Practice Of Traditional Medicine Research Articles

Geleneksel Tedavi Yöntemleri Bağlamında Hamzalı Köyü Babuç Türbesi Üzerine Halk Bilimsel Bir İnceleme

Bu çalışmada Kırıkkale ili Sulakyurt ilçesi Hamzalı köyünde bulunan Babuç Türbesi'ndeki geleneksel halk hekimliği uygulamaları ve ocakları ele alınmıştır. Saha araştırmalarında modern tıptan uzak ve özgün haliyle yaşayan bu inanç ve uygulamalar gözlem ve görüşme yoluyla kayıt altına alınmıştır. Diğer bölgelerde farklı biçimlerde devam eden inanç pratikleriyle ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Nüfusun azaldığı köylerde ise bu uygulamalar genç kuşaklara aktarılamadığı için yok olma tehlikesiyle karşı karşıyadır. Bu geleneksel şifa süreçleri başka birçok yerde de görülmektedir. Bir aileden kan bağıyla aktarılan tedavi yöntemi birçok araştırmaya konu olmuş ve ocak müessesesini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Doğal ortamda uygulanışı ve adımları takip edilen ocakçılık, halk hekimliği, şifa, dilek dileme, bez bağlama, kurban kesme gibi pek çok konudan söz edilebilir. Türbeye ve içinde olduğuna inanılan ele duyulan saygı; yaratıcıya minnetin bir şekli olan kurbanın, halk hekimliğindeki önemi açıklanmıştır. Araştırmada sürdürülen uygulamalar ve inanışlar kayıt altına alınmıştır. Köyde ikamet edenlerin yanı sıra türbeyi ziyarete gelen kişilerle de görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Bu geleneksel tedavi yöntemi yaşatılmaya devam edilmekte ve gelecek nesillere aktarılmaya çalışılmaktadır. Anahtar Kelimeler: Kırıkkale, Türbe, Babuç, Halk Hekimliği, Ocak, İnceleme.

Indigenous systems of forest conservation: a tool for traditional medical practices in Akyem Abuakwa traditional area of Ghana

Forest conservation is a very important concept across the world. It is not only crucial for climate change but also very critical for the survival of humanity. In Africa, forests have always been an important aspect of nature that is regarded with uttermost reverence and care. Importantly, discussions on health, healthcare, culture, economics and other factors have been associated with forests. Part of this benefit is the use of herbs from the forests for local medicinal purposes. The current study sought to ascertain the value of conserving forests resources for indigenous herbal medicine among the Akyem Abuakwa people of Ghana. Among other things, it aimed at exploring the indigenous means or methods of conserving forests in Africa. The study adopted a purely qualitative research approach, with a blend of interviews and secondary materials. From the current discourse, it was revealed that African traditional medicine, both spiritual and physical, make very good use of the forests. From earliest times, several strategies and indigenous knowledge systems were deployed to ensure a proper means for the protection of herbal plants, trees and animal parts to enhance the practice of traditional medicine in Akyem Abuakwa. Based on the findings and discussions arising from the research, we argue that rigorous education and orientation programmes toward the protection and sustenance of the forest environment should suffice. Howbeit, the discussions and debates surrounding African indigenous forest conservation and its contribution to African medicinal resources appear to be complex. Such puzzlement must be resolved with continuous research beyond this current contribution.

Evaluation of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Applications Used in the COVID-19 Pandemic

Objective: Traditional and complementary medicine practices have been used to protect and treat physical and mental diseases in different cultures and beliefs from past to present. In this study, it was aimed to determine which of the traditional and complementary medicine applications was used and its effectiveness in the pandemic.
 Methods: 979 people aged 18 and over (between 18 and 73) participated in the study. In the online survey, province, age, gender, occupation, education status, marital status, presence of children, presence of chronic diseases, COVID-19 diagnosis status, whether there is a COVID-19 vaccine, awareness of traditional and complementary medicine practices and nutritional and food supplements, utilization has been questioned.
 Results: It was observed that no nutritional and food supplements used by the participants before and during the coronavirus pandemic did not reduce the frequency of being diagnosed with COVID-19.
 Conclusions: In the study, it was observed that no food and nutritional supplement reduced the frequency of receiving COVID-19. However, in order to evaluate the effectiveness of nutritional and food supplements, it was concluded that the sample of the participants should be equal in terms of occupation, age, whether they were infected or not, and that it should be supported by researches by questioning whether the patients diagnosed with COVID-19 had mild symptoms or not.

Ethnopharmacology

This editorial article provides a comprehensive overview of the medicinal use of plants in traditional medicinal practices with a focus on ethnopharmacology. The article begins with an introduction about the importance of researching traditional medicines and the challenges of researching these medicines. The authors also emphasize the importance of respecting indigenous knowledge and cultural diversity. Overall, this review demonstrates the potential of Ayurvedic, Homeopathy, Nutraceuticals, Allopathy and herbal medicines as a source of valuable health information and emphasizes the importance of further research in this area.

Naturopathic education in Ghana; Commentary on progress made towards curriculum development

The quest to improve the modern study of Naturopathy in Ghana started in 2016 with professional certifications introduced by the then Nyarkotey College of Holistic Medicine. The college received accreditation from the Traditional Medicine Practice Council (TMPC) of the Ministry of Health. Between 2020 and 2021, the college found the need to take the study of African naturopathy to the tertiary level. The college started its national accreditation arrangement under the Commission for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (CTVET) at the Higher National Diploma and Bachelor of Technology in Naturopathy and Holistic Medicine. The curriculum for Naturopathy was based on Ghana’s harmonized Competency Based Training (CBT). This paper presents a commentary on the progress made toward curriculum development and accreditation for Ghana’s first Naturopathy program at the tertiary level.

THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL AND BIOEVALUATION OF (CHRYSOPOGON ZIZANIOIDES): A NARRATIVE REVIEW

Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides ) is a plant that has been utilized in various fields such as medicine, aroma, commerce, environmental protection, and agriculture, owing to its traditional significance and versatile properties. Vetiver has a diverse historical background in traditional medicinal practices; however, only a limited number of research articles have documented its efficacy in disease treatment. The objective of this review was to collate current data about the phytochemistry, pharmacology, and customary applications of Chrysopogon zizanioides (C. zizanioides). The primary objective of the manuscript is to integrate pertinent, genuine, and current information. Relevant articles were also extracted from online databases, including PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct. The findings of the compilation process indicate that the efficacy of vetiver's traditional uses has been confirmed through the testing of different extracts of this plant part against disease-based pharmacological models. Nevertheless, further comprehensive research is required to substantiate the extraction of bioactive compounds and elucidate their mode of operation. The process of extracting oil necessitates the implementation of distinctive and resilient methodologies, the advancement of which may expedite the identification of biologically advantageous utilities.

English

The conservation of medicinal plants must be an all-inclusive endeavor that factors in the contribution of all stakeholders, both formal and informal. This paper highlights the importance of sociocultural aspects in the conservation of medicinal plant sources and resources using both traditional and modern conservation strategies. Efficacious traditional conservation strategies that featured prominently in the study include cultural methods of preventing overharvesting, enforcing social and cultural taboos, totemism, rituals and norms. Modern conservation strategies are mainly in situ and ex situ refined with education and research. The paper underscores the application of both local and modern conservation approaches ensuring a multipronged measure to have a sustainable traditional medicine trade and practice alongside market expansion. There is need for a well-structured harmonization of both traditional and modern conservation strategies for a holistic conservation of medicinal plant species.   Key words: Conservation, medicinal plants, sociocultural aspects, harmonization.

Comprehensive Review on Origin, Distribution, Micropropagation and Agronomical Practices of Gymnema sylvestre R. Br

Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. is a medicinal crop that belongs to the Apocynaceae family and occurs throughout Asia, Africa, and Australia. This herb is used in several traditional medicine practices for a wide range of ailments, including in Ayurevda, for its potential to reduce blood glucose levels. It is used as a pharmacological ingredient, mainly for the presence of bioactive phytochemicals such as gurmarin, gymnemic acid, and gymnemasaponins, which have been shown to lower glucose levels. Gymnema sylvestre is also recognized as an important nutritional supplement for its antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, gastro- and hepatoprotective, anti-cancer, and lipid-lowering properties. The main objective of this study is to have a comprehensive review of Gymnema sylvestre on origin and distribution, germplasm availability, a package of practices and post-harvest practices to increase the area under cultivation of this herb. Despite having a well-developed package of practices, this herb is rarely cultivated and nearly 80% of the required quantities are being collected from wild sources, which will lead to extinction. This study will provide an unabridged repository of references regarding the species for its effective and safe utilization as a "potential medicinal herb" for creating awareness on the use of plant-based medicine.

Critical review on potentials of ethnopharmacological, ethnomedicinal and traditional practices of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig Ex L.) J. F. Macbr. (Family: Sapotaceae)

The importance of medicinal plants in traditional medicinal practices and their contribution to biodiversity preservation is now widely acknowledged. It is well recognized that the traditional application of medicinal plants in medicinal operations offers guidance for brand-new study areas. Ethnopharmacological studies are very helpful in the creation of herbal medications. One of the primary goals of these studies, which provide scientific documentation for medicinal plants used for specific therapeutic purposes, is the development of superior preparations for use by peoples. It is now commonly recognized how crucial the traditional medicinal uses of plants are for opening up new research areas. It is essential to preserve the traditional knowledge of ethnomedicine. Economic factors are significant, but traditional techniques also have appeal for social, cultural, and medicinal reasons. Madhuca longifolia has pharmaceutical, ethnomedicinal and ethnopharmacological values. The parts used include flowers, fruits, seeds, leaves, barks etc. This medicinal plant is effective against various diseases, e.g. cancer, ulcers, as well as snakebite. So, the aim and rationale of the study were to explore the ethnopharmacological, ethnomedicinal and traditional practices of Madhuca longifolia (J. Koenig Ex L.) J. F. Macbr. (Family: Sapotaceae).

Medicinal Plants of Iowa: Connecting Science and Tradition

Humans have used plants to treat illnesses since prehistoric times. Though modern Western medicine consists of pills and injections rather than leaves and flowers, the plant-derived compounds in many medications show evidence of this history. This project aims to connect medicinal plants’ traditional and historical uses with the findings of modern scientists. Medicinal Plants of Iowa provides Iowa residents who are interested in herbal remedies with a resource that describes the healing properties of plants commonly found in the state. As well as healing properties, a description of each plant’s appearance and preferred habitat type is provided, allowing users to identify plants more easily. The book uses jargon-free, comprehensible language to describe the outcomes of clinical trials involving medicinal plants and compare these findings to the plants’ uses in traditional medicine. Traditional medicine practices were built through generations of experimentation but are often intertwined with religion and ritual. While this can paint traditional medicine in an unscientific light, it is evident that these practices have inspired contemporary scientific research and have thus contributed to modern medicine as we know it. 

The Legislative and Regulatory Framework Governing Traditional and Alternative Medicine Practice in the Gambia: A Short Communication

Traditional and alternative medicine practitioners have an important role to play in the Gambian Healthcare sector, yet they have been sidelined.
 I believe that the nature of the Gambian Healthcare sector stands to benefit more if practitioners are regulated effectively. The healthcare setup in the country is inadequate in caring for all the medical needs of the population. I was amazed to read about how a ferry transporting people and an ambulance carrying a patient to Senegal got stuck at sea for over 10 hours.
 The resultant effect is that the patient died on the Ferry. If Pluralist medicine is promoted and integrated into the Gambian healthcare system; I believe that more lives will be preserved and better quality of care will be appreciated.
 But these can only be achieved with legislation and effective regulation of the practitioners. The sad thing is that there is healthcare legislation in the Gambia but none appears to have an effect to regulate the practitioners. I explore them in this legal short communication article.

The spatial distribution of traditional intangible cultural heritage medicine of China and its influencing factors

Intangible cultural heritage (ICH) of traditional Chinese medicine is a vivid testimony to the continuous inheritance of Chinese civilization. The study of ICH of traditional Chinese medicine from the perspective of the geographical environment, spatial relationships and diachronic development is of great significance for understanding objectively the reasons for the formation of spatial distribution patterns of ICH and the pathways and extent of its spread; as a consequence, such information can help us improve our understanding of the integrity and historical continuity of culture. From a geography perspective, this study seeks to explore the spatial patterns of traditional Chinese medicine ICH based on knowledge concerning the extent of spreading of traditional Chinese medicine ICH. At the same time, the spatial analysis technique ArcGIS is used to express the spatiotemporal development of traditional Chinese medicine ICH in a simple, clear and visual way. Also, the factors influencing the spatial distribution of traditional Chinese medicine ICH are analyzed. The main findings are as follows: (1) The spatial distribution of traditional Chinese medicine ICH practices is cohesive as a whole, with a tendency to aggregate and strong imbalance in distribution. (2) There are significant differences in the classification and number of traditional Chinese medicine ICH. (3) Traditional Chinese medicine ICH practices have obvious differentiation in time and space distribution when factoring in their announcement in batches. (4) Traditional medicine practices have significant spatial autocorrelation. Appreciation of the aforementioned features allows us to gain consensus on the development and evolution of traditional Chinese medicine ICH, and hence can justify how we allocate funds to promote traditional Chinese medicine ICH projects, paying particular attention to researching the historical context, and preserving the extraction of the local characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine ICH.

Innovation of Development Model for Health-Preserving Tourism in Yunnan Province, China

The development of health-preserving tourism has become a new trend in the tourism industry, and it has played an important role in promoting social and economic development. Yunnan Province, located in southwestern China, has abundant tourism resources and a long history of traditional medicine and health preservation practices. In recent years, Yunnan Province has made significant efforts to develop health-preserving tourism, and it has achieved remarkable results. However, there are still challenges that need to be addressed, such as the lack of innovation in the development model and the need for better integration of traditional medicine and modern medical practices. This paper aims to explore the innovation of the development model for health-preserving tourism in Yunnan Province. The innovative development model for health-preserving tourism in Yunnan Province should focus on three key areas: product development, marketing, and supporting services. In terms of product development, Yunnan Province should focus on the integration of traditional medicine and modern medical practices to develop new health-preserving tourism products that meet the needs of different tourists. In terms of marketing, Yunnan Province should strengthen its brand image and develop targeted marketing strategies to attract different types of tourists. In terms of supporting services, Yunnan Province should improve the quality of tourism services and infrastructure, such as transportation, accommodation, and medical facilities. The innovation of the development model for health-preserving tourism in Yunnan Province has significant implications for the tourism industry and the local economy. The findings of this study provide insights for policymakers, industry practitioners, and researchers to promote the sustainable development of health-preserving tourism in Yunnan Province and other regions.

"'We'd Just Patch Ourselves up': Preference for Holistic Approaches to Healthcare and Traditional Medicine among Members of a State-Recognized Tribe".

Background:Health disparities between Native Americans and white Americans persist due to a variety of factors, including colonization, poverty, and racism. Racist interpersonal interactions between nurses and other healthcare providers and tribal members may also contribute to reluctance among Native Americans to engage with Western healthcare systems. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to better understand the healthcare experiences of members of a state-recognized Gulf Coast tribe. Methods: In partnership with a community advisory board, 31 semistructured interviews were conducted, transcribed, and analyzed utilizing a qualitative description approach. Results: All participants mentioned their preferences, views about, or experiences of using natural or traditional medicine approaches (referenced 65 times). Emergent themes include (a) preference for and use of traditional medicine; (b) resistance to western healthcare systems; (c) preference for holistic approaches to health; and (d) negative provider interpersonal interactions contributing to reluctance in seeking care. Conclusion: These findings suggest that integrating a holistic conceptualization of health and traditional medicine practices into Western healthcare settings would benefit Native Americans.

Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Leaf and Stem Extracts of Combretum molle (R. Br. ex G. Don.) Engl. & Diels.

Medicinal plants offer reasonable and accessible alternatives to synthetic drugs and are often devoid of the adverse side effects, toxicity, and pathogenic resistance associated with synthetic medicine. Combretum molle has been utilized in African traditional medicinal practices and purportedly contains bioactive compounds with medicinally beneficial effects. This study investigated the hexane, chloroform, and methanol leaf and stem extracts for their antioxidant properties using the 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power assays. The study additionally analyzed the methanol extracts for their antibacterial activity against Gram-negative Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) bacteria using agar well diffusion. Relative to the scavenging activity of the ascorbic acid control (79.15 ± 0.63% at 15 µg/mL to 94.61 ± 0.12% at 240 µg/mL), the plant's radical scavenging activities were exceptionally high in the methanolic leaf and stem extracts (p < 0.05), ranging from 94.58 ± 1.10% at 15 µg/mL to 99.22 ± 0.30% at 240 µg/mL and 91.57 ± 1.71% at 15 µg/mL to 99.60 ± 0.20% at 240 µg/mL, respectively, suggesting a strong capacity to donate hydrogen ions. High scavenging activities were additionally observed in the chloroform stem (78.68 ± 1.18% at 15 µg/mL to 98.14 ± 1.22% at 240 µg/mL) and hexane leaf (72.12 ± 4.38% at 15 µg/mL to 89.87 ± 1.50% at 240 µg/mL) extracts (p < 0.05). All extracts exhibited poor ferric-reducing abilities in relation to the gallic acid control (100 ± 0.00%) at all concentrations (p < 0.05). The leaf and stem extracts exhibited broad-spectrum antibiotic capabilities against both tested strains, with significant activity at higher concentrations (p < 0.05). Overall, both the leaf and stem extracts of C. molle exhibited similar antioxidant and antibacterial activities. These findings warrant further pharmacological research on C. molle for potential drug development.

Traditional health practices: A qualitative inquiry among traditional health practitioners in northern Uganda on becoming a healer, perceived causes of illnesses, and diagnostic approaches.

The practice of traditional and complementary medicine is increasing in most low-and middle-income countries especially for chronic communicable and non-communicable diseases. In this study, we aimed to understand how people gain healing power and become traditional health practitioners (THPs), perceived causes of illnesses, and how THPs diagnose illnesses. This was a cross-sectional qualitative interview-based study. We used semi-structured in-depth guides to collect data from THPs identified through the Acoli cultural institutions and snowball sampling technique. The study team visited the THPs and interviewed them in their homes. Some THPs allowed the study team to visit them more than once and as well observe their healing practices and medicines. Thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the data. Atlas.ti version 9.2 was used to support data analysis. Twenty two THPs aged 39-80 years were included in the study. Most of the respondents were male, and married. We identified three main themes: (i) how people gain healing power and become traditional health practitioners; (ii) perceived causes of illnesses; and (iii) how illnesses are diagnosed. The majority of respondents reported that most people become THPs through: inheriting healing power from their parents or grandparents; transfer of healing powers from senior healers; instructions during visions and dreams; and, acquiring healing power during spirits possessions. Perceived causes of illnesses included: fate and natural causes, spirits attacks, curses by elders, witchcraft, contagion and infections, poor hygiene, heredity, and malevolent actions. THPs diagnose illnesses through various approaches including consultations with spirits, observing patterns of occurrences and events, evaluation of symptoms and signs of illnesses, use of bones from animals/birds and other objects to diagnose illnesses, performing diagnostic rituals, and using biomedical laboratory testing in health facilities. Healing knowledge and powers are acquired in particular ways that can be traced to appraise authenticity of healers during registration and licensing to ensure safety of patients. Understanding perspectives of the THPS on causes of illnesses and how diagnoses are made potentially informs strategies for integration and or collaboration between the national biomedical health system and traditional health practices.

Chemical Profile Determination and Quantitative Analysis of Components in Oryeong-san Using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-MS and UPLC-TQ-MS/MS.

In this study, a method to both qualitatively and quantitively analyze the components of Oryeong-san (ORS), which is composed of five herbal medicines (Alisma orientale Juzepzuk, Polyporus umbellatus Fries, Atractylodes japonica Koidzumi, Poria cocos Wolf, and Cinnamomum cassia Presl) and is prescribed in traditional Oriental medicine practices, was established for the first time. First, ORS components were profiled using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry, and 19 compounds were clearly identified via comparison against reference standard compounds. Subsequently, a quantitative method based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry was established to simultaneously measure the identified compounds. Nineteen compounds were accurately quantified using the multiple-reaction-monitoring mode and used to analyze the sample; we confirmed that coumarin was the most abundant compound. The method was validated, achieving good linearity (R2 ≤ 0.9991), recovery (RSD, 0.11-3.15%), and precision (RSD, 0.35-9.44%). The results suggest that this method offers a strategy for accurately and effectively determining the components of ORS, and it can be used for quality assessment and management.

History of Traditional Medicine Practices in Sudan: REVIEW

The history of Sudanese traditional medicine is well-established and ancient since the civilization of Kush and Meroe, through the Islamic kingdoms in Sennar, Kordofan, and Darfur, up to the period of Turkish and English-Egyptian colonization, and the development of traditional medicine until it reached what it is now in Sudan from the spread of folk healers. Traditional medicine healers are those who practice medicine by genetics, experience, knowledge, and subjective experience. In this chapter, the most important traditional healing practices such as Alfaki, Alkaiy, All Basir, etc. have been highlighted throughout history.

Traditional Health Care Practitioners' Perspectives on Applying Informed Consent During African Traditional Medical Practice in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria: A Cross-Sectional Qualitative Study.

Introduction: This study explored the perspectives of traditional health care practitioners (THPs) practicing in the areas of herbalism, bone setting, and traditional birth attendance, from Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria, on the possibility and implications of applying informed consent (IC) during African traditional medicine (ATM) practice. Methods: Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 THPs, consisting of 5 herbalists, 3 traditional bone setters (TBS), and 3 traditional birth attendants (TBAs), who represented the diverse groups that the study intended to cover. In-depth interviews were conducted using a semistructured guide and were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis with the assistance of NVivo® qualitative analysis software. Results: Participants were seven males (64%) and four females (36%), 35-67 years of age, with 5-25 years of experience as THPs. Forty-six percent of participants were herbalists (27%), TBS, and TBAs (27%). Most participants (82%) were Annang, and (18%) were Ibibio first-language speakers. Three major themes emerged from the data analysis: (i) Existing ethical framework related to IC, (ii) knowledge of consent, and (iii) application of IC during traditional medical practice. These themes and relevant subthemes were explored. All (100%) THPs agreed that it was essential to communicate risks and benefits while allowing patients to ask questions before treatment. All participants (100%) stated that risk communication is essential in ATM, whereas 36% said they communicated all therapy benefits to their patients. Respondents believed patients could make an informed choice if they had complete information disclosure. However, THPs in this study had limited knowledge of formal IC rules and regulations. Conclusions: This study revealed that THPs in this setting disclose a diagnosis, risks, some benefits, and treatment options to patients. Consent/agreement was obtained verbally and voluntarily during ATM practice, consistent with IC doctrine. THPs had limited knowledge of the critical elements of IC. However, they suggested that a form of IC that does not conflict with traditional African norms could be applicable in ATM. IC could facilitate documentation and help reduce risks in ATM practice.

Genomic and transcriptomic analysis of sacred fig (Ficus religiosa)

BackgroundPeepal/Bodhi tree (Ficus religiosa L.) is an important, long-lived keystone ecological species. Communities on the Indian subcontinent have extensively employed the plant in Ayurveda, traditional medicine, and spiritual practices. The Peepal tree is often thought to produce oxygen both during the day and at night by Indian folks. The goal of our research was to produce molecular resources using whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing techniques.ResultsThe complete genome of the Peepal tree was sequenced using two next-generation sequencers Illumina HiSeq1000 and MGISEQ-2000. We assembled the draft genome of 406 Mb, using a hybrid assembly workflow. The genome annotation resulted in 35,093 protein-coding genes; 53% of its genome consists of repetitive sequences. To understand the physiological pathways in leaf tissues, we analyzed photosynthetically distinct conditions: bright sunny days and nights. The RNA-seq analysis supported the expression of 26,479 unigenes. The leaf transcriptomic analysis of the diurnal and nocturnal periods revealed the expression of the significant number of genes involved in the carbon-fixation pathway.ConclusionsThis study presents a draft hybrid genome assembly for F. religiosa and its functional annotated genes. The genomic and transcriptomic data-derived pathways have been analyzed for future studies on the Peepal tree.