Practical Application Of Science Research Articles

General Exact Analytical Expressions for Rotation and Displacement of a Timoshenko Beam Under Variable Loads with Validation

The researchers involved in the field of applied mathematics mostly project the efficient and viable solutions of those problems in which have practical applications in science and engineering. The Timoshenko beam model (TBM) is described by a system of ordinary differential equations where the expressions of rotation and displacement of the beam are ultimately required. Most of the work on analytical solutions of beam problems in literature focuses the elastic and Euler-Bernoulli beams, whereas for the TBM the numerical solutions are usually preferred. The analytical expressions for the TBM exist for only very basic load cases and are also not general for any load function. In this paper, we attempt to suggest a novel protocol based on expressing a load function by a polynomial or its power series development, and then use it to develop general analytical expressions for the rotation and displacement of a fixed TBM which is not load specific. The proposed general equations can provide ease of access and handling for the practitioners working in applied mathematics, structural engineering and mechanical vibrations as the developed equations can be used with only constant inputs to tailor particular expressions of rotation and displacement profiles of a fixed TBM under any variable load. For performance evaluations of the proposed general equations, we have also obtained particular expressions for some important variable loads, like: linearly varying loads ((LVLs): triangular and trapezoidal and quadratically varying loads (QVLs): parabolic/square and circular loads. Finally, the proposed protocol for generalization has been validated for fixed elastic beams under uniformly distributed loads (UDLs), and the results match exactly with those expressions available in literature. The contributions of this study, on one hand provide ready, direct and exact general expressions for the rotation and displacement profiles of a fixed TBM, while on the other hand the solution of such problem is achieved with quite negligible computational overhead, execution time and software implementations.

Optimal allocation of quantum resources

The optimal allocation of resources is a crucial task for their efficient use in a wide range of practical applications in science and engineering. This paper investigates the optimal allocation of resources in multipartite quantum systems. In particular, we show the relevance of proportional fairness and optimal reliability criteria for the application of quantum resources. Moreover, we present optimal allocation solutions for an arbitrary number of qudits using measurement incompatibility as an exemplary resource theory. Besides, we study the criterion of optimal equitability and demonstrate its relevance to scenarios involving several resource theories such as nonlocality vs local contextuality. Finally, we highlight the potential impact of our results for quantum networks and other multi-party quantum information processing, in particular to the future Quantum Internet.

Preservice teachers’ perceptions of science integration into secondary agriculture classrooms

After completing a 40-hour field experience course, 26 preservice teachers participated in interviews about their experiences observing science integration in secondary agriculture classrooms. Based on Bandura’s social cognitive theory, researchers analyzed interview transcripts for preservice teachers’ descriptions of perceived preparedness to integrate science into agricultural education programs based on personal, environmental, and behavioral determinants. Findings indicated the integration of science concepts were reliant upon participants’ perceived integration ability, importance of science knowledge, consequences of science integration, application of hands-on learning, practical application of science in agriculture, and the influence of colleague collaboration on the learning environment. From their observations, preservice teachers cited specific instances of academic science concepts relating to agriculture, which they perceived as an applied science. While natural ties to biology and chemistry appeared in classroom lessons, preservice teachers held a belief that agricultural education is a unique practical context for learning and integration of science, but too much science integration is seen as a threat to agricultural education. Many preservice teachers noted the environment surrounding their future agricultural classrooms will play a large role in how they integrate science. Future research should further investigate how behavioral, personal, and environmental factors influence science integration.

Н. Э. Сум – заведующий Музейным отделением петроградского Института внешкольного образования

The revolutions of 1917 prompted a large-scale reorganization of almost all aspects of life in Russia. An important actor in its implementation was intelligentsia. Studying the biographies of the participants in that processes is important for two reasons. Firstly, it allows us to fill the gaps in the history of certain phenomena (i.e., the history of museum education in Russia). Secondly, it’s important from the point of view of prosopography, as biographies help a better understanding of certain historical types. That is important in the context of the anthropological approach to the study of revolutionary events. The object of this article is the biography of one of the personalities of the first post-revolutionary years, Nikolai Emmanuilovich Soum (1879–1926). Studying chemistry at St. Petersburg University in the 1890s–1900s, Soum to a great extent followed the path laid by his father's professional activities. However, he didn’t succeed in accomplishing his studies, perhaps on the account of his father’s death and failed family finances. In the 1910s, when working as a chemist, he joined in the activities of scientific and educational societies. The enlightenment pathos and practical application of science (his interest in photography) prepared the changes, which took place immediately after the revolution. Since 1918 Soum served in the Petrograd gubernia department of public education, and from 1919 headed the Museum department of the Petrograd Institute of Out-of-School Education. One of his first projects was system of training of museum workers, one of the first in Russia. Structural changes and unfavorable political conditions hindered the implementation of the initiative. Soum, same as earlier in the pre-revolutionary period, was pushed to the periphery of cultural life.

Boundary Layer Flow and Cattaneo-Christov Heat Flux of a Nonlinear Stretching Sheet with a Suspended CNT

Background: In this article the Boundary layer flow and Cattaneo-Christov Heat flux of nonlinear stretching sheet in a suspended carbon nanotube is analyzed. Methods: The governing classical PDE’s are changing into ODE’s using the similarity transformation method. This boundary value problem is solved by using numerical method known as Runge-Kutta fourth order method with effective shooting technique. Presently in this analysis , the flow, velocity and heat transfer characteristics for different heat transferphysical parameters such as nanofluid (ϕ), suction parameter (N>0), heat flux parameter (β) and Prandtl number (Pr) are studied for two cases i.e., single Wall Carbon Nanotube (SWCNT) and Multiwall Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT) respectively. Results: Our results are in good agreement within a limiting condition comparing with previously published results. This study signifies that practical applications in science and engineering fields for example in functional ceramics, nano metals for energy and environmental applications. Conclusion: A theoretical study of boundary layer flow and Catteneo-Christove heat flux is carried out. In this study some of the important findings are collected as follows: 1. The result of nanoparticle volume fraction f and suction parameter N shows that, as increasing f it increases the flow, velocity and temperature while as increasing N which increases the flow and temperature but decreases the velocity at boundary layer. 2. A comparison result is plotted which is an excellent agreement with previously published results. 3. As increasing the Prandtl number and relaxation time of heat flux parameter in the thermal boundary layer which decreases the temperature of thermal boundary layer. 4. Effect of relaxation time of heat flux is same for both local skin friction and local nusselt number i.e. increasing.

Folding to Curved Surfaces: A Generalized Design Method and Mechanics of Origami-based Cylindrical Structures.

Origami structures enrich the field of mechanical metamaterials with the ability to convert morphologically and systematically between two-dimensional (2D) thin sheets and three-dimensional (3D) spatial structures. In this study, an in-plane design method is proposed to approximate curved surfaces of interest with generalized Miura-ori units. Using this method, two combination types of crease lines are unified in one reprogrammable procedure, generating multiple types of cylindrical structures. Structural completeness conditions of the finite-thickness counterparts to the two types are also proposed. As an example of the design method, the kinematics and elastic properties of an origami-based circular cylindrical shell are analysed. The concept of Poisson’s ratio is extended to the cylindrical structures, demonstrating their auxetic property. An analytical model of rigid plates linked by elastic hinges, consistent with numerical simulations, is employed to describe the mechanical response of the structures. Under particular load patterns, the circular shells display novel mechanical behaviour such as snap-through and limiting folding positions. By analysing the geometry and mechanics of the origami structures, we extend the design space of mechanical metamaterials and provide a basis for their practical applications in science and engineering.

Underground Tourist Routes in the Context of Sustainable Development / Podziemne Trasy Turystyczne W Procesie Zrównoważonego Rozwoju

Abstract Recent years paved the way for progress focused on maximising the financial and political profits, leading in consequence to a social and economic crisis and environmental disasters. In response to those negative impacts, the concept of sustainable development appeared, understood as the need to improve life quality at the same time retaining social balance, bio-diversity of species and the variety of natural resources. A society that is active and has a full awareness of those issues will play a major role in sustainable development. On one hand, it will control the impacts the economy has on the environment, whilst on the other, the condition of the social capital guarantees the continuity of the progress envision and planning of its implementation. Protection of old underground sites is in line with the principles of sustainable development. Well preserved underground sites opened to visitors are a part of the cultural heritage, ensuring that historic, cultural , natural and utility values are maintained. Recently a great deal of attention has been given to revival and revitalisation of old historical underground sites and giving them a new function. Revitalisation and preservation of old abandoned excavations is a most complicated process aimed at restoring the functional utility of abandoned or disused infrastructure. Practical design should envision activities well in line with natural processes. Underground sites being preserved and adapted have to be visitor - friendly and acceptable, being a vital component of cultural heritage viewed in the context of sustainable development. Engineering problems involve not only the practical application of science, but also the way the world is defined. That is why the social and even spiritual aspects of revitalisation projects are recalled: recreation of human interactions with the nature and with the entire surroundings. Underground tourist routes should be harmonised with land development in the area and the residence patterns that have emerged over centuries. Well - preserved and protected excavations are the relics of the past, are part of the cultural heritage and become a rich source of knowledge about history.

Which provenance and where? Seed sourcing strategies for revegetation in a changing environment

Revegetation is one practical application of science that should ideally aim to combine ecology with evolution to maximise biodiversity and ecosystem outcomes. The strict use of locally sourced seed in revegetation programs is widespread and is based on the expectation that populations are locally adapted. This practice does not fully integrate two global drivers of ecosystem change and biodiversity loss: habitat fragmentation and climate change. Here, we suggest amendments to existing strategies combined with a review of alternative seed-sourcing strategies that propose to mitigate against these drivers. We present a provenancing selection guide based on confidence surrounding climate change distribution modelling and data on population genetic and/or environmental differences between populations. Revegetation practices will benefit from greater integration of current scientific developments and establishment of more long-term experiments is key to improving the long-term success. The rapid growth in carbon and biodiversity markets creates a favourable economic climate to achieve these outcomes.

Lamb wave propagation modelling and simulation using parallel processing architecture and graphical cards

This paper demonstrates new parallel computation technology and an implementation for Lamb wave propagation modelling in complex structures. A graphical processing unit (GPU) and computer unified device architecture (CUDA), available in low-cost graphical cards in standard PCs, are used for Lamb wave propagation numerical simulations. The local interaction simulation approach (LISA) wave propagation algorithm has been implemented as an example. Other algorithms suitable for parallel discretization can also be used in practice. The method is illustrated using examples related to damage detection. The results demonstrate good accuracy and effective computational performance of very large models. The wave propagation modelling presented in the paper can be used in many practical applications of science and engineering.

Toward a Polanyian Critique of Technology: Attending From the Indwelling of Tools to the Course of Technological Civilization

As a scientist, Michael Polanyi made significant advances in chemistry and economics. From that deep hands-on experience, he derived a powerful critique of prevailing ideas of knowledge and the proper role of science. He demonstrated that disregarding or eliminating the personal embodiment of knowing in the tacit dimension in pursuit of purely explicit and impersonal knowledge results in knowing that is misleadingly incomplete—“absurd.” If technology is the practical application of science, then it should be useful to extend his critique of science to technology. The pursuit of impersonal knowledge parallels the quest for efficiency through the standardizing and programming of technique while devaluing personal knowing in the form of embodied skills, institutional memory, and a “feel” for possibilities that leads to insightful breakthroughs. As technological development continues to accelerate and proliferate unsustainably, the idolizing of efficiency operates to subsume other values that would tend to constrain such development, raising concerns about the future of discovery, of the economic and social order, and of the human soul.

Using Science to Improve Professional Practice, Part 2

This column is part 2 of a series on bridging the gap between science and practice in the profession of strength and conditioning. Using a group of leading practitioners and a group of scientists active in the strength and conditioning field, a round table format will be used to discuss specific questions on the practical application of science to practice

The Handiwork of Nature: Patentable Subject Matter and Laboratory Corporation v. Metabolite Labs

The patent statutes establish that any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof [can be patented.] Whereas, the wording of the statute is broad, it is nonetheless well-established that mathematical algorithms, laws of nature, natural phenomena, and abstract ideas cannot be patented. The Supreme Court, in interpreting the patent statutes, has consistently held that such discoveries are not the kind of 'discoveries' that the statute was enacted to protect. In a recent Federal Circuit case, Metabolite Labs., Inc. v. Laboratory Corp. of Am. Holdings, the court held claim 13 of Metabolite's 4,940,658 patent valid. The claim has two limitations: [1] assaying a body fluid for an elevated level of total homocysteine; and [2] correlating an elevated level of total homocysteine in said body fluid with a [vitamin B] deficiency . . . . The Federal Circuit ruled that [t]he correlating step is a simple conclusion that a [vitamin B] deficiency exists vel non based on the assaying step. The court also found that every time a doctor orders any total homocysteine level assay, whether it is patented by Metabolite or is part of the prior art, and merely thinks about the natural relationship between elevated homocysteine level and vitamin B deficiencies, she directly infringes claim 13. The Supreme Court has granted certiorari on this case and should overturn the decision. As it stands, the ruling would set a precedent that those who discover laws of nature can obtain patents on methods comprising [1] collecting data related to a law of nature and [2] thinking about the law of nature. Such patents, especially when taken in aggregate, have the potential to stifle the practical application of science. Such a result would be antithetical to the patent system's goal of promotion of the useful arts. In this paper, I argue that Metabolite's claim 13 is unpatentable because it is drawn to a law of nature in view of Parker v. Flook and Diamond v. Diehr. I then argue that, even if claim 13 were not a patent on the law of nature, it precludes all practical use of the law of nature and therefore is unpatentable under Gottschalk v. Benson and Diamond v. Diehr. I further argue that claim 13 is unpatentable because it merely claims what the Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co. and Diamond v. Chakrabarty courts termed the handiwork of nature.

Mathematical modeling of contact of two surfaces in the first order of tangency

The topic of the paper is in the area of mathematical modeling of the contact of two smooth regular surfaces in the first order of tangency. The paper is aiming to develop an approach for the mathematical description of the geometry of tangency of two smooth regular surfaces, which share a common point, and in such way to describe geometry of contact of two surfaces not only qualitatively, but quantitatively as well. Various approaches of the first-, second-, and higher-order approximation are discussed. To resolve the problem under consideration, a characteristic curve of new kind is introduced. We refer to this characteristic curve as the so-called indicatrix of conformity of two surfaces, which are tangent to each other at a point. Application of the indicatrix of conformity enables one developing an appropriate quantitative and qualitative description of the geometry of contact of two smooth regular surfaces in the first order of tangency. The results presented in the paper will have many practical applications in science and engineering: 1. (i) for optimal tool-path generating in machining sculptured surfaces on multiaxis CNC milling machine, from which the problem arose; 2. (ii) for developing a perfect TCA ( tooth contact analysis) computer programs for gear pairs and for gear trains; 3. (iii) for improving accuracy of solving the problem of two rigid bodies contact; 4. (iv) for fitting two surfaces while designing blend surfaces; 5. (v) when performing elastohydrodynamic film thickness calculations, etc .

X-Ray Engineering and Its Application. Development of Table-Top X-Ray Lasers.

Table-top x-ray lasers are of profound importance for a number of practical applications in science and technology. Significant progress towards the realization of short wavelength compact x-ray lasers has been achieved by essentially different and novel experimental approaches. As a result, high repetition table-top x-ray lasers are expected to emerge in near future. On the other hand, at present, applications of large scale x-ray lasers in photoluminescence and interferometry are underway.

Norman Leslie Falcon. 29 May 1904–31 May 1996

Norman Falcon was a man of intellect, integrity and reserve. His skill, at times almost intuitive, in his chosen profession of petroleum geology was greatly admired and his judgement greatly respected by both colleagues and contemporaries alike. He had an understanding of his subject that reached out beyond the given wisdom of the day, which in turn could lead him to innovation and boldness in his self–confident application of his science, qualities wanting in workers of lesser calibre. His paramount interest was in the practical application of science, yet he always held a strong interest in and gladly supported the research of others. His work therefore was characterized by the application and use of his expertise and by giving direction to and supervising others, rather than by the pursuit of research into new realms of geology.

Edward Frankland: Chemistry, Controversy, and Conspiracy in Victorian England by Colin A. Russell

TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE Book Reviews 155 single-word entry “portraits.” This specialized book is most likely to appeal to those historians of science who are interested in witnessing the technological genius ofan innovative mind atwork. It is unfortu­ nate, however, that Records ofthe Dawn ofPhotography does not repro­ duce any ofTalbot’s images (though the dustjacket does offer two), despite the fact that Schaaf’s own scholarship has successfully linked these notebooks to several extant examples ofTalbot’s photographic work. Unless already familiar with Talbot’s images, a reader would have little idea what Talbot’s photogenic drawings or calotypes look like, let alone be transported by their elegiac beauty. This decision— quite possibly a financial one beyond Schaaf’s control—seems to me a missed opportunity, since it is often through the visual experi­ ence of seeing the images that a modern reader chooses to seek more information about the images’ technological history. Nonethe­ less, this expertly annotated facsimile edition of Talbot’s notebooks provides an excellentwritten resource for historians of 19th-century science, especially those interested in the early years ofphotographic technology. Elspeth Brown Ms. Brown is a Ph.D. candidate at Yale University, currently researching the rela­ tionships among photography, the science of work, and modern consumer culture in the early 20th-century United States. Edward Frankland: Chemistry, Controversy, and Conspiracy in Victorian England. By Colin A. Russell. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996. Pp. xx+535; illustrations, figures, tables, notes, index. $100.00 (hardcover). The British chemist Edward Frankland (1825-99) was the illegiti­ mate son of a distinguished British lawyer, and he spent most of his career establishing legitimacy for himself and for his profession. Born into what were, ostensibly, humble circumstances (though per­ haps not those that Samuel Smiles would have admired), Frankland worked his way up to become the leading British chemist of Victo­ rian times and along the way, as Colin Russell makes clear in Edward Frankland: Chemistry, Controversy and Conspiracy in Victorian England, amassed a considerable personal fortune (pp. 514-19). Following a period ofapprenticeship to a pharmacist in Lancaster, northwest England, Frankland traveled to London at the age of twenty-one, where in Lyon Playfair’s Museum of Economic Geology he began to pursue chemical analysis. He attended lectures in chem­ istry and became acquainted with many new applications of chemis­ try as well as with leading chemists, including Hermann Kolbe. This led to a research post in organic chemistry in Robert Bunsen’s Mar­ burg laboratory. It was in Marburg that Frankland met Sophie Fick, 156 Book Reviews TECHNOLOGY AND CULTURE of impeccable pedigree, who later became his first wife. On re­ turning to England, Frankland taught at a Quaker school, where a fellow teacher wasJohn Tyndall. In 1848, they both left for Marburg to study for doctorates, after which Frankland moved on to Justus von Liebig’s laboratory in Giessen. Back in England, he made his way through a number ofinstitutions that all, in one way or another, served his ultimate purpose. Hejoined Owens College, Manchester, in 1851, and, because of the city’s industrial activities, became en­ gaged in highly lucrative work as a consultant and expert witness and in studies on atmospheric pollution. For the last few years of the East India Company’s existence he taught at its Addiscombe College, then moved on to St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, the Royal Institution, and, in 1865, to the Royal College of Chemistry. Frankland contributed much to the theory of valency, to organic synthesis in general, and to what he named organometallic chemis­ try. He also transformed the teaching of chemistry, at the same time providing manufacturers and suppliers oflaboratory equipmentwith greatlyexpanded markets (and no doubt a substantialcommission for himself). It was an age when the practical application of science was synonymous with chemistry, and in which a man, especially a wily entrepreneur such as Frankland, could usefully indulge in a variety of its activities. Of course, there was a price to pay, as Frankland discovered when his money-making activities created problems with the X-Club, an exclusive dining club of influential (mainly London) scientists, and delayed his recognition by the Royal Society. For historians of technology...

Laser Optogalvanic Spectroscopy: Experimental Details and Potential Applications in R and D

Laser Optogalvanic Spectroscopy (LOGS) is an extremely sensitive detection technique based on the 'Optogalvanic Effect'. The impedance change of gaseous discharge following the absorption of resonant laser light by the discharge species has proved to be a powerful spectroscopic tool to investigate all kinds of matter in vapour phase in discharge plasmas and flames. LOGS does not require any optical detector and the signal-to-noise ratios are often greater than 10/sup 3/. The advent of tunable lasers has pushed LOGS as a unique detection technique, efficient over a wide frequency spectrum from UV through visible to IR. As a simple and most sensitive detection technique, LOGS can have diverse practical applications in science and technology. The experimental details with different discharge excitations and the potential applications of LOGS are briefly described. Some prominent practical applications like wavelength calibration, laser linewidth determination, trace element detection, isotope analysis, material characterisation, laser frequency and power stabilisation, Rydberg atom spectroscopy and combustion and plasma diagnostics are briefly discussed.

Science's powerful companion: A. W. Hofmann's investigation of aniline red and its derivatives

Since the eighteenth century chemistry has been deemed to be useful, yet how it might find widespread application, particularly in the case of its most advanced developments, was generally unclear. The discovery of synthetic dyestuffs has often been considered as the turning point towards much closer linkage between chemistry and the manufacture of useful products. How this occurred can best be seen in the case of August Wilhelm Hofmann, who for two decades after 1845 was director of the Royal College of Chemistry in London. As the teacher of many pioneers of the dye industry, Hofmann can be considered its first scientific leader. Indeed, the compounds he studied from 1860 were products made in the factories of his former students and assistants. They in turn were the first to recognize Hofmann's role in stimulating the practical application of science. Henry Armstrong, the chemist and educator, went so far as to imply that this was germane to Hofmann's pedagogic and research strategies: ‘it is clear that the influence he exercised in introducing scientific method into industry was in no sense accidental, but the considered expression of innate convictions’. These convictions were also encouraged by the need to attract funds from industrial sponsors for the Royal College of Chemistry, and they charged the rhetoric that served to enhance Hofmann's ambition and the discipline of chemistry before international audiences.

Tissue expansion: a reconstructive revolution or a cornucopia of complications?

“Is it a revolt?” inquired Louis XVI, just 200 years ago. “No, Sire; it is a revolution” replied the Due de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt. Inability to recognise a revolution cost King Louis his head. It has always been the mark of a statesman to be able to recognise a revolutionary situation from within its evolving vortex. This also holds true for a surgeon. Whereas the political revolution may neither be inevitable nor have a profound impact on future generations, it is the industrial revolution, derived from the practical applications of science, that shapes the lives of so many of the human race. The twentieth century has seen developments in medical science and technology which, as a source of public interest, now displace the ceaseless advances in engineering that facilitate them. Peoples of the affluent countries, spared of repression, hunger and uncontrolled infection, turn increasingly to the medical profession for newer and more complete answers to their individual problems. Criteria for success have changed. In the Western World, a doubling of national medical expenditure may now have a zero or marginal effect on life expectancy. Plastic surgery is concerned with, above all, the correction and restoration of form. Political revolutionaries, as their heirs in Eastern Europe must now painfully recognise, are by no means offered “the blank sheet of infinite possibility”. This was an observation by Professor Michael Oakshott in his famous essay on political education, but is the possibility to be more of a reality for us, backed by science and encouraged by public demand? For thousands of years it must have been apparent to many that the solution for a particular defect or unsightly anomaly might be surgical, although such an intervention would never be made. The recent developments in tissue expansion are best seen in the context of the history of the specialty. Punitive rhinectomy in India was practised for so long and on so many victims, leading to so

The Significance of The Review of Politics

During the past fourteen years, since the entry of the United States into the Second World War, and especially since the end of the war (with its disillusioning peace blending into the so-called cold war), the United States has had thrust upon it the problems of the overwhelming difficulties of world leadership. Leadership in the true sense of the word cannot be totalitarian or authoritarian. It must be intellectual, moral and spiritual. This our leading statesmen have sometimes recognized, though not, I am inclined to think, often enough. In any event, it is in these spheres that our peoples have been perhaps the least prepared for our mission. Even in the natural sciences, one of the principal creative sources of American leadership has been individual scientists—such as Einstein, Fermi and Teller—bom and trained in Europe, who found asylum in the United States from Nazi or Fascist tyranny. In so far as the creative mind and its place in the national life are concerned, our main weakness has not been, however, in the natural sciences. During the first half of the twentieth century in the United States these have become distinguished in their own right. When it comes to the practical application of science we have led the world. In no other country have the results of new scientific knowledge been utilized technologically to produce as high a standard of living, measured in material quantity, as in the United States.