragmatic evidence search using PubMed to select publications in English and relating to human subjects up to 2023. The final recommendations were formulated through consensus. Endoleaks may compromise durability of the aortic repair, and long-term imaging surveillance is necessary for early detection and correct classification to guide potential re-intervention. The majority of endoleaks that require treatment can be managed using endovascular techniques. This Standards of Practice document provides up-to-date recommendations for the safe management of endoleaks.

The Role of Corporate Social Responsibility Spending on Firm Performance with Earnings Management as a Moderating Variable: Evidence from the Indian Market

This study seeks to examine the influence of corporate social responsibility (CSR) spending on firm performance (FP) and supplementary examine the contraction effect of CSR spending and earning management (EM) on the FP in the setting of Indian companies. The sample size employed in this study is 82 companies from S&P BSE 100 index during 2015&–2021. Further, Tobin&’s Q is used as an indicator for measuring the FP. The modified Jones model is employed as a proxy to quantify EM in the form of discretionary accruals (DACC). The methodological model for analysis followed in the work is pooled ordinary least square. The study reveals pragmatic evidence that enterprises engaged in the exercise of EM have no encouragement in CSR spending. In addition to this, the second hypothesis, based on EM, CSR, and earnings management, negatively influences FP in the Indian context. The results of this research will be of certain interest to business owners who want to gauge the efficacy of directors&’ and managers&’ sustainability choices, as well as investors and public authorities who want to evaluate the positive correlation between CSR and a company&’s performance and image, and therefore, the favorable impact on the firm&’s performance.

Application of the PAPERS Grading Criteria Within a Rapid Evidence Review to Determine the Psychometric and Pragmatic Properties of Patient Empowerment Tools.

Self-management of long-term conditions requires health professionals to understand and develop capabilities that empower the population they serve. A rapid evidence review was undertaken to assess the current evidence based on the psychometric properties of patient empowerment tools. MEDLINE was searched, and data were extracted for each publication and scored using a modified Psychometric and Pragmatic Evidence Rating Scale (PAPERS) evidence rating scale. The results were grouped into the following domains: (a) health literacy; (b) patient activation; (c) long-term conditions; (d) self-management needs and behaviors. A full-text review of 65 publications led to the inclusion of 29 primary studies. The highest scoring tools were selected with respect to performance for each domain: (a) Newest Vital Sign and the Brief Health Literacy Screen; (b) Consumer Health Activation Index and PAM-13; (c) LTCQ and LTCQ8; and (d) SEMCD and Patient Enablement Instrument. PAPERS was a useful tool in determining the generalizability, validity, and reliability of these patient empowerment tools. However, further research is required to establish whether an individual's health literacy status influences patient empowerment tool outcomes.

A multimodal couple-coping intervention for enhancing sexual adjustment among breast cancer women: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

To investigate the effects of a multimodal couple-based sexual health intervention for premenopausal women treated for breast cancer and their partners to provide personalised psychosexual care, and to understand participants' experience of, and adherence to, the intervention. This is an assessor-blinded, randomised controlled trial. Premenopausal women treated for breast cancer (N = 160) and their partners will be recruited. Dyads will be randomised into an intervention (n = 80) or attention control (n = 80) group. The intervention group will receive the multimodal couple-based sexual health intervention over eight weeks. The intervention comprises five face-to-face and virtual individual couple counselling sessions combined with online reading, a chat-based discussion forum, and telephone calls. The intervention is based on level I-II evidence and a robust theoretical framework. The attention control group will receive usual care plus telephone calls comprising general greetings and reminders to complete follow-up surveys. Sexual adjustment, relationship quality and quality of life will be measured at baseline, after completion of the intervention, three months and six months post-intervention. The project will adhere to the CONSORT-EHEALTH checklist. Qualitative interviews will explore the participants' experience of, and adherence to, the intervention. This study will provide the first pragmatic evidence of the effectiveness of a multimodal couple-coping intervention to support premenopausal women and their partners to improve sexuality, relationship quality and quality of life after treatment for breast cancer. Sexual health is a neglected area in clinical practice, for patients and partners. The ever-growing population of women treated for breast cancer at younger age has created a more pressing need for the development of tailored sexual health interventions. If effective, this intervention could be incorporated into routine cancer care to provide better support and care for this patient population to enhance sexual health, intimacy and overall well-being. ISRCTN35481498; prospectively registered on 08/05/2023.

Providing a scaffold for considering theoretical frameworks in evidence implementation projects: the JBI approach to evidence implementation.

There are many theories, models, and frameworks that have been proposed in the field of implementation science. Despite this, many evidence implementation or practice improvement projects do not consider these theories, models, or frameworks in their improvement efforts. The JBI approach is one example of an implementation theory, model, or framework. This approach has been developed particularly with health care professionals in mind and is designed to clearly guide pragmatic evidence implementation efforts based on the best available evidence. In this paper, we discuss how the JBI approach to evidence implementation can interact with and support theory-informed, pragmatic evidence implementation projects.

Pragmatic evidence of cross-language link detection: A systematic literature review

There is a rising trend for heterogeneous software applications involving multilingual source code. The key focus of reverse engineers is to unravel the cross-language links (XLLs) and their dependencies. This study aims to perform a systematic literature review (SLR) to compile different approaches, tools, techniques, and shortcomings of such techniques and understand the XLLs and their dependencies while performing reverse engineering on state-of-the-art software applications. This SLR selects 76 primary studies and uses them to create a ’go-to’ literature database, where professionals from software engineering could find all the content pertinent to the analysis and XLL detection for major multilingual applications like Java enterprise applications, Android applications, etc. It has been observed that traditional source code analysis mechanisms to reverse engineer contemporary software applications face scores of problems and limitations that need to be addressed. To assist the community in the above-mentioned goal, a general schema with definitions of XLLs and associated concepts is furnished. This study provides an SLR on XLLs, comprehensive taxonomy called cross-language analysis, which incorporates all the methods for XLL detection in multilingual source code. By pursuing future directions suggested in the end, researchers and practitioners can advance the field of multilingual applications; such as Enterprise resource planning (ERP) solutions, and cross-language software corpora, leading to improved software development practices and better understanding of language interactions in multilingual environments. The research data provided in the survey presents a comprehensive analysis of the complexities involved in working with diverse programming languages and frameworks, offering valuable insights for language technology researchers, software developers, academics, and decision-makers. This integration will enable them to identify and manage dependencies across diverse languages, leading to more efficient and reliable multilingual software systems.

Acupuncture out, dogma in: The U.K. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guideline for osteoarthritis 2022

The recently published National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guideline for osteoarthritis (NG226) does not recommend acupuncture. However, high-quality evidence exists that indicates acupuncture is effective for osteoarthritis and not simply a placebo. NICE clinical guidelines, such as NG226, provide recommendations for the National Health Service (NHS) in the U.K. In this opinion article the author examines the rationale and evidence set out in the Guideline NG226 and the supporting documentation. Two interrelated issues are identified: problems of interpretation and problems of definition. The problems of interpretation have been discussed in relation to previous NICE guidelines, these include: the evidence review erroneously analyses sham acupuncture as inert; the minimal important difference criterion for efficacy trials is not applied consistently; insufficient weight is given to pragmatic comparative effectiveness evidence. The problems of definition have not been discussed to the same degree. The evidence review employs no operational definitions of acupuncture or sham acupuncture. As a result, highly similar procedures are classified as sham in one trial but verum in another. This is illogical and unscientific. The guideline rationale fails to engage with the scientific debate regarding acupuncture research and repeats the mistakes of earlier guidelines. The interpretation of the evidence is erroneous as it is based on the dogma that sham acupuncture is inert. This is compounded by a failure to have clear definitions for acupuncture or sham acupuncture. The committee's interpretation of the acupuncture evidence will have negative consequences for patients in practice and for those enrolled in future clinical trials.

Evaluating the pragmatic characteristics of advance care planning outcome measures in dementia clinical trials: A scoping review.

Advance care planning (ACP) is a process that involves discussing a person's goals, values, and preferences; it is particularly important for persons living with dementia (PLWD) given that dementia is incurable and progressive. To ensure results that will impact real-world practices, ACP outcome measures must be psychometrically strong, meaningful to key partners, and pragmatic to collect. Therefore, we conducted a scoping review of outcome measures utilized in ACP randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) enrolling PLWD or their care partners and evaluated their pragmatic characteristics. We searched MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science for peer-reviewed ACP RCTs enrolling PLWD or their care partners from 2011 to 2021. We abstracted characteristics of primary and secondary outcome measures, including pragmatic characteristics using an adapted Psychometric and Pragmatic Evidence Rating Scale and ACP outcome domains using the standardized ACP Outcome Framework (i.e., process, action, healthcare, or quality of care). We included 21 ACP RCTs. Trials included 103 outcome measures (39 primary and 64 secondary), of which 11% measured process, 14% measured action, 49% measured healthcare, and 26% measured quality of care. Twenty-four (23%) outcome measures were highly pragmatic, the majority of which (67%) reflected healthcare outcome measures. Sixty-one (59%) outcomes were assessed as highly relevant to PLWD or their care partners. Only 20% (n = 21) of outcome measures were embedded into clinical practice. Most (62%) RCTs were conducted in nursing homes, and 33% were focused PLWD with advanced stage disease. In RCTs testing ACP interventions to support PLWD, only 23% of outcome measures were highly pragmatic, and most of these measured healthcare utilizations. Outcome assessments were rarely integrated into the EHR during routine clinical care. New outcome measures that address the lived experience of PLWD and their care partners plus have high pragmatic characteristics are needed for embedded pragmatic clinical trials.

GP Evidence: a new website to support evidence-based practice.

GPs regularly prescribe lifelong treatments for long-term conditions, supported by clinical guidelines and encouraged by performance measures. However, GPs have a poor understanding of the absolute benefits and harms of these treatments, impairing their ability to engage in genuine shared decision making or optimally manage polypharmacy. There are few easily accessible and understandable sources of this kind of quantitative information. To produce a novel website to communicate understandable, usable information to GPs on the benefits and harms of treatments for long-term conditions alongside supporting information about the relevant evidence base. Participatory co-design/research-by-design methods. A pragmatic evidence collation and curation process with expert and patient involvement. A new website, gpevidence.org (openly available from launch date, 1 February 2022) has been developed providing evidence on treatments for 12 common long-term conditions. It employs graphic design and 'content-designed' textual information within an information architecture mapping to GPs' practice and mental models. User-testing and preliminary evaluation have shown it successfully communicates complex evidence about the benefits and harms of treatments to GPs in a way that will be usable and useful in practice. It is possible to communicate quantitative information about the clinical evidence base behind treatments in a way that will be usable in practice and that complements existing clinical guidelines and normative practice. This has the potential to support shared decision making, improve the management of polypharmacy, and increase GPs' confidence in this area of practice.

Decision-Making & Data Science: How Large Businesses Can Use Analytics to Shape Decisions

Although big data will bring worth for business throughout the entire worth chain, the integration of details analytics about the decision-making procedure is nevertheless a battle. This specific study, based on an ordered literature review, thematic evaluation and qualitative interview findings, proposes 6 steps to create every relevance and rigor in the technique of analytics driven choice generating. Our findings illuminate the main key phases in this specific option procedure, for example matter characterization, evaluation of earlier outcomes, model development, data collection, information analysis, along with techniques on insights within the context of program strategies. Although outcomes are assessed in a sequence of steps, the analysis identifies them interdependent and iterative as. The suggested 6 phase analytics driven choice making process, pragmatic evidence from service techniques, and later scientific studies agenda, source the groundwork for upcoming scholarly research, and can work as a step smart guidebook for internet business professionals.

Pragmatic Evidence on Android Malware Analysis Techniques: A Systematic Literature Review

Alarge number of studies including research articles and surveys on android malware detection and analysis techniques have been presented during the last one and a half decades. The authors proposed different systems and frameworks to identify malware from software applications. However, there is no recent and comprehensive systematic literature review on the detection and analysis of android malware methods, systems, and frameworks. We present a systematic review of literature on android malware detection and analysis techniques and tools by following standard guidelines for Systematic Literature Review methodology from 2010 to 2021. We selected 75 most relevant studies out of 3343 published studies. We found that the prominent malicious datasets are Genome (39%) and Drebin (36%) used by different researchers for the detection of malware. The static, dynamic, and hybrid source code analysis methods are applied by android malware detection techniques. We also identified the limitations and future research directions of existing techniques as research gaps for the community. Based on the pragmatic evidence of this research, we have proposed a hybrid analysis-based multiple feature analysis framework. This framework will not only address the limitations of static and dynamic-based approaches, but it also analyzes evolving android malware datasets using deep neural network and machine learning techniques and improve the accuracy of evolving malware samples.

Acceptability and feasibility of cognitive assessments with adults with primary brain cancer and brain metastasis: A systematic review.

Routine cognitive assessment for adults with brain cancers is seldom completed but vital for guiding daily living, maintaining quality of life, or supporting patients and families. This study aims to identify cognitive assessments which are pragmatic and acceptable for use in clinical settings. MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Cochrane were searched to identify studies published in English between 1990 and 2021. Publications were independently screened by two coders and included if they: (1) were peer-reviewed; (2) reported original data relating to adult primary brain tumor or brain metastases; (3) used objective or subjective assessments; (4) reported assessment acceptability or feasibility. The Psychometric And Pragmatic Evidence Rating Scale was used. Consent, assessment commencement and completion, and study completion were extracted along with author-reported acceptability and feasibility data. PROSPERO Registration: CRD42021234794. Across 27 studies, 21 cognitive assessments had been assessed for feasibility and acceptability; 15 were objective assessments. Acceptability data were limited and heterogeneous, particularly consent (not reported in 23 studies), assessment commencement (not reported in 19 studies), and assessment completion (not reported in 21 studies). Reasons for non-completion could be grouped into patient-factors, assessment-factors, clinician-factors, and system-factors. The three cognitive assessments with the most acceptability and feasibility data reported were the MMSE, MoCA, and NIHTB-CB. Further acceptability and feasibility data are needed including consent, commencement and completion rates. Cost, length, time, and assessor burden are needed for the MMSE, MoCA, and NIHTB-CB, along with potentially new computerized assessments suited for busy clinical settings.

CIRSE Standards of Practice on Varicocele Embolisation.

Percutaneous embolisation is an effective, minimally invasive means of treating a variety of benign and malignant lesions and has been successfully used to treat varicoceles since the late 1970s, with refined and expanded techniques and tools currently offering excellent outcomes for varicocele embolisation. This document will presume that the indication for treatment is clear and approved by the multidisciplinary team (MDT) and will define the standards required for the performance of each modality, as well as their advantages and limitations. CIRSE Standards of Practice documents are not intended to impose a standard of clinical patient care, but recommend a reasonable approach to, and best practices for, the performance of percutaneous varicocele embolisation. The writing group was established by the CIRSE Standards of Practice Committee and consisted of five clinicians with internationally recognised expertise in embolisation of male varicoceles. The writing group reviewed the existing literature on varicocele embolisation, performing a pragmatic evidence search using PubMed to search for publications in English and relating to human subjects published from 2006 to 2021. The final recommendations were formulated through consensus. Embolisation has an established role in the successful management of male varicoceles. This Standards of Practice document provides up-to-date recommendations for the safe performance of varicocele embolisation.

The Impact of Government Agricultural Development Support on Agricultural Income, Production and Food Security of Beneficiary Small-Scale Farmers in South Africa

Enormous Literature indicates that agriculture remains a source of livelihood for about 86% of rural people and generates job opportunities for approximately 1.3 billion small-scale farmers and landless workers. Over the past couple of years, the South African government has been offering varied support to households that are engaged in small-scale farming to improve their livelihoods, income and food security. Although the various rounds of the General Households Survey (GHS) gathered information on the type of agricultural support received by the farmers about their food production, agricultural income and food security status, there is still limited pragmatic evidence on the extent to which programme is yielding the intended results. The main aim of the study was to use GHS data spanning the period 2013 to 2016 to assess how government agricultural development support influences the livelihoods of small-scale farmers in South Africa. Using both descriptive analyses with Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Logistics estimations, the result of the study indicates that the proportion of households who have access to the agricultural development support have decreased marginally by two percent from 16% in 2013 to 14% in 2016. The study also reveals that agriculture development assistance given by the South African government is effective in reducing food insecurity, improving agricultural production and income of the beneficiary small-scale farmers. Following the observed marked gender, racial and geographical differences in households’ access to the agricultural development support, the Ministry of Agriculture and its allied ministries and departments responsible for the implementation of the agricultural development support programmes must streamline policies to account for the lack of support to farmers in general. Addressing such differences is necessary to ensure that the programme achieves its intended overall objectives.

Governance Related Challenges in the Operation of Mobile Telecommunication Industry in Bangladesh

The mobile telecommunication Industry in Bangladesh is conquered by only four players: Grameenphone, Banglalink, Robi Axiata and finally the state-owned company Teletalk. The oligopolistic nature of this industry in Bangladesh offers a fascinating prospect to study. Bangladesh positioned 5th in Asia Pacific Region and 8th globally in terms of market size for the inimitable mobile subscriber. The mobile telecommunication industry contributed GDP is 1.8% of the country through their voice call and internet. The mobile telecommunication industry is in gush for the increasing demand of smartphone as time progress. This industry is also contributing 30% job opportunities in the country. The aim of this paper is to highlight the main governance related challenges being faced by the companies operating in this industry. The data were mainly collected by captivating interviews with the company CEO, Company Secretary, Internal Audit Head, External Audit, Independent Directors and BTRC Chairman. Also, some secondary data were collected from company websites, annual reports, other related publicly available documents. The pragmatic evidence discovered area specific governance challenges such as lack of formal training for the board members, absence of cyber security introduction, no presence of institute directors of Bangladesh, lack of in-house program, absence of robust succession planning, lack of formal compliance and ethics programs in-house and industry level etc. Also, the various sub-committees (i.e. audit committee, nomination committee, remuneration committee etc.) were found ineffective to some extent. The study proposed some recommendations to overcome these lacking. The findings to the study are expected to have significant policy implication in reforming the corporate governance regulations in Bangladesh and Mobile Telecommunication industry in particular.

Ayurveda: The Prominence of Herbal Medicine in Containment of COVID-19

Pharmacognosy Research,2022,14,3,233-240.DOI:10.5530/pres.14.3.33Published:July 2022Type:Review ArticleAuthors:Sarasa Meenakshi, V Udaya Kumar, Reny Sara Raju, Sameer Dhingra, Nitesh Kumar, V Ravichandiran, and Krishna Murti Author(s) affiliations:Sarasa Meenakshi1, V Udaya Kumar1, Reny Sara Raju1, Sameer Dhingra1, Nitesh Kumar2, V Ravichandiran1, Krishna Murti1,* 1Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, INDIA. 2National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, INDIA. Abstract:The global community is in a vulnerable and intricate state due to the COVID-19 pandemic given the lack of targeted drugs and extreme population making it an arduous journey to the public system of health care towards the extermination of the disease. The essentiality of newer compounds, novel medical instruments, and practices for diagnosis, cure, and prevention of the COVID-19 infection is the greatest concern. Since the persistent waves of COVID-19 are being observed at a variety of location across the globe, and the intensity and mutation of the virus is still possessing an inviolable threat to humanity. Along with conventional medicine, the application of traditional medicine practices using natural and herbal products has been proved effective in several disease conditions. The usage of Traditional Chinese medicine and ayurvedic medicine is used to treat COVID-19 infected patients in China and India respectively marks the contribution and effectiveness of traditional medical therapy in the restriction of the virus. The prominence of herbal products for prophylactic and symptomatic treatment for COVID-19 is notable and recommended by various organizations and governments in the world. All the pragmatic considerations and evidence to use ayurvedic practices on a large scale require further animal and robust human studies. This article reviews various practices, herbal products, effectiveness, case studies and the contribution of ayurvedic medicine, to be used to treat and restrict the viral epidemic and may further provide a forward insight into future learning, evidence compiling, and research in the respective domain. Keywords:Antiviral, Ayurveda, COVID-19, Immunomodulatory, InflammationView:PDF (361.12 KB)

Relationship among Covid-19, stock price and green finance markets pragmatic evidence from volatility dynamics

This paper aims to map the effects of the rapid spread of coronavirus (COVID-19) on stock price dynamics and markets selections based on data from March 22, 2021, to September 20, 2021. Options markets from 2020 to 2021, multiple kinds of critical COVID-19 data. The proposed hypothetical modal considers investors' behavior and errors caused by the level of sentiment elicited for stock markets and green categories. This paper another element (1) Covid-19 (2) feeling, and (3) networking websites, for example, Covid-19 influence on the green size, green direction, and impact on securities prices. This paper used google search data work also creates a proxy for emotions dependent on five main categories of Data: (1) Covid-19, pandemic effect (2) markets, (3) lockdown, (4) banking and government aid. Moreover, this paper Use (a) VIX index sentiment, (b) S& The P 500 index is a measure of how well a sentiment (c) Sentiment in the S& amp;P 500 bank index. The Projected to empirical Finding follow First Level during the Covid-19, effect on jump volatility, and variability level in persistence on the green stock market exceeds that on the options market. VIX index green financial level increases with the COVID green financial level increase with the COVID-19 market index, index banking index and lockdown index. Therefore, it concluded the Share market statistic, COVID-19 benchmark, and long-run volatility. The fraction of the leap government assistance reduced. We find that the outbreak of the Pandemic of COVID-19 effects of the S&P 500 Index and S&P 500 Banks Index decrease with highest values (39%) but only after a surge in volatility covid-19 Pandemic. These results comply with our model's expectations.