Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana Research Articles

An Approach of Multi Criteria Decision Making in Analyzing Rural Road Safety in Nashik District

Abstract: Rural road safety evaluations play a significant role in the transportation industry, and most fatal accidents happen on these types of roads. Road Safety Analysis (RSA), a process to evaluate a road's safety criteria and support overall road management decision-making, ensures the avoidance of loss of life and property damage. The "Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana," which is primarily utilized in rural areas, is the main emphasis of this. In order to identify the most vulnerable roadways and implement mitigation measures, roads must be prioritized depending on safety ratings. This document presents the results of a study conducted to rank the safety criteria of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) roads, a particular category of rural roads. A questionnaire survey was used for the study's analysis, and three MCDM methods were used to examine the relationships and interactions between the various factors. The study's findings indicated that the based on input from PMGSY engineers and contractors. From the perspective of the engineers in the Nashik area, we can determine the safety impact factor that influences the safety assessment of the PMGSY route.

Planning of rural road network using sustainable practices to maximize the accessibility to health and education facilities using ant colony optimization

Well-connected rural road network is an essential requirement for the development of any rural area; as it uplifts the living standards and improves the social and economic status of that area. Developing countries like India have large population in rural areas living below the poverty line and the road connectivity is an important tool for providing them access to market, schools, hospitals and many other important facilities. Past researches have shown that providing rural road connectivity, improves the productivity of the area, provides more opportunity for agricultural products to reach the market and further improves the economic status of the rural areas. Access to education and healthcare facilities also improves the overall quality of life. Ant colony optimization (ACO) can be specifically employed to tackle challenges related to road networks in rural and urban planning. Through the application of ant algorithms and different approaches of distinct optimization, this study presents a mathematical model for rural road network planning and aims to maximize the user benefits by improving the access to facilities like education and health for maximum population with minimum length of construction. The effectiveness of the developed model is assessed by collecting the necessary facility data from Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) national GIS website, using C# programming language, QGIS software and by demonstrating its capability to optimize the rural road network for twelve villages of Haldwani block, Nainital district, in the state of Uttarakhand, India. The study concludes that the optimized road network designed by the ant colony algorithms model is 14% shorter than the existing network, and also provides increased accessibility to educational and health facilities. These findings underscore the effectiveness of ant colony optimization in planning rural road networks and highlight its potential for enhancing connectivity and improving socio-economic conditions in rural regions.

ROAD CONNECTIVITY AND PREVENTIVE HEALTHCARE IN INDIAN VILLAGES: FUZZY REGRESSION DISCONTINUITY ESTIMATION OF THE IMPACT OF NEW RURAL ROADS

The Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) programme of India provides new road connectivity for unconnected habitations with a population of at least 500. This paper evaluates the causal effect of the new road connectivity on the healthcare benefits accrued to the previously unconnected village households, specifically the pregnancy care and contraceptive use, awareness and hygiene, and social interaction. The nonparametric fuzzy regression discontinuity design (FRDD) is applied to the data derived from the 2007-2008 District Level Household Survey (DLHS-3) an d the Socioeconomic High-Resolution Rural-Urban Geographic Platform for India (SHRUG) data. The FRDD estimates show that in the treatment villages, more women seek antenatal care, have delivery conducted in hospitals and use modern contraceptive methods. In the villages newly connected with roads, awareness of government health care programmes like prevention of sex selection and female foeticide, treat water and take health insurance coverage has increased. The provision of all-weather roads to unconnected villages is also more likely to impact social interaction and more participation in women self-help groups, and village assembly takes important decisions on preventive healthcare.

Impact of Rural Roads in India: A Case Study Based on Spatial Data Analysis

The Government of India launched its National Rural Roads Program known as Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) to connect the 167 thousand unconnected villages in the country by all-weather roads to improve connectivity there. It is important to study the impact of such intervention on various socio-economic indicators of rural development there. This study assesses the impact of those roads on the different aspects of rural community. The assessment has been completed based on spatial visualisation of the impact created by various facility parameters in rural development using various questionnaires formed and applied on a few selected blocks. Spatial data was collected and integrated using open-source software (QGIS) and statistical analysis has been performed to understand the percentage change in socio-economic indicators related to education, healthcare, agriculture, marketing and employment opportunities which are essential elements of the integrated rural development in India. The analysis appears helpful in estimating the sensitivity of government policies in the context, and thus understanding the requirement of policy changes and implementation in rural India.

Assessment of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana

In India, Rural Road Connectivity, has been appreciated as a key component of Rural Development, which promotes access to economic and social services and generates increased agricultural incomes as well as strengthens rural livelihoods. In this context, Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), was launched in December, 2000 as a special intervention of the Government of India with the broad objective of ensuring sustainable poverty reduction. The scheme aims to provide good quality all-weather single connectivity to every eligible habitation. Rural roads are a state subject under the Constitution and as such are the basic responsibility of the states. However under the PMGSY, the construction of good quality and well-engineered roads are fully funded by the Government of India. Maintenance of these roads is the responsibility of the states. The year 2013 saw the launch of PMGSY-II with the objectives of consolidating the existing rural road network and upgrading existing rural roads that provide connectivity to rural growth centres. PMGSY-II envisages sharing of construction costs between the Centre and the states with maintenance costs continuing to be funded fully by the states.

Comparing the efficiency of different scheme's under “Bharat NirmanYojana”: A Malmquist DEA analysis

The development of rural infrastructure is an important component in improving the standard of living in developing countries. In India, the government has taken up numerous measures to contribute toward the development of rural infrastructure, thereby initiating the Bharat Nirman Yojana (BNY). In this research study, the Malmquist model of input‐oriented DEA has been conducted to determine the efficiency of six schemes of the BNY for the time period of 2013–2015. The input variables selected were; designated investment and total amount released by the central government against the output variable of number of villages covered or achieved. The analysis of the data observed that only the telecommunication scheme has constant efficiency of 1.000 for all the years. On the other hand, the least efficiency from the Constant Return to Scale model was found for Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme (AIBP) (0.014 for 2013; 0.026 for 2014 and 0.007 for 2015). Again, the Variable Return to Scale model indicated technical efficiency for the electrification scheme and telecommunication for all the years. Further, in terms of technical efficiency, all the schemes had decreasing change where Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) showed the highest change with 99.98% and the telecommunication scheme reflected the least change. Furthermore, the productivity index was found to be highest for Telecommunications (1.443) followed by AIBP (1.312), and the lowest productivity index was found for Rajiv Gandhi Gramin Vidyutikaran Yojana (RGGVY) (0.353). Thus, it was interpreted that among all the schemes, telecommunications scheme was the most efficient.

The Application of Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and Fuzzy Delphi Technique to Assess Socio-Economic Impacts of Construction of Rural Roads

Abstract One of the key elements for rural development is the connectivity using proper roads, which enhances the passage for economic and social utilities with overall socio-economic development. Socio-economic impact assessment (SEIA) forms one of the significant measures to evaluate the outcome received through infrastructure development in rural areas. SEIA modeling under computational intelligence coupled with fuzzy framework provides significant ground to deal with both qualitative and quantitative data. This study proposes a novel methodology by using Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) with Fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) to evaluate socio-economic impacts. The effectiveness of the methodology is presented through a case study for 27 habitations connected with all-weather rural roads constructed under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) scheme in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan State, India. 33 key-parameters under five different criteria are considered for SEIA. For a comprehensive view of the impacts, the results are depicted using ArcGIS tool.

Impact of rural road construction on the local livelihood diversification: evidence from Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana in Jhunjhunu district, India

Rural roads contribute significantly to the socio-economic and cultural development of rural habitations/villages. Improved road infrastructure facilitates rural population to look for work beyond their respective communities. They fuel the development of non-farm markets and create possible livelihood diversification opportunities for rural people, thereby decreasing their liability to economic distresses. The developing countries like India have been introducing various schemes to improve the status of their citizens. In 2000, Government of India launched Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) with a broad objective of improving the mobility of the rural population to achieve sustainable development in a phased manner. This article proposes a comprehensive approach to investigate the impact of the development of rural road infrastructure on livelihood diversification of the target population at the habitation level by employing fuzzy framework. It also accounts econometric modeling to assess the influence of diversification and control variables on household income. The effectiveness of the proposed model is illustrated by taking a case study of the construction of PMGSY roads in Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan state, India. The findings reveal that newly constructed roads have been used prominently for agricultural activities. However, there is minimal growth in other occupations leading to low diversification of livelihood due to unawareness and lack of resources. It is, therefore, necessary that the policy makers should focus to implement reliable schemes to maximize livelihood diversification in a sustainable way. Thus, rural population can be served in an effective manner by promoting both farm and non-farm activities.

Impact of PMGSY Roads on Education: A Case Study on Dudu and Chaksu Blocks of Jaipur, Rajasthan

Increased connectivity and accessibility provided by rural roads help in realising and developing the potential of a region. Rural roads are arteries through which benefits of development flow from one region to another. The level of accessibility determines the extent of development and quality of life. Realising the potential of rural road connectivity to transform our country into a developed nation, the Government of India formulated and implemented the nationwide road development programme in rural areas popularly known as Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) in 2000. The most visible and important impact of rural roads has been on education sector that helps in forming human capital of a region which in turn leads to its holistic development. The paper is an attempt to present the positive relationship between construction of rural roads under PMGSY and increase in educational facilities in Dudu and Chaksu blocks of Jaipur district. The access of education could be directly linked to the opening up of private school in the villages due to ease of access of the students from the nearby villages. Now, there has been a significant increase in the attendance of the students in the schools due to easier, safer and faster access. The attendance of the school teachers is also regularised; enrolment and attendance of female students have improved due to fewer dropouts, better delivery of education, better facilities and so on. Roads are certainly acting as a carrier of growth, prosperity and development to the villages. Potentials of various geospatial tools and techniques have been used for the integration of spatial and attribute data and understanding their characteristics for better management and analysis.

Road safety analysis using multi criteria approach: A case study in India

Abstract Road Safety Analysis (RSA) ensure prevention of loss of human life and damage to property which is a procedure to assess the safety standards of a road and helps in the overall decision making process of road management. Road are to be prioritized based on Safety levels to identify the most vulnerable roads to provide mitigation measures. In this paper a study was carried out to determine the priority of safety requirements of a certain category of rural roads, viz., Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) roads in the Jhunjhunu district of Rajasthan, India. Multi-criteria techniques were used to quantify the safety levels. Further analysis has also been done on the road having the worst safety features to rank various stretches. The parameters vital for safety have been selected and quantified using three multi-criteria decision making analysis tools: Simple Additive Weightage (SAW), Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Fuzzy AHP methods and results are compared. The methodology presented herein gives an insight to prioritize roads for safety mitigation measures which is expected to be useful to various Decision Makers.

Performance Evaluation of Gravel Road Sections Sealed Using Open Graded Premix Surfacing with Bitumen and Bitumen Emulsion as the Binders

In developing countries like India, rural areas lack adequate transportation facilities. The Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD), Government of India (GoI) decided to develop rural roads under Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY). The objective of this program is to achieve connectivity to all habitations under different climatic conditions. There are certain disadvantages associated with construction of the rural roads using gravel like dust generation, gravel loss over a period of time due to passage of vehicles and inaccessibility during rains. The best solution to reduce these problems is to seal the gravel roads instead of maintaining it, since many studies showed that the maintenance of unsealed road is more costly than the sealed road over a period of time. Hence, a project has been taken up to give full and all weather connectivity using locally available materials. Up to the surface course, the selected road was constructed using the locally available gravel. Many sealing techniques are available, out of which, open graded premix surfacing (OGPS) was opted in this study. This paper aims at studying the performance evaluation of gravel surface sealed with OGPS. The variables considered in this study are: gravel surface type, primer rate, and binder type. Past researchers found that the roughness, skid resistance and texture depth significantly affect the performance of sealed gravel roads and these three parameters are considered as performance indicators in this study. Eight sets of data were collected at regular intervals starting from November 2013 to March 2015. The surface distresses were also measured. From the analysis it was observed that the roughness on emulsion based OGPS was more when compared to bitumen based OGPS. Emulsion based OGPS resulted in less texture depth when compared to bitumen based OGPS. Skid resistance varied differently with respect to the binder type, type of surface course and priming rate. Even though there is little effect of gravel surface course type on roughness and texture depth, the effect of primer rate on roughness, texture depth, and skid resistance is negligible.

MGNREGA: A Boon to Rural Development

The term Rural Development is the overall development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people. In India, out of total population, 83.3 crores of population living in rural areas (Census of India, 2011) and this population is characterized by mass poverty, low levels of literacy and income, high level of unemployment, and poor nutrition and health status. The rural developmental programmers intends to reduce the poverty and unemployment, to improve the health and educational status and to fulfill the basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing of the rural population. To improve the conditions of rural people, Government of India has launched various schemes such as Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), Rastriya Sama Vikas Yojana (RSVY), Indira Awas Yojana (IAY), Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY), Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP), Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY), Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS), Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA), etc. All these schemes are aimed to reduce the gap between rural and urban people, which would help reduce economic imbalances and speed up the development process. This article is highlights Impact, Issues and Challenges of MGNREGA on Rural Development

DESIGN OF RURAL ROAD IN UTTARAKHAND

The transportation by the road is the only mode which could give maximum service to one and all. This mode has also the maximum flexibility for travel with reference to route, direction, time and speed of travel etc. through any mode of road vehicle. It is possible to provide door to door service only by road transport. The other three modes, viz., airways, waterways and railways have to depend on transportation by roads for the service to and from their respective terminals, airports, harbors or stations. The road net work is therefore needed not only to serve as feeder system for other modes of transportation and to supplement them, but also to provide independent facility for road travel by a well planned network of roads throughout the country. The nation’s socio-economic and cultural growth is mainly dependent on its speedy, safe, economic and efficient transports system. One of the important functions of transportation is providing accessibility and rural roads to fulfill this. Though this sectors did not get the required attention in the past, the mega projects of Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) addressed this issue and envisaged to provide connectivity to all the habitations having population of more then 500 throughout the country and to the habitations of above 250+ populations in North Eastern States, Hilly States, and Desert Areas. While providing the infra structure for rural connectivity, efforts are being made in working out the details of design and construction for rural roads. The Indian roads congress (IRC) has brought out Rural Roads manual (RRM) IRC SP 20:2002. The design aspects, in addition to planning, construction, quality control, maintenance and source of financing are dealt in the RRM. The important aspect of developing low volume roads in rural areas is to aim at providing basic access at minimum cost covering as many as villages as possible, within the allocated funds. To keep the developmental costs to minimum, yet at appropriate levels of serviceability, choice of material is an important consideration. This paper aims for design of 1.539 Km long rural road in Haridwar district connecting Beldi-village to NH-58. The road serves as a life line for people and need proper metalling. This paper discuss about surveying and levelling of proposed road, Traffic Data survey, Laboratory test of material of construction and designing of road based on codal provision.

Application of Factor Analysis in Maintenance Management of Low Volume Roads

The maintenance management of low volume rural roads in developing countries presents a variety of challenges to road designers and managers. Rural roads comprise over 85% of the road network in India, and their serviceable condition is crucial to the rural economy. The present study aims to develop an index for rating the condition of pavements of low volume rural roads under the national rural road program, namely Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) in a typical district in India, so that the index can be used as a decision support tool for the maintenance management of low volume rural roads. A visual condition survey of the selected roads included evaluation of the conditions for shoulders, drains, cross drainage structures, camber and pavement distresses viz., potholes, crack areas, and edge breaks at every 200 m section. The data were collected for a period of three years. A multivariate technique, factor analysis, was used to calculate the index number for every 200 m pavement section in the study area. Data on 12 indicators of pavement conditions were factor analyzed (principal components and varimax rotation) and four factors were extracted, namely distress factor, side drainage factor, shoulder vegetation factor, and cross drainage factor. A total variance of 77.8% was explained by these factors. The index numbers were standardized as percentages for easy comparison across all sections and named as Visual Condition Index (VCI).

Cluster-Based Pavement Deterioration Models for Low-Volume Rural Roads

The management of low-volume rural roads in developing countries presents a range of challenges to road designers and managers. Rural roads comprise over 85 percent of the road network in India. The present study aims at development of deterioration models for the optimum maintenance management of the rural roads under a rural road programme namely Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) in India. Visual condition survey along the selected low-volume rural roads considers parameters like condition of shoulders, drainage features, cross-drainage structures, and camber, and pavement distresses, namely, potholes, crack area, and edge break, are collected for a period of three years. The deterioration models have a significant role in the pavement maintenance management system. However, the performance of a pavement depends on several factors. Cluster analysis can be used to group the pavement sections so that the performance of pavements in different clusters can be studied. Nonhierarchical clustering technique of k-means clustering was considered. Separate deterioration models have been developed for each of the clusters. A comparison of the models developed with and without clustered sections reveals that the clustering of pavement sections are preferred for the efficient rural road maintenance management.