Practical Level Research Articles

Gender composition in the work environment and physicians’ income from Medicare Part B fee-for-service payments: evidence from longitudinal data

BackgroundDespite the rising representation of women in the physician workforce, gender-based income disparities persist. In this study, we explore the role of representation of women in the work environment in physicians’ income from Medicare Part B fee-for-service payments and the income gender gap.MethodsOur main analytic sample is a balanced panel of 371,472 physicians over 9 years, obtained from the Medicare Part B fee-for-service (FFS) Provider Utilization and Payment Data (2012–2020) from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). We use panel regressions with physician and year fixed effects to quantify how total Medicare Part B FFS payments to physicians patient volume, and per-patient payments respond to gender composition changes at the specialty and practice level, controlling for other practice characteristics. We allow the gender composition to have differential impacts on women and men by interacting it with the physician’s gender. In addition, we examined the subsample of physicians who have not switched specialties or practices and explored differences in the effects by practice size.ResultsIncreasing women’s representation in physician work environments impacts men’s and women’s Medicare Part B FFS payments received differently. We find that for women physicians, a 1% increase in the share of women in the same specialty leads to 1.634% higher annual payment, 1.147% more patients, and 0.297% more per-patient payment. Conversely, these effects are reversed for men. Changes in women’s share at the practice level have qualitatively similar effects. Among physicians who have not switched specialties or practices, we still find positive effects for women but no negative effects for men. Furthermore, these effects are stronger in solo or small practices than in large practices.ConclusionsIncreasing women’s representation in the work environment helps increase the amount of Medicare Part B FFS payments received for women physicians but may reduce payments received for men physicians. Our findings support the efforts in increasing women’s representation in the physician workforce to mitigate gender income disparities and demonstrate the nuanced differences in its impact by gender and the size of the practice to refine policy recommendations.

Knowledge, attitude, and practice of Palestinian critical care nurses about hemodynamic instability in patients with cardiovascular diseases

BackgroundManaging hemodynamic instability in critically ill patients due to cardiovascular disease or, in particular, coronary artery disease requires an integrated and responsive approach. The complexity lies in simultaneously addressing the underlying cardiovascular pathology and managing its systemic effects. The complexity described above involves a careful balance of interventions, including fluid and electrolyte management, pharmacological support, and, in some cases, mechanical circulatory support. The dynamic nature of hemodynamic instability necessitates constant vigilance and rapid adaptation of treatment strategies to align with the evolving clinical picture. So, this study aims to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practice of Palestinian critical care nurses about hemodynamic instability in patients with cardiovascular diseases.MethodA cross-sectional design was conducted on 300 nurses in 30 hospitals in the West Bank and East Jerusalem of Palestine. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire composed of four sections covering the socio-demographics, knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the sample. Quantitative statistical analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software.ResultsThe nurses demonstrated an almost low overall level of knowledge about hemodynamic instability, with a mean score of 2.7 on a 7-points scale. Additionally, nurses generally expressed a high positive attitude toward their practice, with a mean score of 3.8 on a 5-point scale. Although; Palestinian nurses showed a low level of knowledge about hemodynamic instability but expressed positive attitudes toward their practice. The practice level was also moderate with a mean score of 2.3 on a 5-point scale. Significant differences were found with a higher attitude of male nurses and higher knowledge with bachelor or higher educational levels. Other variables showed non-significant differences.ConclusionsSeveral challenges were identified, including lack of training and resources, within this study context. Educational interventions and improved access to resources could improve nurses’ knowledge and practice in managing hemodynamic instability.

Translingual Practice as a Communicative Resource in the Discourse of Foreign Language Teaching Researchers

AbstractThis paper reports on a self‐examination of two researchers’ translingual practices while working on a study. The researchers’ translingual practice emerged in the cross‐cutting area of different factors: The first author (Hayriye) was born to Turkish parents and grew up in Germany until the age of 19 before moving to Turkey. Living in Turkey for 32 years, Turkish became her dominant language. The second author (Stefan) is a German native speaker who had lived in Turkey for 22 years. He had acquired Turkish in Turkey without receiving formal instruction. The research site was a Turkish state university. Hayriye was assistant professor in the department of German language and literature, Stefan assistant professor in the English language teaching department. This paper's results are based on the discourse Hayriye and Stefan had while analyzing two German as a foreign language coursebooks. The transcribed discourse was analyzed using code‐switching as the theoretical framework to identify juxtapositions of the three languages used by the researchers (German, Turkish and English), language frequencies and directions as well as syntactic integration, thereby detecting patterns in the researchers’ translingual practices. Also, conversation analysis was employed to identify functions of code‐switches. The results show distinct patterns of each speaker and identified functions that document how language alternation serves as a communicative resource to co‐construct knowledge. Besides, instances of translingual practices can be connected to specific factors of the discourse context, and evidence is provided for multilingual speakers’ awareness of languages as separable systems.

Needs and expectations of healthcare professionals regarding the topic of alcohology: Results of a survey conducted in France in 2022

ContextAlcohol-related health problems represent a significant public health concern, and it is imperative for the healthcare team to accurately perceive and detect these issues to provide appropriate care. The objective of this survey was to evaluate the knowledge, practices, and educational background of healthcare professionals in the field of alcohol-related health concerns, aiming to identify their information requirements. MethodsThis study employs a cross-sectional descriptive survey methodology, in which data were gathered through a digital questionnaire designed for healthcare professionals (including those in medical, paramedical, and medico-social professions) working in addictology services as well as other relevant services across France and its overseas departments. ResultsA total of 611 questionnaires were deemed usable for analysis. A considerable percentage of participants reported their knowledge and skills to be insufficient or very insufficient, with rates of 33 % and 36 %, respectively. Moreover, a significant proportion of respondents (≈ 28 %) stated that they had received no education in addictology. Our results highlight differences in levels of knowledge and competence among the various healthcare settings, notably with lower reported levels of satisfaction in hospital settings (public and private), private practice, and in Harm Reduction Centers. Furthermore, certain professions reported unsatisfactory levels of skills and knowledge in alcohol-related issues, particularly support staff, pharmacists, expert patients, administrative staff, and social workers. These findings suggest the need to enhance knowledge and skills by tailoring interventions according to the specific healthcare settings and professions. Additionally, the priority themes and channels for disseminating information varied depending on age, region, and professional category. ConclusionThis survey reveals a low level of knowledge, practice, and education in addictology, emphasizing the critical need for training. The importance of training extends not only to the priority topics addressed but also to the channels used for dissemination, all while customizing them to suit the age, professional category, structure, and region of healthcare professionals.

Development of Interactice Powerpoint on the Subject of Aqeeda Akhlak for Grade IX

This development research is caused by lacking interest and desire of students to learn, due to insufficiency of variety in the availability of interesting media for learning, especially PAI learning media. The aim of this research is to develop a PowerPoint learning media product on Aqeeda Akhlak material at MTsN 3 Aceh Besar and to ascertain the level of practicability and response of teachers and students to the product created. This research applied research and development methods with the 4D development model: (Define, Design, Development, and Dissemination) which was developed by Thiagarajan in 1974. Data collection techniques were carried out using validation sheets, and the response of teacher and student questionnaires. The products developed by researchers are 2 PowerPoint media about Faith in the Last Day for odd semesters and Avoiding Deviant Behavior in Adolescent Relationships for even semesters. The percentage of final validation results in the material field was 85%, and the percentage of final results in the media field was 95.5%. The total percentage of validators was 90.25% in the "Very Valid" category. The response of teacher was 95% in the "Strongly Agree" category, while the response of student was 93.35% in the "Strongly Agree" category too. The results of the research show that the twolearning media of PowerPoint developed are suitable for use as media in learning Aqidah Akhlak This development research is caused by lacking interest and desire of students to learn, due to insufficiency of variety in the availability of interesting media for learning, especially PAI learning media. The aim of this research is to develop a PowerPoint learning media product on Aqeeda Akhlak material at MTsN 3 Aceh Besar and to ascertain the level of practicability and response of teachers and students to the product created. This research applied research and development methods with the 4D development model: (Define, Design, Development, and Dissemination) which was developed by Thiagarajan in 1974. Data collection techniques were carried out using validation sheets, and the response of teacher and student questionnaires. The products developed by researchers are 2 PowerPoint media about Faith in the Last Day for odd semesters and Avoiding Deviant Behavior in Adolescent Relationships for even semesters. The percentage of final validation results in the material field was 85%, and the percentage of final results in the media field was 95.5%. The total percentage of validators was 90.25% in the "Very Valid" category. The response of teacher was 95% in the "Strongly Agree" category, while the response of student was 93.35% in the "Strongly Agree" category too. The results of the research show that the twolearning media of PowerPoint developed are suitable for use as media in learning Aqidah Akhlak Keywords: Development, PowerPoint, Moral Principles, critical thinking, believe in hereafter Keywords: Development, PowerPoint, Moral Principles, critical thinking, believe in hereafter

Drivers of infliximab biosimilar uptake: A comparative analysis of new biosimilar initiations versus switching in a national rheumatology registry.

To analyze the variability in new infliximab biosimilar starts as well as switching from bio-originator to biosimilar infliximab, across insurance payers and rheumatology practices nationally. Data came from Rheumatology Informatics System for Effectiveness, a national registry with electronic health records from over 1100 US rheumatologists. Key outcomes include ever use of a biosimilar, date of initiation, and date of switching. Key variables of interest include insurance payer and practice. Secondary analysis of 37,560 patients aged ≥18 years administered infliximab (bio-originator or biosimilar) between April 2016 and September 2022 in Rheumatology Informatics System for Effectiveness. We tested for differences in use of biosimilar infliximab by demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and diagnosis using standard mean differences and multivariable modified Poisson regression. We used generalized estimating equations to assess the adjusted effect of insurance and year of initiation on new biosimilar starts. We analyzed variation in biosimilar switching by insurance, date of switch, and practice. A total of 8196 (21.8%) infliximab users ever used a biosimilar and use did not differ significantly by demographic or clinical characteristics. In 2022, uptake among new users was higher among those with Medicaid (55%; 95%CI 43%-68%) and private insurance (51%; 95%CI 46%-57%) compared to Medicare (36%; 95%CI 29%-43%). Few prevalent bio-originator infliximab users switched to a biosimilar, and switching was lowest among Medicare beneficiaries (7% vs. 14.2% in Medicaid and 16.9% among privately insured). In adjusted analyses, practice level differences explained 37% of variation among new biosimilar starts and 34% of variation among those switching to a biosimilar. Our findings underscore two critical areas for enhancing biosimilar infliximab usage: increasing switching among prevalent users and increasing uptake among Medicare beneficiaries initiating treatment. Significant variation in uptake across practices also suggests that local switching policies are likely key drivers of uptake.

Knowledge and Practice Towards Cleaning Medical Equipment among Nursing Students in a Malaysian Public University

Background: Healthcare-associated infections are infections acquired by patients during stay or receiving treatment within healthcare facility. High cases of healthcare-associated infections are contributed by poor medical equipment disinfection among healthcare workers, including nurses. It could be due to poor practice and awareness during their training in universities and colleges. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices regarding cleaning medical equipment and their association with socio-demographic characteristics among nursing students at International Islamic University Malaysia Kuantan Campus. Methods: A total of 252 nursing students were recruited using stratified random sampling. Data of socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, and practices related to medical equipment disinfection were collected using an online questionnaire. Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were used to assess the level of knowledge and practice on medical equipment contamination and disinfection, and their association with socio-demographic characteristics. Results: Most respondents (84.1%) have a good level of knowledge regarding disinfecting medical equipment. Meanwhile, 50.8% of respondents have a good level of practice regarding disinfecting medical equipment. Further analysis revealed a significant strong association between academic year and level of knowledge (p<0.05). Conclusion: The study showed that most of the nursing students have good knowledge and practice regarding medical equipment disinfection. The significant strong association between academic year and level of knowledge indicates the knowledge improvement among nursing students as their academic years increasing. Though, a larger study comprising of more universities are needed to gain the better insight on influence of nursing students on healthcare-associated infections in Malaysia.

Health workers’ knowledge and practices toward vaccine cold chain management and its associated factors in a resource-limited setting of Sheger, Oromia, Ethiopia: a multicenter cross-sectional study

BackgroundCold chain management is a continuous and cohesive process of preserving vaccines to ensure their availability and potency. However, the quality control of vaccines has been neglected in resource-limited areas such as Ethiopia. Adequate levels of health workers’ knowledge and practices in vaccine cold chain management are important to maintain the potency of vaccines and achieve the intended vaccine end goal.ObjectiveTo assess the level of knowledge and practices of health workers toward vaccine cold chain management and associated factors in resource-limited settings in Ethiopia.MethodsAn institution-based cross-sectional survey was conducted from May to June 2023 in eight sub-cities of Sheger City, Oromia Region, Ethiopia. 255 health workers were selected via simple random sampling from 17 health centers and 17 health posts. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and entered in to EPI DATA version 3.1 and exported to SPSS version 26.0 software for analysis. Binary and multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out to identify factors associated with the knowledge and practices of health workers toward vaccine cold chain management. A variable with a p value < 0.25 was considered a candidate for further regression analysis, whereas a variable with a 95% CI and a p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultA total of 255 respondents participated, for a 100% response rate. The overall magnitude of good knowledge and practice of vaccine cold chain management was 58% (95% CI: 52.2%--64.3%) and 52.2% (95% CI: 46.3-58.4%), respectively. Receiving pre-service training (AOR = 8.2; 95% CI: (2.93–22.99), availability of SOP/guidelines (AOR = 6.55; 95% CI: (2.0–21.36) and receiving supportive supervision (AOR = 4.2; 95% CI: (1.67–10.59)) were significantly associated with good knowledge of cold chain management. The availability of SOP/guidelines (AOR = 2.13; 95% CI: (1.22–3.7)) and the knowledge of health workers (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: (1.11–4.8) were significantly associated with good cold chain management practices.ConclusionThere are gaps in knowledge and practice concerning cold chain management. There is an urgent need to improve the knowledge and practice of health workers in cold chain management in the newly organized but resource-limited administrative structure (Sheger) in Ethiopia.

THE EFFECT OF HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ON ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE AMONG BROADCASTING ORGANIZATION IN UGANDA. A CASE STUDY OF UGANDA BROADCASTING CORPORATION (UBC)

The concept of organizational performance is pertinent to organizations as it gauges how well organization utilizes its human resources to achieve set goals and objectives with a given period of time. UBC is a regulated broadcasting organization that has not been performing in terms of tv and radio ratings as projected. The competitive business environment among broadcasting organizations continues to grow affecting the tv and radio ratings in Uganda. To mitigate these competitive forces, Broadcasting organizations can integrate these HRM practices strategically to enhance their competitive position, differentiation, innovation, resilience, sustainability, and success in the dynamic and competitive media landscape today. Thus, the current research sought to investigate influence of HRM practices on organizational performance of broadcasting organizations in Uganda. Case study of UBC. Specific objectives of research sought to establish effect of Training and development, Recruitment and Selection, employee security and Performance Appraisal on organizational performance of UBC. Research was grounded on the High-Performance Work System (HPWS) and social exchange theory by Homans, Blua and Emerson. The study utilized a descriptive research method. Target population was 70 employees of UBC. Sample of 65 participants was chosen using Krejcie, Robert V, Morgan, Daryle W, (1970) Table of sampling determination. Primary data was gathered using closed-ended questionnaire. Reliability was determined by Cronbachs Alpha coefficient of 0.7 and above was considered adequate. Validity was established by use of content and construct validity. Quantifiable information was evaluated by both descriptive and inferential indicators while qualitative information was examined through content analysis. Outcomes of the research found out that HRM practices absolutely impact organizational performance. Training and development as well as Employee Security were found to be statistically significant while recruitment and selection and performance appraisal were not statistically significant. Budget constraints were established to partly intervene the connection between HRM practices and organizational performance in UBC. In addition, the outcomes also had shown that well-being and job security of employees regulates the connection between HRM practices and organizational performance in UBC. Management of UBC ought to increase application level of HRM practices to enhance their competitive position, differentiation, innovation, resilience, sustainability, and success in the dynamic and competitive media landscape today.

Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Intimate Care and Its Association with Vaginal Discharge among Female Students in International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

Background: Prioritizing cleanliness, especially in intimate areas, is crucial for personal health. Globally, around 10% of women suffer from genital infections, and 75% of them have experienced these infections before and the rate of occurrence is increasing in many developing countries. Many women intend to get screened for vaginal discharge problems, but due to taboos and other factors, they often do not follow through with the process. This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the level of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) towards intimate hygiene and the association between knowledge, attitude, and practices on intimate care and vaginal discharge among female students at International Islamic University Malaysia Kuantan (IIUMK). Methods: Two hundred and sixty respondents from different Kulliyyah were given a self-administered questionnaire. The data were analysed using SPSS software. Results: The finding showed that most of the respondents had good knowledge (87.5%) and practice (68.8%), and moderate attitude (53.6%) towards intimate care and its association with vaginal discharge. Conclusion: These findings of the study underscore the importance of targeted health education and awareness programs to further enhance intimate care practices and knowledge, particularly among younger women, married women, and those who are sexually active.

Numerical Investigation of Nanofluid-based Flow Behavior and Convective Heat Transfer Using Helical Screw

Numerous industrial and home users have made use of heat transfer devices for the purpose of heat conversion and recovery. For the past half-century, engineers have worked tirelessly to perfect a heat exchanger design that cuts down on power use without sacrificing performance. Most methods of improving heat transfer work by either increasing the effective heat transfer surface area or creating turbulence, which results in lower thermal resistance. In this study, CFD was used to simulate Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles in the adsorber tube of a parabolic solar collector with N=1 and N=2 turbulators at Re=20000, 60000, and 100000, respectively, and a turbulence strength of 5%. The turbulence strength was calculated as 5% of the total energy of the particles. Heat conduction is improved by the presence of nanoparticles in the base fluid. Therefore, nanofluids are candidates for alternative methods of heat transfer. Torsional turbulator models with N=2 have a greater output temp than those with N=1 because N=2 models have a higher practical heat level. The intake temp is raised from 35 to 46 degrees Celsius thanks to the presence of CuO nanoparticles in the two turbulator adsorber tubes that are close to one another. The Reynolds number invariably makes the Nusselt number higher. In addition, the Nusselt number demonstrates that there are a greater number of CuO nanoparticle models than Al2O3 nanoparticle models. In addition, CuO nanoparticles are more effective than Al2O3 at lowering pressure. When compared to the N=2 dual-turbulator mode, the N=1 single-turbulator mode has 34% more conflict. PECs are greater for models with two turbulators. Over a wide range of Reynolds numbers, the thermal PEC for N=2 models were 12 percentage points higher than that of N=1 models. CuO nanofluid receivers are superior to Al2O3 ones in their ability to convert solar energy into thermal energy. The two-turbulator model with a Reynolds number of 100,000 that uses CuO nanoparticles achieves the maximum thermal efficiency.

Effectiveness and Practicality of Islamic-oriented Cooperative Learning Model in Private and State Islamic Higher Education in South and West Sulawesi, Indonesia

Aims: The Islamic-oriented Cooperative Learning Model for Improving Islamic Education Learning Outcomes is based on a number of problems in the praxis of learning Islamic education at the Faculty of Tarbiyah and Teacher Training UIN Alauddin Makassar and STAI DDI Majene, namely student learning outcomes that are not optimal, learning motivation being, learning has not described active, creative and fun learning. Testing the effectiveness and practicality of this model through research activities aims to describe and analyze: (1) the level of effectiveness of applying the Islamic-oriented cooperative learning model through Islamic Education courses at UIN Alauddin and STAI DDI Majene; (2) the level of practicality of applying the Islamic-oriented cooperative learning model through Islamic Education courses at UIN Alauddin and STAI DDI Majene; and (3) the reality of implementing the Islamic-oriented cooperative learning model through Islamic Education courses at UIN Alauddin and STAI DDI Majene. Methodology: This research is a type of development research that examines the results of developing Islamic-oriented cooperative learning models, which are expected to improve student learning outcomes in Islamic education courses. This research was conducted at the Tarbiyah and Teacher Training Faculties of UIN Alauddin Makassar and STAI DDI Majene. The subjects of this study were 32 Class C English Education Study Program students and 35 Class A Madrasah Ibtidaiyyah Teacher Education Study Program, and 16 STAI DDI students. Data collection methods vii namely: observation, questionnaires and learning achievement tests. Data analysis technique using Percentage of Agreements and Normalized N Gain. Results: The results of the study show: (1) an analysis of the effectiveness of applying the Islamic-oriented cooperative learning model through the course of Islamic Education at UIN Alauddin and STAI DDI Majene, based on the results of the N Normalized Gain analysis is in the medium category, so that it can be seen as fulfilling the effective requirements in its application through learning Islamic education science; (2) practical analysis of the application of the Islamic-oriented cooperative learning model through Islamic Education courses at UIN Alauddin and STAI DDI Majene, based on the results of the Normalized N Gain analysis in the very good category, so that it can be seen as fulfilling practical requirements in its application through learning Islamic education; and (3) the reality of implementing the Islamic-oriented cooperative learning model through Islamic Education courses at UIN Alauddin and STAI DDI Majene, is in the very good category. Conclusion: The implications of this research show: (1) there is an increase in student learning outcomes through Islamic Education courses at UIN Alauddin and STAI DDI Majene; (2) there was a positive response from lecturers and students as the main actors of Islamic-oriented cooperative learning through Islamic Education courses at UIN Alauddin and STAI DDI Majene; and (3) the application of an Islamic-oriented cooperative learning model through Islamic Education courses at UIN Alauddin and STAI DDI Majene, which can be used in tertiary institutions, is easy and practical to use. Thus, this model can be used as an alternative choice in learning activities, especially if lecturers or students want to build activeness and success in their learning.

Efficient handling of radiality constraints for large-scaled power distribution networks

Power distribution networks are usually characterized by a radial topology and therefore the related optimization problems require radiality constraints in their formulations. However, practical instances may have very large size, and the number of radiality constraints may grow faster than the size of the instance. Hence, the arising optimization models may become computationally intractable due to their huge dimension. This work proposes a combinatorial optimization approach to overcome this issue. Our approach is based on the combinatorial formulation of the radiality constraints and their delayed and efficient generation in the model, following a separation-optimization scheme. We find an optimal acyclic spanning subgraph subject to both technical side constraints and topological radiality requirements on a graph representing the distribution network. This can be done without considering all the exponentially many radiality constrains from the beginning of the model solution, but introducing only the ones that are needed to make the solution feasible. It turns out that the number of required constraints is much smaller than the number of all possible radiality constraints, also because some of the electric constraints already favor the elimination of infeasible configurations. Computational experiments on reconfiguration benchmarks from the literature show the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

Prediction Model and Knowledge Discovery for Roof Stress in Mined-Out Areas Integrating 3D Scanning Image Features

The accurate prediction of roof stress in mined-out areas is crucial for ensuring mine safety. However, existing study methods often overlook the increasingly available image data and fail to balance the model predictive capability with interpretability. To address these issues, this study innovatively integrates 3D laser scanning image features into the prediction of roof stress in mined-out areas. Image features are extracted using pre-trained deep-learning models and combined with traditional geological parameters to construct multiple machine-learning models for prediction. The experimental results demonstrate that models incorporating image features significantly outperform traditional models that rely solely on geological parameters in terms of prediction accuracy, interpretability, and complexity, revealing the critical role of image features in stress prediction. Furthermore, the use of SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) to interpret the random forest model uncovers new domain knowledge, such as the relationship between spatial patterns and stress concentration. This study theoretically validates the effectiveness of image data and effectively balances the predictive capability and interpretability of the model, facilitating knowledge discovery in the field. On a practical level, it also provides guidance for mine safety management.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices status among caregivers of infants and toddlers towards hand, foot and mouth disease: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundHand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common infectious disease in children, and caregivers’ awareness of the disease is key to reducing its incidence. This study aims to investigate the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) levels of caregivers in Guangzhou regarding HFMD and to analyze the association of their demographic characteristics and family situations.MethodsThis cross-sectional study used face-to-face interviews with caregivers of infants and toddlers to assess their KAP status regarding HFMD through a structured questionnaire. The dependent variables were the scores for KAP, while independent variables included caregivers’ demographic characteristics, household size, etc. Univariate analysis was performed initially to identify potential predictors, and variables with a P-value ≤ 0.10 were included in the multivariate logistic regression model. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the strength of associations, with statistical significance set at P ≤ 0.05.ResultsA total of 1,094 survey responses were included. Among the primary caregivers, 655 (59.87%) were mothers, 411 (37.57%) had a college degree or higher, and 298 (27.24%) were homemakers or unemployed. The scores for knowledge, attitude, and behavior were 5.6 ± 1.5 (range 0–8), 18.88 ± 3.44 (range 6–30), and 31.91 ± 4.14 (range 8–40). Caregivers show a relatively low level of concern regarding isolation measures and the risk of recurrent infections. The caregivers identity, age, education level, household size, number of children in childcare, place of residence, and history of illness were significantly associated with KAP levels.ConclusionThe primary caregivers generally exhibit good levels of knowledge and practices regarding HFMD, but the level of attitude is relatively low. Health promotion activities should be strengthened for caregivers who are elderly or have lower education levels, as well as for families with fewer permanent residents or those living in sub-central urban areas.

Food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices among food handlers in collective catering in central Morocco

Food safety is a significant challenge for countries worldwide due to the growing number of food poisoning outbreaks, particularly in the catering sector, which impacts consumer health and imposes additional economic costs on countries. The role of food handlers in restaurants is crucial for guaranteeing this safety and protecting the health of citizens. This pioneering study in central Morocco aimed to assess food safety knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs) among food handlers and to identify key factors influencing adequate knowledge, positive attitudes, and effective practices. A cross-sectional study was conducted among food handlers in restaurants in Fez prefecture in central Morocco between July 2021 and January 2022 using a questionnaire survey. The results revealed that the 282 food handlers included in this study exhibited moderate levels of knowledge (65.31 %) and practices (62.91 %), and a high level of attitudes (75.61 %) towards food safety. A moderate positive correlation was observed between knowledge and practices (r = 0.291, p < 0.05), as well as between attitudes and practices (r = 0.327, p < 0.05). The most significant positive correlation was between knowledge and attitudes (r = 0.907, p < 0.05). Moreover, professional experience and age significantly influenced the level of knowledge; the nature of job and work experience influenced attitudes; gender, education level, nature of work, and marital status influenced the level of practices; and training impacted them all. Nevertheless, those surveyed have knowledge gaps, particularly about cross-contamination, personal hygiene, time and temperature control, especially the temperature danger zone (between 40 °F and 140 °F), and thawing. Training programmes that emphasize these dimensions of food safety need to be implemented. The findings of this study, carried out for the first time in Fez, will provide a solid basis for further research. They will also assist responsible authorities in better understanding food safety in Morocco by selectively planning food safety training based on KAPs to prevent food poisoning and protect consumer health.

Assessment of practices and attitudes of undergraduate students toward family violence in the University of Baghdad

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess undergraduate student's practices and attitudes toward family violence in the University of Baghdad. Methods: This was a descriptive study on non-probability (purposive) sample of 100 undergraduate students from different colleges at the University of Baghdad from November 15, 2022 to May 20, 2023. A validated questionnaire was prepared with 43 questions, which consisted of three parts: eight items related to students’ demographic data, 13 items related to students’ attitudes, and 22 items related to students’ practices. Results: Positive attitudes toward family violence were used by the parents, and with respect to the total relative sufficiency (86.18%), the attitude level was moderate. Undergraduate students reported low levels of family violence practices from their parents with respect to the total mean scores (1.43) and the relative sufficiency (47.5). There was a significant relationship between students’ practices and their parents’ perception of family violence (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: This study concludes that students in the University of Baghdad had positive, moderate attitudes toward parents’ violence. They also experienced a low level of practice toward family violence, as well as parents’ level of education has an impact on students’ violence practices. Recommendations: There is a need to raise community awareness about the consequences of family violence and mistreatment of the family members through mass media, and to establish family violence counseling centers for students.

Perception, concerns, and practice of ChatGPT among Egyptian pharmacists: a cross-sectional study in Egypt

BackgroundThe emergence of large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT attracted significant attention for their potential to revolutionize pharmacy practice. While artificial intelligence (AI) offers promising benefits, its integration also presents unique challenges.ObjectivesThis cross-sectional study aimed to explore the current Egyptian pharmacists’ perceptions, practices, and concerns regarding ChatGPT in pharmacy practice.MethodsThe study questionnaire was shared with pharmacists during March and April 2024. We included pharmacists licensed by the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population. We adapted a convenient sampling technique by sending the research questionnaire via emails, student networks, social media (Facebook and WhatsApp), and student organizations. Any pharmacist interested in participating followed a link to review the study description and was asked to provide electronic consent before continuing with the study. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, employing Chi-square tests for categorical variables and Spearman’s correlation for continuous variables. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsThe study sample size included 428 pharmacists from the main economic regions of Egypt. The results revealed a strong recognition (73.6%) among participants of ChatGPT’s anticipated benefits within pharmacy practice. Around two-thirds of the participants (65.9%) expressed disagreement or neutrality regarding the application of ChatGPT for analyzing patients’ medical inputs and providing individualized medical advice. Regarding factors affecting perception, we found that the region is the only factor that significantly contributed to the level of perception among pharmacists (P = 0.011) with Greater cairo region showing the highest perception level. We found that 73.6% of participants who have heard about ChatGPT reported high levels of concern. One-third of participants never use ChatGPT in their pharmacy work, and 20% rarely use it. Using Spearman’s correlation test, there was no significant correlation between anticipated advantages, concerns and practice level (P > 0.05).ConclusionThis study reveals a generally positive perception of ChatGPT’s potential benefits among Egyptian pharmacists, despite existing concerns regarding accuracy, data privacy, and bias. Notably, no significant associations were found between demographic factors and pharmacists’ perceptions, practices, or concerns. This underscores the need for comprehensive educational initiatives to promote informed and responsible ChatGPT utilization within pharmacy practice. Future research should explore the development and implementation of tailored training programs and guidelines to ensure the safe and effective integration of ChatGPT into pharmacy workflows for optimal patient care.

A Cohort Study Exploring HPV Vaccination Beliefs Among Oral Health Providers: Broadening the Scope of Education and Administration

Background/Objectives: There is potential utility and increasing interest in engaging professionals in non-traditional vaccination settings to participate in efforts to reduce human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer. This study assessed the impact of a multi-disciplinary HPV educational intervention on oral health care professionals’ perceived role, comfort level, and scope of practice in HPV-related cancer prevention efforts. Methods: The virtual educational intervention was provided by a multi-disciplinary panel of experts. Seventy-three oral health care professionals attended the educational intervention and completed a questionnaire at three time points (pre-session, immediate post-session, and at the 1-month follow-up). Data were analyzed using Friedman’s ANOVA and post-hoc analyses. Results: Respondent’s median belief that it is the role of an oral health professional to recommend the HPV vaccine increased from pre-session (Median = 3.0, IQR = 3.0–4.0) to immediate post-session (median = 4.5, IQR = 4.0–5.0), and this increase was maintained 1 month after the session (median = 4.0, IQR = 4.0–4.5; p &lt; 0.001). Additionally, respondent’s belief that they were up-to-date on the latest guidelines for HPV vaccination also increased from pre-session to immediate post-session (p &lt; 0.05), and this increase was maintained 1 month after the session (pre-session median = 2.0, IQR = 2.0–3.0 vs. 1-month post-session median = 4.0, IQR = 4.0–5.0; p &lt; 0.005). Conclusions: The multi-disciplinary HPV educational intervention was well-received by oral health professionals. Data suggest the intervention had a lasting impact on their beliefs about their role, comfort level, and scope of practice relating to HPV cancer prevention. More research needs to be conducted to better understand how obstetrician-gynecologists, other obstetric care providers, and oral health communities can support each other in promoting HPV-related cancer prevention.

Persecutory policies against Roma in Nazi Germany

The article provides an analysis of the persecution measures against the Roma in Nazi Germany, identifying what measures were taken and, in particular, what tragic consequences they led to on a practical level. The article comparatively analyzes various aspects of the persecution of Roma in Germany, and indeed throughout Europe, preceding the totalitarian seizure of power by the Nazis in 1933 and the emergence of Nazi Germany. The main focus is on identifying the stages of the persecution policy in Nazi Germany against Roma, as well as the chronology of the adoption of the persecution policy against Roma in Nazi Germany in 1933-1945. As a result, a turning point in the anti-Roma policy is identified and characterized, which included both the freezing of Roma mobility and the resettlement of Roma, as well as their deportation to Auschwitz-Birkenau.