PPy Film Research Articles

A disposable, portable electrochemical immunosensor for rapid in situ detection of bovine tuberculosis

This contribution describes the development of a simple, fast, cost-effective, and sensitive impedimetric immunosensor for quantifying bovine tuberculosis (TB) in bovine serum samples. The construction of the immunosensor involved immobilizing the purified protein derivative (PPD) of M. bovis onto a screen-printed electrode that was modified with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and a polypyrrole (pPy) film synthesized electrochemically. The immunosensor exhibited a linear range from 0.5 μg mL−1 to 100 μg mL−1 and achieved a limit of detection (LD) of 100 ng mL−1 for the detection of anti-M. bovis antibody. The recovery percentages obtained in bovine serum samples were excellent, ranging between 98 % and 103 %.This device presents several advantages over alternative methods for determining TB in bovine serum samples. These include direct, in situ measurement without the need for pre-treatment, utilization of small volumes, thus avoiding harmful solvents and expensive reagents, and portability. In addition, the immunosensor exhibits both physical and chemical stability, retaining effectiveness even after 30 days of modification. This allows simultaneous incubations and facilitates large-scale detection.Hence, this immunosensor presents itself as a promising diagnostic tool for detecting anti-M. bovis antibodies in bovine serum. It serves as a viable alternative to tuberculin and ELISA tests.

Investigation of the effect of electrodeposited Cu from graphite wrapped in polypyrrole film formed by chemical oxidation

The metallization of graphite substrates is currently confronted by negative issues including insufficient adhesion and inherent instability. In an effort to surmount these challenges, a layer of conductive polypyrrole (PPy) film on a graphite surface is formed through simple polymerization, followed by an electroplating copper layer. The graphite enveloped by the PPy film, subjected to cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) analyses, demonstrates enhanced electrochemical activity and thus renders the more efficient electrodeposition of copper. Further investigation was conducted through orthogonal experiments to explore the optimal formulation of electroplating solutions containing popular additives including 3, 3′-dithiobis-1-propanesulfonic acid disodium salt (SPS), Janus Green B (JGB), and polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG8000)., According to the optimal additive formulation, a dense copper layer with superior adhesion was electroplated on the graphite substrate employing PPy as an intermediate layer.

Electropolymerization of Pyrrole Using a Single-Electrode Electrochemical System

Bipolar electrochemistry emerges as an appealing technique for gradient surface fabrication thanks to the controllable potential distribution on bipolar electrodes (BPEs) in a wireless manner [1]. Here we report a BPE array named the single-electrode electrochemical system (SEES) [2] for the high-throughput electrosynthesis of gradient polypyrrole (PPy) films via electropolymerization. The SEES consists of a plastic board with holes attached to an indium-tin oxide (ITO) electrode to create multiple microelectrochemical cell arrays. Benefiting from this technique, the effects of various electrolysis conditions on film growth, such as applied voltage, electrodeposition time and electrolyte, etc., were systematically investigated. The length, thickness, surface morphology, and wettability, of the obtained PPy films were investigated [3]. The SEES provides a straightforward comparison of experimental results and hence facilitates the condition screening process.

Effective removal of uranium (VI) with a SDBS doped PPy-SUS304 electrode from alkaline wastewater using electrodeposition strategy

The immobilization of uranium in nuclear wastewater is of paramount importance for environmental and human health. However, there is a paucity of research on the immobilization of uranium in alkaline wastewater, particularly with regards to the application of novel electrodes. This article presents the utilization of an electrochemically polymerized polypyrrole stainless steel (PPy-SUS304) electrode for the effective electrochemical deposition and removal of uranium from alkaline wastewater containing uranium. According to the electrodeposition results, the uranium deposition efficiency of the novel electrode reached 96.82 %, with a uranium deposition rate of 0.048 mg U/(h·cm2) and a charge efficiency of 0.055 mg U/C. These findings demonstrate the successful electrochemical reduction of UO2(CO3)34- in alkaline uranium-containing wastewater using the novel electrode, resulting in improved charge deposition efficiency. The electrode surface products were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). The SEM and EDS results demonstrate the formation of a uniform PPy film on the surface of SUS304. In addition, the White light interferometer (WLI) test reveals that the PPy-SUS304 electrode exhibits increased roughness compared to the SUS304 electrode. The XPS results revealed that the electrode surface products of PPy-SUS304 were actually U compounds constituted of U(IV) oxides or hydroxides. This study provides a new perspective for the development of novel electrodes to suppress side reactions and efficiently recover uranium from alkaline uranium-containing wastewater.

Preparation and Electrochromic Properties of MnO2/PPy Composite Films with Coral-like Structures.

MnO2/polypyrrole (PPy) composite films were deposited on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) conductive glasses by a two-step wet-chemical method, including electrochemical deposition and chemical bath deposition (CBD). The porous MnO2 films were first grown on FTO glasses by an electrodeposition method. Second, polypyrrole nanoparticles were polymerized by the oxidation-reduction reaction between MnO2 and pyrrole, using the presynthesized MnO2 as the skeleton. Then, MnO2/PPy composite films with coral-like structures were obtained. The electrochemical and electrochromic (EC) properties of the prepared films were investigated. The results show that, compared to the single MnO2 or PPy film, the MnO2/PPy composite film has a larger optical modulation (67.3% at a wavelength of 900 nm), faster response times (4 s for coloration and 3 s for bleaching), and a higher coloration efficiency (218.16 cm2·C-1). The high coloration efficiency attests to the exceptional performance of the composite film in converting electrical signals into vivid color changes. The electrochemical stability test results show that the composite film maintains a stable EC performance after 200 coloration/bleaching cycles. The coral-like structures of the composite film are responsible for the better EC properties.

Double-side super-hydrophilic/superspreading fabric for ultrafast asymmetric sweat transport and in-situ power generation

Asymmetric (viz. Janus or one-way transport) fabrics that can promote directional sweat transport from the next-to-the-skin surface to the outer surface by the hydrophobic-hydrophilic difference across the fabric thickness have been developed. However, the hydrophobic next-to-the-skin surface inevitably increases the inherent resistance to sweat transportation into the fabric, fundamentally hampering its moisture management property. In this work, by selectively coating a poly-pyrrole (ppy) film with Turing patterns on one side of the fabric to achieve superspreading property, we demonstrated an all-hydrophilic asymmetric fabric with outstanding one-way liquid sweat transport property. Benefiting from the low resistance of sweat absorption, the all-hydrophilic fabric exhibited a dramatically increased directional sweat transport rate of 13.6 mm/s, which is 5.9 times that of the untreated fabric, and significantly enhanced sweat evaporation rate (1.56 times of the untreated fabric) and cooling performance. Furthermore, the conductive ppy-fabric, during the process of ultra-fast sweat transport, generated a potential of 150 mV over an area of 2×2 cm2 or scalable electrical energy output of 2.5 mW/m2 under continuous sweat transportation. The finding in this work not only provided new insight into the design and development of asymmetric fabric for ultrafast sweat transport but also proposed a novel method for the in-situ energy harvesting during the sweat transportation process, which has potential applications in self-powered smart wearables and functional clothing.

One-pot synthesis of a network of Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) composite nanorods on a polypyrrole film presents a promising and efficient optoelectronic and solar cell device

Abstract A one-pot synthesis approach was employed to create a composite nanorod structure (Mn2O3–MnO2–poly(m-methylaniline) or Mn2O3–MnO2–PmMA) on a polypyrrole (Ppy) film. Optoelectronic and solar cell thin film devices were constructed using n- and p-type layers of Mn2O3–MnO2–PmMA and Ppy, respectively. The optical characteristics of the n-layer, coupled with the morphological behavior of its nanorods, enhance optical absorbance efficiency, reducing the bandgap value to 2.48 eV. The behavior of the optoelectronic device is chiefly determined by the significantly higher current density (J ph) value of 0.017 mA/cm2 compared to the dark current density (J o) value of 0.002 mA/cm2. Additionally, the linear dynamic range is 85 dB, and the noise ratio is 12%. The optimized values for the photosensitivity (R) and detectivity (D) at 340 nm are 0.22 mA W−1 and 0.47 × 10⁸ Jones, respectively. Even at 540 nm, these values decrease to 0.08 and 0.2 × 10⁸ Jones, respectively. For solar cell behavior, the short-circuit current (J SC) and open-circuit voltage (V OC) at 540 nm are determined, yielding values of 0.001 mA/cm2 and 0.98 V, respectively. The outstanding performance of this optoelectronic device, coupled with its solar cell behavior, positions the thin film material for a dual role in various industrial applications.

Electrodeposited ZIF-67 reinforced polypyrrole coating on ferritic stainless steel substrate with durable anticorrosion performance

The harsh acidic environment containing chloride ions has created serious corrosion hazards for ferritic stainless steels. Zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIFs) are a promising material for corrosion protection due to their microstructural and physicochemical properties. In this study, we proposed the electrodeposited ZIF-67 reinforced polypyrrole (PPY) coating (PPY/ZIF-67) for corrosion protection of 430 ferritic stainless steel (430SS). The morphology, microstructure, and anticorrosion behavior of the pristine PPY and hybrid PPY/ZIF-67 coating systems were characterized. The successful electrodeposition of ZIF-67 nanoparticles on the surface of the PPY layer resulted in a uniform distribution and a compact coating structure, which contributed to the overall uniformity of the coating and enhanced both the barrier and activity inhibition functions of the coating. The protective performance of PPY/ZIF-67 coatings was evaluated through electrochemical tests, the results indicated that the anticorrosion efficiency of PPY/ZIF-67 coating (with 0.4 mol/L pyrrole monomer content) reached to 99 %, and the coating demonstrated a durable corrosion protection ability (744 h) in 0.1 mol/L HCl solution. Such performance of can be attributed to the combined effect of the anodic protection provided by the inner PPY film, the active corrosion inhibiting properties of the ZIF-67 nanoparticle layer, and the hindrance of aggressive species by the compact coating structure over the prolonged service time.

Polypyrrole film formation using DC biasing of substrate in in-solution plasma process

Beyond the existing in-solution plasma (iSP) process used for nanoparticle synthesis, polymer film synthesis has recently been demonstrated via iSP, which occurs at a specific cycle in a substrate with electrical potential. Herein, we propose an iSP reactor designed to tune the characteristics of polypyrrole (PPy) films by applying varied DC biases to the substrate during the solution plasma process. Applying DC bias to the substrate notably enhances the iSP during the negative cycle, thereby generating ionic precursors from pyrrole monomers for PPy film formation. These films demonstrated morphological variances as a function of the applied VDC. At a low voltage (VDC = 0.5 kV), a uniform film was formed via a layer-by-layer growth mechanism, and as the voltage was increased, the film exhibited a structured morphology. Specifically, at VDC = 0.5 kV, the PPy film was successfully coated onto a finely patterned electrode. The proposed iSP process, under specific DC biasing conditions, enables polymer coating without necessitating additional chemicals, catalysts, or masks. This method holds potential for a wide range of applications.

Salicylic and tartaric ions co-doped polypyrrole to enhance the corrosion protection of polypyrrole/zinc bilayer coating on ZK60 magnesium alloy in Hank's solution

To enhance the corrosion protection of the polypyrrole/zinc (PPy/Zn) bilayer coating on biodegradable ZK60 magnesium alloy in Hank's solution at 37 °C, sodium salicylate (NaSA) in different concentrations (CNaSA, 0.5–4.0 mM) is selected as a co-doping reagent of tartrate anions (TA−), and an electropolymerization method that combines potentiostatic and galvanostatic synthesis is developed to prepare PPy(TA + SA)/Zn bilayer coatings. The co-doping of SA− suppresses the growth of PPy and notably increases its synthesis potential (Epoly) with increasing CNaSA. The co-doped PPy(TA + SA) films have a surface morphology and thickness similar to the PPy(TA) film. However, their chemical composition, structure, and adhesion strength change notably due to their varying growth conditions. In the long-term immersion test of PPy(TA + SA)/Zn/ZK60 samples, the PPy(TA + SA)/Zn coatings exhibit high stability, and the coating prepared with CNaSA = 1.0 mM has the most prolonged protection time (54 ± 1.5 d). As CNaSA increases, the co-doped PPy(TA + SA) film becomes heavily over-oxidized to produce more defects on PPy chains due to the high Epoly, ultimately decreasing the protection time to 40 ± 1.0 d. The corresponding mechanism involved is thoroughly discussed.

Chlorpromazine-Polypyrrole Drug Delivery System Tailored for Neurological Application.

Nowadays, drug delivery systems (DDSs) are gaining more and more attention. Conducting polymers (CPs) are efficiently used for DDS construction as such systems can be used in therapy. In this research, a well-known CP, polypyrrole (PPy), was synthesized in the presence of the polysaccharide heparin (HEP) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as electrolyte on a steel substrate. The obtained results demonstrate the successful incorporation of CPZ and HEP into the polymer matrix, with the deposited films maintaining stable electrochemical parameters across multiple doping/dedoping cycles. Surface roughness, estimated via AFM analysis, revealed a correlation with layer thickness-decreasing for thinner layers and increasing for thicker ones. Moreover, SEM images revealed a change in the morphology of PPy films when PPy is electropolymerized in the presence of CPZ and HEP, while FTIR confirmed the presence of CPZ and HEP within PPy. Due to its lower molecular mass compared to HEP, CPZ was readily integrated into the thin polymer matrix during deposition, with diffusion being unimpeded, as opposed to films with greater thickness. Finally, the resulting system exhibited the ability to release CPZ, enabling a dosing range of 10 mg to 20 mg per day, effectively covering the therapeutic concentration range.

Comparative Study on Structural, Dielectric Behavior and AC Conductivity of PPY-PVA Incorporated with TiO2 Fine and Nano Particles

Abstract An in-situ oxidative chemical polymerization technique to prepare thin films of PPY, PVA, and PPY-PVA blend doped with variable concentrations of TiO2 fine- and nano-particles was further investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and impedance spectrometer to study structural, dielectric, and AC conducting behavior. XRD spectra established that sharp and high intense peaks of PPY-PVA- fine TiO2 films indicated more crystallinity, which might be due to higher compactness and modification in interplanar spacing. Dielectric plots revealed that PPY-PVA-nano TiO2 films exhibited higher dielectric constants and lower dielectric loss compared to films of PPY-PVA- fine TiO2 in shorter frequency region, suggesting that these films are more suitable for charge storage devices. Conductivity plots revealed that AC conductivity of pure PPY was low (4.8 x10-3 S/cm at 313 0K) and was increased to 5.3 x10-3 S/cm by addition of PVA. AC conductivities of PPY-PVA-nano TiO2 thin films are relatively higher (7.43x10-3 S/cm to 1.14x10-2 S/cm) than PPY-PVA-fine TiO2 films (6.35x10-3 to 9.78x10-3 S/cm) with increasing frequency and temperature, which could be due to large surface area to volume ratio of nano-size dopant. This suggests that PPY-PVA-nano TiO2 thin films may be used for sensing various gasses.

Structure and electrochromic properties of polypyrrole films synthesized by AC electrochemical impedance spectroscopy under different amplitude

Alternating current (AC) electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was employed to synthesize polypyrrole (PPy) electrochromic films on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) transparent conductive glasses. When depositing the PPy films, a fixed initial voltage was 700 mV and AC of different amplitudes was applied. The influence of AC voltage amplitude on the structure and electrochromic performance of PPy films was investigated. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation reveals that the PPy films prepared under AC are composed of uniform-distributed nanospheres when the AC amplitude is below 400 mV, which is different from the submicron structure displayed by PPy films prepared under direct current (DC). This kind of nanospherical structure is helpful to ion transport, resulting in improved electrochromic properties of the PPy films prepared under AC compared with the PPy film prepared under DC. In particular, the PPy film prepared under 100 mV amplitude AC shows ideal electrochromic properties, with an ion diffusion coefficient of 8.13 × 10−10 cm2·s−1, a coloring efficiency of 137.4 cm2·C−1, quick coloration and bleaching switching times of 5.0 s and 6.5 s, respectively, and retains 65.7% of its optical modulation after 100 cycles.

Improvement of Electrical Conductivity of In Situ Iodine-Doped Polypyrrole Film Using Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Reactor with Capillary Electrodes.

To improve the electrical conductivity of polypyrrole (PPy) nanostructure film through in situ iodine (I2) doping, this study proposes an atmospheric pressure plasma reactor (APPR) where heated I2 dopant vapor is fed through capillary electrodes that serve as electrodes for discharge ignition. A large amount of the heated I2 vapor introduced into the reactor separately from a monomer gas can be effectively activated by an intense plasma via capillary electrodes. In particular, intensive plasma is obtained by properly adjusting the bluff body position in the APPR. Based on the ICCD and OES results, the I2 vapor injected through the capillary nozzle electrode is observed to form I2 charge species. The formed I2 species could directly participate in growing in situ I2-doped PPy films. Thus, in situ I2-doped PPy nanostructure films grown using the proposed APPR exhibit higher thicknesses of 15.3 μm and good electrical conductivities, compared to the corresponding non-doped films.

Linear sensing actuators of polypyrrole nanofiber scaffolds

AbstractIn the search for renewable materials for linear actuators, polypyrrole (PPy) glucose‐glycerin nanofiber scaffolds were used here to provide the actuator with a basic fibrillary structure, mimicking natural muscles. Each nanofiber was coated with a chemically synthesized PPy film, getting conductive nanofiber scaffolds (CNS), used then as electrodes to attain a second polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzensulfonate (PPyDBS) coat forming PPyDBS‐CNS material structure. PPyDBS bulk films obtained by electropolymerization on stainless steel under the same condition were used to compare the linear actuation properties of both materials. Cyclic voltammetry, square potential waves, and square potential currents, in combination with linear actuation measurements, studied the samples. Three different potential ranges (PRs) were selected for those methodologies: 1.0 to −0.55 V (PR1), 0.8 to −0.4 V (PR2), and 0.65 to −0.55 V (PR3), revealing that PPyDBS‐CNS has anion‐driven actuation independent of the applied PR1–3, while in comparison PPyDBS films had in PR3 mixed ion actuation. The best strain from PPyDBS, 24.6%, was attained at PR1, and from PPyDBS‐CSN, 17.5% strain in the same PR. Further characterizations are conducted, such as scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and element determination using energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy.

α-α Coupling-Dominated PPy Film with a Well-Conjugated Structure for Superlong Cycle Life Supercapacitors.

As the electrode of a supercapacitor, polypyrrole (PPy) inevitably suffers from structural rupture during repeated doping/dedoping processes and releases low practical capacitance due to the large amount of aggregation or cross-linking in PPy chains. The coupling mode (α-α, α-β, or β-β coupling) of pyrroles is critical to the conjugated structure, the conductivity, and cycling stability of PPy. Here, we prepared an α-α coupling-dominated PPy film via simple frozen interfacial polymerization. The PPy film with a nanostructure exposes more electrochemical active sites for the electrode, which can enhance the practical capacitance. The high proportion of the α-α coupling mode results in a high degree of large π-conjugation and a planar structure that can effectively improve the reversible ion transport efficiency and promote uniform stress distribution during the charge and discharge process. The assembled symmetric water-based supercapacitor delivers a high specific capacitance of 267.1 F g-1 at 1 A g-1 and 266.7 F g-1 at 5 A g-1 and exhibits an outstanding cycling performance of above 200 F g-1 even after 60,000 cycles.

Natural degradation of polypyrrole nanowires in NaOH solutions and its degradation kinetics

The polypyrrole (PPy) nanowires doped with p-toluenesulfonate ions (PPy/pTS NWs) are prepared and degraded in aerated and deaerated NaOH solutions (CNaOH=0.02 - 0.5 M) for different times to examine their natural degradation behavior and kinetics. After degradation, the fluffy PPy/pTS NWs network film generally exhibits a uniform natural degradation state with apparent damaged areas on the nanowires' surface, decreased nanowire diameter, and increased film thickness. The electroactivity degradation of PPy/pTS NWs still follows the first-order degradation kinetics, like the bulk-structured PPy/pTS films. The natural degradation kinetics model established from the bulk-structured PPy films is proven to apply to PPy/pTS NWs. The rate equations for the chemical and electrochemical degradation of PPy/pTS NWs in NaOH solutions are determined. Additionally, it is confirmed that the electrochemical degradation process is the dominant factor, while CNaOH significantly impacts the chemical degradation process. The structural features of PPy/pTS NWs do not alter the chemical and electrochemical degradation processes but significantly accelerate the degradation rates. This research will contribute to our understanding of the degradation kinetics of PPy nanomaterials and support their practical applications.

Construction of fully coated polypyrrole oxygen-barrier film based on MXene nanosheets for high reliability capacitive deionization

MXene has emerged as a promising capacitive deionization (CDI) faradic material for the advantages of excellent hydrophilicity, outstanding specific capacitance, and highly reversible ions intercalation/de-intercalation. However, its practical applications are severely restricted by the bottleneck problems of severe self-stacking and susceptibility to be oxidized by dissolved oxygen in aqueous solution. Herein, polypyrrole (PPy) oxygen-barrier film was fabricated and fully coated on the surface of MXene by the in-situ polymerization method to construct the composite electrode of PPy@MXene. In this unique architecture, the PPy oxygen-barrier film both enhances the antioxidant properties of MXene and weakens the strong interfacial interactions between MXene nanosheets to reduce the self-aggregation. Meanwhile, by doping different ions (Cl– and dodecyl benzene sulfonate, DBS–), PPy films were provided with excellent conductivity, abundant hole sites, and good ion exchange properties, which significantly promoted the charge priority adsorption capability of PPy-Cl@MXene and PPy-DBS@MXene electrodes. Consequently, compared with MXene//MXene cell, the PPy-Cl@MXene//PPy-DBS@MXene CDI cell presents dominant deionization capacity (55 mg g−1) and outstanding cycling stability (3 % degradation after 40 cycles). Most importantly, the morphology, structure and surface charge characteristics of the electrodes after long-term desalination confirmed that the MXene with fully coated PPy film was not destroyed by dissolved oxygen and maintained good structural integrity, which is conducive to improving the reliability of the MXene-based electrodes in CDI. Additionally, ion doped PPy@MXene electrodes highlight preferential adsorption to divalent cations. The work proposes a new strategy to advance the practical application of MXene by simultaneously solving its self-stacking and oxidative degradation issues.

Pseudocapacitance PPy coating modulation on the nano-MnO2 surface to improve zinc storage ability in neutral fiber battery

With the rapid development of wearable electronic technology, the research of fiber energy storage batteries, such as fiber Zn-MnO2 batteries, has also been promoted. However, mechanically mixing conductive carbon and MnO2 to improve charge transfer efficiency is still considered inefficient. In this work, PPy was used to coat the surface of nano MnO2. By regulating the structure of C-MnO2, an excellent charge transfer efficiency C-L27-MnO2 material with a suitable thickness and uniform PPy film was obtained. When the C-L27-MnO2 material was applied to a neutral fiber zinc-ion battery, it showed a significantly improved cycle and rate capacity. At a current density of 10 mA g−1, the specific capacity of the MnO2 electrode increased from 124.2 mAh/g to 316.0 mAh/g.

Deposition of Polypyrrole-Carboxylated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Nanohybrid Thin Film for Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor

Immobilization of the enzyme is the main problem and critical factor in producing high selectivity and sensitivity of a surface plasmon sensor (SPR). This study is aimed at fabricating a uniform polypyrrole (PPy) - Carboxylated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (MWCNT-COOH) nanohybrid film as a mediator, thereby enhancing the functional groups to attach and immobilize the enzymes for the SPR sensor. This nanohybrid thin film of PPy- MWCNT-COOH was electrodeposited on the surface of gold (Au)/chromium (Cr) by chronoamperometry using potentiostat at 0.7V for 5s and 10s. For the first time, the MWCNT-COOH is utilized and combined with conductive polymer PPy to investigate the SPR sensor at two different wavelengths which are 670 nm and 785 nm. The SPR curves and resonance angle are red-shifted and shallower when the time of electropolymerization increases. However, the resonance angle for the 785 nm optical wavelength is blue-shifted and the full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) is smaller compared to the 670 nm optical wavelength. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectrum examination reveals the presence of the required functional groups from the fabricated PPy-MWCNT- COOH nanohybrid thin film to attach the enzyme immobilization in future work. In conclusion, the findings of this research can broaden exciting possibilities for the low-cost fabrication of promising SPR sensors at longer wavelengths.