Pragmatic Attitude Research Articles

The public's pragmatic attitude to transport and what it means for achieving net zero

The public's pragmatic attitude to transport and what it means for achieving net zero

Lack of pragmatic attitude of self-labelled pragmatic trials on manual therapy: a methodological review

BackgroundPragmatic randomized controlled trials are getting more interest to improve trials’ external validity. This study aimed to assess how pragmatic the design of the self-labelled pragmatic randomised controlled trials in the manual therapy field is.MethodsWe searched MEDLINE and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for self-labelled pragmatic randomised controlled trials in the manual therapy field until January 2024 were included. Two independent reviewers collected and extracted data related to the intention of the trial, the rationale for the intervention, and specific features of the trial and performed an assessment using the PRECIS-2 tool.ResultsOf 39 self-labelled pragmatic trials, the mean PRECIS-2 score was 3.5 (SD: 0.6). Choice of outcome measures, how the interventions were performed, the follow-up of the participants and how all the available data were included in the statistical analysis were the domains rated as most ‘pragmatic’. Participants’ eligibility, recruitment, and setting obtained lower scores. Less than 25% of the trials claimed that the aim was to investigate an intervention under real-world conditions and to make clinical decisions about its effectiveness. In the 21% of the sample the authors described neither the proof-of-concept of the intervention nor the state of previous studies addressing related research questions.ConclusionsSelf-labelled pragmatic randomised controlled trials showed a moderately pragmatic attitude. Beyond the label ‘pragmatic’, the description of the intention of the trial and the context of every PRECIS-2 domain is crucial to understanding the real pragmatism of a trial.

Advancing Self-Directed Learning in the Saudi EFL Higher Education: A Call to Further Action

This paper advocates the integration of self-directed learning (SDL) principles in Saudi EFL higher education. It emphasizes the vital role of SDL in promoting autonomy, intrinsic motivation, and crucial lifelong learning skills. It explores the potential impact of SDL within the unique framework of EFL education in Saudi Arabia, covering diverse aspects such as its integration with technology, relevance in higher education, and considerations of learner preparedness and pragmatic attitude. The aim is to empower Saudi EFL students to independently navigate their language acquisition journey. Through an extensive review of SDL literature, the paper highlights the significant advantages of integrating SDL into Saudi EFL curricula, positioning it as a transformative force that can equip students with the essential competencies required for academic success in a globally connected world. The paper concludes by thoroughly discussing the potential implications for educators and policymakers in Saudi EFL higher education, emphasizing the importance of fostering self-directed learning (SDL) as a fundamental strategy to promote academic independence and adequately prepare students for the evolving demands of a globalized society.

The Return of the State and Its Alla Turca Version

Economic nationalism and state intervention recently gained attraction in many countries including Turkey. This paper questions whether Turkey has changed its economic policy framework towards a statecentric model and, if so, whether these changes are well thought-out and sustainable. The examination of key areas of state capitalism, that is the monetary, industrial, trade, financial, and state economic enterprise (SEE) policies put forward in the officially adopted five-year plans and annual programs, suggests that the changes in the economic policy framework began after the 2008 global crisis and accelerated after the transition to a presidential system. Upon examination, the policy framework does not reflect a definitive, coherent, and wholistic approach but rather a pragmatic attitude that swings back and forth, which exposes the country to swings in the global system.

Coercion in psychiatry: psychometric validation of the Portuguese Staff Attitudes to Coercion Scale (SACS)

BackgroundThere is a growing recognition that staff attitudes toward coercion in mental health care may influence its application. This study presents the psychometric properties of the Portuguese version of the Staff Attitudes towards Coercion Scale (SACS) and describes mental health professionals’ attitudes towards coercion in Portugal.MethodsMental health professionals working in five Portuguese mental health services in urban and rural regions of Portugal were invited to complete a questionnaire comprising the SACS and a socio-demographic form. Psychometric analyses including construct validity and internal consistency were carried out using R software.ResultsA total of 91 out of 119 questionnaires completed were valid for analysis. Fifty-seven (62.64%) respondents were female, with an age range of 24 to 69 years (M = 39.33; SD = 11.09). More than half of them were nurses (52.75%, n = 48), and a third were psychiatrists (36.26%, n = 33). A three-factor structure was confirmed and showed the best fit compared to previously proposed models with a cumulative explained variance of 59%. The Portuguese SACS exhibited adequate internal consistency for both the full-scale and subscales. The highest mean score was in the pragmatic attitude domain (20.60; SD = 3.37). A negative correlation was observed between the critical attitude domain and both age and years of experience (p < 0.05).ConclusionA three-factor structure was confirmed and showed the best fit compared to previously proposed models. The Portuguese SACS showed excellent psychometric properties and is acceptable for assessing staff attitudes towards coercion.

Научная деятельность студентов высших учебных заведений Поволжья: аксиологический аспект

The attitude of university students of the Volga Federal District (PFD) to research work is analyzed from an axiological point of view. The conducted research has shown that different categories of students show a variety of attitudes to scientific activity in the process of studying at a university. The pragmatic attitude of modern students to the results of scientific work, the priority of the material component is established

Daily Income Targets and Passenger Pressure on Safety Risky Riding Behavior Among Online Motorcycle Taxi Riders in Jakarta, Indonesia

Online motorcycle taxi riders, a vulnerable group on the road, are more susceptible to serious injury than non-motorcycle riders. This study analyzed a correlation between daily income targets, passenger pressure, risk perception, safety attitudes, and risky riding behavior. This cross-sectional study used a semi-quantitative approach by collecting online-based questionnaires from 500 online motorcycle taxi riders in Jakarta, and 50 of them were obtained through offline interviews. The findings revealed a significant relationship between daily income targets, passenger pressure, risk perception (danger level, stochastic evaluation, and safety priority), safety attitudes (pragmatic attitude to rule violations and dissatisfaction with traffic rules), and risky riding behavior, with a p-value of &lt;0.05. In particular, a pragmatic attitude to rule violations was the most impactful on risky riding behavior. Online motorcycle taxi companies should provide regular training on traffic laws and safe riding practices to improve road safety. This holistic approach may enhance safety through education, passenger awareness, and rigorous management.

Russian and Soviet in the Civilizational Space of Russia as the Basis of National-Imperial Synergy

The predominance of the principle of historical unity over the historical gap within the framework of methodological schemes of genetic information and genetic breeding in the understanding of national history assumes the assessment of the Soviet era as the key link in understanding historical integrity, and the concepts of empire and the national state as a context. The article proves the validity of the defi nition of both monarchical and Soviet Russia as an «inverse empire» with an instrumental and pragmatic attitude of the government towards the state-forming people. Artifi cial contrasting of imperial and national aspect in the framework of the stable policy of suppressing the national awareness by the state, contributes to the fi nal destruction of Russian cultural identity, while the successive development of Russia is possible on the basis of the synthesis of imperial and national forms of statehood

Wager upon wager: Assessing Iver B. Neumann’s contribution to International Relations

A key player in the Scandinavian rise in the International Relations discipline, Iver B. Neumann has made significant contributions to several research programs, from Russian and European identity politics to practice theory and discourse analysis, through longue durée analyses of governmentality and diplomacy. At the theoretical level, Neumann has borrowed multiple social-theoretical resources that have allowed him to make a variety of epistemological and ontological wagers as his gaze shifted from one topic to the next. Original and wide-ranging as it is, this scholarship is also full of tensions that illustrate the value and pitfalls of a pragmatic attitude to theorizing. By revealing Neumann as an intellectual fox (in Berlin’s sense), we critically assess his scholarship, including the epistemological stretches it contains and the many difficult challenges that it struggles to meet. Overall, Neumann’s overarching method, which he consistently follows despite all its internal contradictions, seems to be what anthropologists call to “make strange”—a relentless drive to transform the conventional, habitual, and self-evident into a puzzle, and then make this puzzle relevant to, or have import for, both scholarly debates and contemporary political practice.

Глаголы «работать» и «делать» в идиостиле Н. С. Дашевской: прагмасемантический аспект

The aim of the research is to characterize the author’s pragmatic attitude related to the use of lexemes belonging to the lexico-semantic group of verbs naming work activities in general (‘работать’ (to work), ‘делать’ (to do)) in the texts of N. S. Dashevskaya’s novellas; to determine the reasons for the preference for the lexeme ‘делать’ and the specifics of its functioning in the texts under study. The research is original in that it is the first to examine the functioning of the verbs ‘работать’ and ‘делать’ as units belonging to the lexico-semantic group ‘Work activities’ to comprehend the author’s pragmatic attitudes in a text addressed to children or adolescents. The research findings showed that the author’s reference to the specified lexico-semantic group is associated with the wide collocability of the verb ‘делать’, which affects its general linguistic use, and with the features specific to the texts of children’s and youth literature. Phraseological units and set expressions that include the lexeme ‘делать’ make it possible to describe the specific behavioral features of a child or adolescent protagonist, the grammatical compatibility of the lexeme with direct additions naming academic disciplines (‘делать алгебру’ (to do algebra homework), ‘делать проект’ (to do a project)) serves as a reliable representation of the ordinary life of schoolchildren, which emphasizes the realism of N. S. Dashevskaya’s novellas.

TWISTS AND TURNS OF PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGES IN THE WORLD OF EDUCATION REGARDING THE IMPACT OF INSTANT CULTURE ON TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE POST MODERN ERA

Problem of education in the modern era is not only limited to systems, methods and strategies, but more about how to prepare future generations. The phenomenon in the modern era shows that the younger generation is growing up with an individualistic and pragmatic attitude. So that many graduates of educational institutions are trapped in understanding their teachings more deeply, so that the priority of the world of education, which is actually very broad, becomes stagnant and narrow because it is only for themselves. Researchers use qualitative data as research material as a research method by first analyzing various literary sources which dominate the occurrence of several current instant culture phenomena due to technological advances. Then the second method is expected to get the best solution for the world of education, especially the millennial generation in accepting instant culture as a result. technological change and progress. The results of this research are that we all cannot withstand the influx of instant culture with increasingly rapid technological developments so that the world of education, especially the millennial generation, must be positive and critical in facing changes in instant cultural values so that we do not fall into it and the final conclusion is that we strive to use this instant culture in accordance with God's teachings and commands and in accordance with our Pancasila values

Dispositivity in Russian Business Law

The principle of dispositivity is developed based on the concept of party autonomy that is characteristic of civil law regulation that covers business activities and is realised through the application of, in addition to directly applicable imperative norms, dispositive norms that imply the freedom of the parties to perform (to acquire, realise and dispose of) their rights on their own discretion. Particularly in respect of the civil law relations the law provides the parties with large possibilities to determine their relations in accordance with their autonomy of will and in default of such determination offers the applicable rules. Essentially important in realisation of the principle of dispositivity in the civil law are also initiative norms through the application of which the civil law relations emerge, change and cease. Related particularly to the contract and corporate law regulation in Russia, the traditional totality of the legislative law has been challenged in the pragmatic approach supported by the Russian highest judicial body. According to the Ruling of the Plenum of the Supreme Arbitrazh Court of 2014, the norm that determines the rights and obligations of contractual parties but does not include the expressed provision of its dispositivity or imperativity, ought to be recognised as dispositive or imperative in accordance with the interpretation of its aims, and this indicates of favourable attitude towards business activities as well as of reasonable implementation of the pragmatic attitude that is characteristic to common law to Russian law. In particular, the favouring of the principle of dispositivity in respect to business law regulation, by the concentration of the valuation of the dispositivity of a legal norm in the sphere of successive control, instead of previous control, actually promotes the real freedom of business activities, and makes the regulation flexible. This is particularly important for small and family enterprises that are very common in Russia. Keywords: Dispositive Norm; Initiative Norm; Contract Law; Corporate Law; Pragmatic Approach

Considering the Professionalism of Pharmacists from a Viewpoint of "Regulatory Science"

Regulatory science underpins scientific regulations, including reflection papers, guidelines, and administrative notices, and is closely related to the quality assurance (QA) of pharmaceuticals, foods, and chemicals in our living environment. Historically, QA has been considered the basis of pharmaceutical science. Therefore, the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Law specifies that pharmacists, as marketing directors of pharmaceutical products, are responsible for their QA. Furthermore, a pharmacist is responsible for the QA of foods and environmental chemicals by several laws; for example, as a food sanitation supervisor or an environmental sanitation training officer. This suggests that the professional expertise of pharmacists is expected in medical care where pharmaceuticals are used and in other fields associated with QA. Thus, I consider that the professionalism of a pharmacist is guided by spiritual concepts with a pragmatic attitude and conformance to these expectations.

Developing typical profiles of generation Z students to improve the quality of the educational process

Global digital platforms that influence the development of local digital platforms (from national-level platforms to the platform of a particular enterprise), in order to be more effective, must take into account the informational requirements of users, including those determined by their emotional and psychological characteristics. For this purpose, their developers need to know the typical emotional and psychological profiles of users.The construction of typical emotional and psychological profiles of Generation Z learners is necessary for correct and efficient operation of information and educational platforms, in particular, adaptive e-learning environments, which, among other things, implement gamification approaches.To identify the above-mentioned profiles of Generation Z learners, we use R. Cattell’s multifactor testing methodology (form C) and subsequent processing of the obtained results using statistical methods (in the form of cluster analysis). To ensure the representativeness of the results, the study involved 994 students from various universities (the survey results were used in an impersonal form).The analysis of clustering results makes it possible to identify the share of students who are able to independently form new knowledge and obtain original results of intellectual activity, to determine the share of students with a pragmatic attitude to life, as well as those who possess the qualities of business leadership, etc.Based on these results, recommendations for improving the quality of the educational process as a special case of adaptive e-learning environment are formulated.

A HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL REVIEW OF SINGAPORE'S POLICY TOWARDS THE MALAYS AND THE MUSLIMS

When examining the condition of minorities around the world, we must pay attention to several factors such as their history, geopolitics, level of community development, patterns of integration, and the ideological style of the state in its policies. This journal article examines how Singapore's political policies towards the Malays and Muslims as minority groups. The research method used is the historical research method where data collection is done using literature review techniques. This research data analysis uses a political history approach to analyse Singapore's political policies in empowering religious communities in a secular state. The results show that Singapore has a vigilant and pragmatic attitude in making state policies in relation to Malay and Islam. This is due to its diverse demographics, its geopolitics flanked by Malaysia and Indonesia, and its past history of inter-ethnic conflict. In its development, the Singapore government has chosen the path of accommodation in making policies related to Muslims and Malays. Islam is realised as a benchmark for Singapore's domestic and foreign policies.

Dying at “home” - a qualitative study of end-of-life care in rural Northern Norway from the perspective of health care professionals

Background‘Most patients want to die at home’ is a familiar statement in palliative care. The rate of home deaths is therefore often used as a success criterion. However, providing palliative care and enabling patients to die at home in rural and remote areas may be challenging due to limited health care resources and geographical factors. In this study we explored health care professionals’ experiences and reflections on providing palliative care to patients at the end of life in rural Northern Norway.MethodsThis is a qualitative focus group and interview study in rural Northern Norway including 52 health care professionals. Five uni-professional focus group discussions were followed by five interprofessional focus group discussions and six individual interviews. Transcripts were analysed thematically.ResultsHealth care professionals did their utmost to fulfil patients’ wishes to die at home. They described pros and cons of providing palliative care in rural communities, especially their dual roles as health care professionals and neighbours, friends or even relatives of patients. Continuity and carers’ important contributions were underlined. When home death was considered difficult or impossible, nurses expressed a pragmatic attitude, and the concept of home was extended to include ‘home place’ in the form of local health care facilities.ConclusionsProviding palliative care in patients’ homes is professionally and ethically challenging, and health care professionals’ dual roles in rural areas may lead to additional pressure. These factors need to be considered and addressed in discussions of the organization of care. Nurses’ pragmatic attitude when transfer to a local health care facility was necessary underlines the importance of building on local knowledge and collaboration. Systematic use of advance care planning may be one way of facilitating discussions between patients, family carers and health care professionals with the aim of achieving mutual understanding of what is feasible in a rural context.

A pragmatic approach improves the clinical management of stage IV gastric cancer: Comparison between the Meta-Gastro results and the GIRCG's retrospective series

IntroductionThe Italian Research Group for Gastric Cancer developed a prospective database about stage IV gastric cancer, to evaluate how a pragmatic attitude impacts the management of these patients. Materials and methodsWe prospectively collected data about metastatic gastric cancer patients thanks to cooperation between radiologists, oncologists and surgeons and we analyzed survival and prognostic factors, comparing the results to those obtained in our retrospective study. ResultsThree-hundred and eighty-three patients were enrolled from 2018 to September 2022. We observed a higher percentage of laparoscopic exploration with peritoneal lavage in the prospective cohort. In the registry only 3.6 % of patients was submitted to surgery without associated chemotherapy, while in the retrospective population 44.3 % of patients were operated on without any chemotherapy. At univariate and multivariate analyses, the different metastatic sites did not show any survival differences among each other (OS 20.0 vs 16.10 vs 16.7 months for lymphnodal, peritoneal and hepatic metastases, respectively), while the number of metastatic sites and the type of treatment showed a statistical significance (OS 16,7 vs 13,0 vs 4,5 months for 1, 2 and 3 different metastatic sites respectively, p < 0.001; 24,2 vs 12,0 vs 2,5 months for surgery with/without chemotherapy, chemotherapy alone and best supportive treatment respectively, p < 0.001). ConclusionsOur data highlight that the different metastatic sites did not show different survivals, but survival is worse in case of multiple localization. In patients where a curative resection can be achieved, acceptable survival rates are possible. A better diagnostic workup and a more accurate staging impact favorably upon survival.

Языковая репрезентация речевого жанра «пояснение» в медицинском дискурсе в рамках телевизионной просветительской передачи (на примере передачи «Мед. эксперт»)

The paper analysed the speech genre of explanation often implemented as a popular scientific description of a disease within the framework of the television genre of educational transmission of medical topics, that is, the researchers consider medical discourse. The aim of the study is to identify the differential features of explanation as a speech genre based on the material of television medical discourse. The study is novel in that it is the first to highlight the linguistic features that define the speech genre of explanation. As a result, it has been revealed that in the medical discourse in Russian, the genre of explanation is characterised at the pragmatic level by the adaptation of information for the audience of potential viewers. A trusting atmosphere is created by emphasising the status of the addresser. The pragmatic attitude toward explication simplicity is expressed in speech at all levels. The speech genre of explanation can be constructed according to the classical scheme on a “simple-to-complex” basis, but it is also possible to use the reverse technique.

The Embodiments of View: Simultaneous and Gradual Approaches in the Contemplative Typology of the Great Perfection

The assertion of a state which is unconditioned and beyond temporal change creates unavoidable tensions for any Buddhist account that concerns the shift from worldly experience to a liberated one. The presence of such tensions can be found in the controversy between simultaneous (cig char; yugapad) and gradual (rim gyis; krameṇa) conceptions of the contemplative path and the state of liberation itself. This controversy found its early Tibetan expression in the so-called bSam yas debate, in which representative figures of both approaches argued about basic contemplative and soteriological issues. Later on, Klong chen pa, the renowned 14th century Tibetan teacher, explicated several contemplative typologies that included elements from both approaches. This research belongs to qualitative research using two interpretative perspectives, namely the Pragmatic attitude that focuses on the actual results of the scheme and the Transcendental point of view. The results showed that by examining the typologies and their presuppositions it becomes clear how the efficacy of each approach is closely related to individual capacities of practitioners. As such, the tension between simultaneous and gradual models is revealed as deeply contextual and not binary.

The governing bodies of the Folketing and the Storting and their constutional role

The purpose of this article is to analyse the legal regulations concerning the governing bodies of the parliaments in Norway and Denmark, as well as selected elements of the system practice related to their functioning in the last several years. A comparative study of the aforementioned institutions in both parliaments makes it possible to identify similar elements, as well as to point out existing differences, especially in the system practice. One common feature is the axiology underpinning the activities of the governing bodies and the resulting high political culture characterising the deputies in charge in the Storting and the Folketing. The analyses made are based on the assumptions and categories of neo-institutional methodology in political science. The main thesis of the article is that the high efficiency and professionalism of both parliaments, as determined by objective indicators, is the result of a consensual and pragmatic attitude of those elected to leadership positions and proposed by the party groups. This attitude is fostered by the widespread occurrence of minority parliamentarism in political practice in both states.