Ppm Of Malathion Research Articles

Caracterización de la Susceptibilidad al Malatión en la Mosca de las Indias Occidentales 1

At Nayarit, Mexico, since 2003 malathion has been applied in integrated pest management to control Anastrepha flies. It is necessary to know the susceptibility of these pests to the insecticide. We tested Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) females, males, and 50:50 female/males that had selection pressure from this insecticide. The lower susceptibility was 1,000 and 10,000 mg of malathion per liter. The females were more susceptible than males or the 50:50 combination. These data are comparative for susceptibility tests of field specimens sprayed with 8,300 ppm of malathion.

Comparative acute toxicity of organophosphates and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides in vivo exposed fresh water fish Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Escalating pesticide deposition in the aquatic environment is becoming a potential threat to aquatic organisms. Present study was designed to investigate acute toxicity in O. niloticus. the fish were exposed to five different concentrations of malathion, chlorpyrifos and lambda-cyhalothrin (synthetic pyrethroid) pesticides in the laboratory using separate aquaria for each chemical. Mortality ranged from 100 to 0%. The 24 h LC50 (median lethal concentration) for O. niloticus was 5.70, 0.5 and 0.015 ppm for malathion, chlorpyrifos and Lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. LC50 values obtained after 24 h of exposure indicated that the fish were sensitive to all the three tested pesticides. The mortality rate was directly proportional to the pesticides concentration. The results showed that the lambda- cyhalothrin was found more toxic followed by chlorpyrifos and malathion. The study results suggested that the runoff of organophosphates and synthetic pyrethorid pesticides from nearby agricultural fields to aquatic environment posed health hazards on fish.

Growth, photosynthesis and removal responses of the cyanobacteria Chroococcus sp. to malathion and malaoxon

Malathion is an organophosphorus pesticide widely used in agricultural crops, despite its toxicity. In addition, malaoxon occurs by oxidation of malathion being more toxic. The toxic effects of malathion and malaoxon in humans include hepatoxicity, breast cancer, genetic damage and endocrine disruption. The aim of this study involved assessing the effect of malathion commercial grade on Chroococcus sp., and its potential as an alternative to the removal of this pesticide and its transformation product such as malaoxon. We evaluated the effect of malathion at different concentrations (1, 25, 50, 75 and 100 ppm) on the biomass of the cyanobacteria Chroococcus sp. grown in medium BG-11; also, we analyse its ability to degrade both malathion and malaoxon into a temperature of 28 ± 2 °C and at pH 6. The results showed that 50 ppm of malathion the cyanobacteria Chroococcus sp. reached the highest removal efficiency of malathion and malaoxon (69 and 65%, respectively); also, the growth rate of Chroococcus sp. increased without inhibiting the production of chlorophyll “a”, this can be explained by the hormesis phenomenon. Therefore, we consider that the cyanobacteria Chroococcus sp. may be a good candidate for bioremediation of aquatic systems contaminated with organophosphorus pesticides such as malathion and its transformation product such as malaoxon.

Organophosphorus pesticides toxicity on brine shrimp artemia

Present investigation discusses the toxic effects of two organophosphorus pesticides (Malathion) and (Glyphosate) on brine shrimp, Artemia in static acute toxicity tests (24hr and 48hr). Toxicity tests were performed at a temperature of 27±1⁰C with a photoperiod of 12h light and 12h dark. Ten healthy nauplii were exposed to five different concentrations of Malathion (10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 ppm) and Glyphosate (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 ppm) along with a control group. Finney’s Probit analysis was used to determine the 24h/48h LC50 values and were found to be 58.3 and 17.3 ppm, 0.028 and 0.019 ppm for Malathion and Glyphosate, respectively. Of the two pesticides tested Glyphosate was found to be significantly more toxic to Artemia nauplii than that of Malathion (P < 0.05).

Toxicity of Malathion and Spinosad to Bactrocera zonata and Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae)

Abstract Recently, an outbreak of the peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae), in the metropolitan area of Tel Aviv in central Israel was reported. The default action taken in response was the intensive use of the male attractant methyl eugenol applied together with the organophosphate insecticide malathion, which is toxic to a wide range of insects. In agricultural groves, the spinosad bait formulation GF-120™ is routinely used to control the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae). In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of malathion and spinosad to B. zonata and C. capitata in Israel following both contact exposure (tactile) and feeding (insecticides mixed with bait). Whereas doses of 1,000 and 2,000 ppm of malathion were highly toxic to C. capitata both upon contact and when eaten with bait, a dose of 10,000 ppm (1%) caused only 10 to 35% mortality of B. zonata. This insensitivity to the toxicant cannot be explained by feeding avoida...

Effect of Malathion on Reproductive Parameters of Engorged Female Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus Ticks of Punjab Districts, India.

The present study was aimed at evaluating effects of malathion on the various reproductive parameters, namely, egg mass weight (EMW), reproductive index (RI), percentage inhibition of oviposition (%IO), and hatchability percentage of eggs of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Canestrini 1887) females from 19 districts of Punjab, India. The effect on various parameters was found to be dose dependent and more discernible upon exposure to higher concentrations. Complete cessation of egg laying was recorded in tick isolates on exposure to 5000 ppm and above. The values of %IO ranged in 4.4–68.6, 25.2–76.2, 35.6–100.0, 45.7–100.0, and 71.4–100.0 in groups treated with 1250, 2500, 5000, 10000, and 20000 ppm of malathion, respectively. A low hatching % was recorded in eggs of all treated female ticks in comparison to control treated with distilled water and complete inhibition of hatching was recorded at 10000 ppm and above. However, the survival of the hatched larvae was not affected and was similar to control group. The results of the current study can be of immense help in formulation and implementation of effective tick control measures.

Acetylcholinesterase based biosensor for monitoring of Malathion and Acephate in food samples: A voltammetric study

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) biosensor was developed through silica sol–gel (SiSG) immobilisation of AChE on the carbon paste electrode (CPE) and used as working electrode. AChE catalyses the cleavage of acetylthiocholine chloride (ASChCl or substrate) to thiocholine, which was oxidised to give a disulphide compound by dimerisation at 0.60V versus saturated calomel electrode. All the experiments were carried out in 0.1M phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at pH 7.0 and 0.1M KCl solution at room temperature. The limit of detection and limit of quantification values were found to be 0.058ppm, 0.044ppm and 0.194ppm, 0.147ppm for Malathion and Acephate, respectively. The response of the biosensor showed a good linearity range with an incubation time of 4min for Malathion and Acephate, respectively. This biosensor was used for the direct determination of pesticides without any pretreatment and it requires less time for analysis.

Comparing the relative toxicity of malathion and malaoxon in blue catfish Ictalurus furcatus

Malathion inhibits the critical body enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This capability requires that malathion should first be converted to malaoxon to become an active anticholinesterase agent. Conversion can be caused by oxidation in mammals, insects, plants, and in sunlight. In this study, the effects of malathion and malaoxon on catfish Ictalurus furcatus were evaluated. After 96-h exposures, the LC(50) (concentration that causes 50% mortality) and IC(50) (concentration that causes 50% enzyme inhibition) for malaoxon were lower than corresponding values for malathion. The overall mean 96-h LC(50) is 17.0 ppm for malathion and 3.1 ppm for malaoxon. IC(50) values for malathion are 8.5 ppm for brain, 10.3 ppm for liver, and 16.6 ppm for muscle. Corresponding values for malaoxon are 2.3, 3.7, and 6.8 ppm, respectively. All the AChE activities in malathion- and malaoxon-exposed catfish brain showed significant inhibition. The oxidation product malaoxon demonstrated higher inhibition on AChE activity than did malathion. Moreover, malaoxon showed significant inhibition on butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) in the liver if the concentrations were increased to more than 1 ppm. Malathion showed no difference between treatment group and control group. Compared with malathion, malaoxon showed higher inhibition on monoamine activity than that of malathion. The results indicated that the oxidative product malaoxon is more toxic than the parent compound malathion. AChE, BChE, and monoamine activities are confirmed as bioindicators of malathion exposure in blue catfish, I. furcatus.

Investigations of the determination and transformations of diazinon and malathion under environmental conditions using gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionisation detector.

Degradation of two model insecticides, diazinon and malathion, and their degradation products 2-isopropyl-6-methyl-4-pyrimidinol--IMP (diazinon hydrolysis product) and malaoxon (malathion oxidation product) was compared and studied in the environment. The pesticides and their metabolites were extracted from samples (water, soil, chicory) with ethyl acetate and subsequently the extracts were analyzed by GC/FID. It was shown that hydrolysis is the major process in the degradation of these pesticides in water. In fact, 95% of diazinon was degraded, and only 10% of malathion was oxidised. In soil 30% of diazinon exposed to the sunlight was decomposed by photolysis, whereas in soil left in the darkness no degradation products were observed. In soil left under environmental conditions, 90% of diazinon was degraded and 40% from its initial concentration was transformed into IMP. The concentrations of the pesticides after 21 days on chicory were under maximal allowable concentration, which is 0.5 ppm for malathion and for diazinon. The concentration of malaoxon was more than twice as high as the allowable value, which is for the sum of malathion and malaoxon 3 ppm.

Simple and Rapid Systematic Determination of Various Pesticides in Brown Rice by Gas Chromatography

A simple and rapid systematic gas chromatographic determination of 43 organophosphorus, 24 organonitrogen, 14 organochlorine, and 11 pyrethroid pesticides in brown rice was developed. The pesticides were extracted from samples with acetonitrile, and this extract was evaporated to dryness. The residue was dissolved in acetone, and organophoshorus pesticides were directly determined by FPD-GC. Another part of the solvent was applied to a Sep-pak Florisil cartridge, and organonitrogen pesticides were eluted with 50% ethyl acetate in n-hexane and determined by NPD-GC. On the other hand, organochlorine and pyrethroid pesticides were eluted with 5% ethyl acetate in n-hexane and determined by ECD-GC. This simple method affords a high recovery of hydrophilic pesticides, allows rapid analysis, and is cheap to perform. Residual pesticides in brown rice (246 samples) imported from the U. S. A., China and Australia were investigated by the proposed method, and 0.01-0.1ppm of malathion was found in 3 samples from the U. S. A., and 6 samples from China. The detection limit of the proposed method was 0.001ppm for organophosphorus and organochlorine pesticides and 0.01ppm for organonitrogen and pyrethroid pesticides.

Effect of malathion on the optomotor behavior of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus

1. Behavioral changes are very good and sensitive indicators of pollution by any toxicant. The optomotor responses are useful to quantify the changes in some of the movement patterns of the fish. 2. The present study deals with the behavioral changes of bluegill sunfish, Lepomis macrochirus, that result from an exposure to 0.002, 0.004, 0.008, 0.016, 0.032 and 0.048 ppm of malathion. 3. Malathion belongs to the widely used group of organophosphorus pesticides. Alterations in behavior due to an exposure to sublethal concentrations of malathion were estimated by measuring two parameters namely “following” and “reversal” which involve two optomotor responses. 4. A specially constructed apparatus with a jar containing water to hold the fish around which was a rotating patterned drum was used to measure the optomotor response. 5. All 90° changes in movements or turns, referred to as “quarter turns”, made by the fish in the direction of the drum rotation (“following”) or opposite direction (“reversal”) were recorded. 6. At 0.016 ppm exposure level the fish became hyperactive and at 0.048 ppm exposure level they became lethargic. 7. The mean scores for “following” was significantly ( P < 0.0001) different at 0.016, 0.032 and 0.048 ppm exposure concentration compared to control, 0.002, 0.004 and 0.008 ppm exposure concentrations. 8. The mean “reversal” scores showed more or less the same trend. 9. There was a significant ( P < 0.0001) increase in “reversals” at 0.016 ppm compared to control and fish exposed to various other concentrations. 10. Behavioral studies may be used to quickly assess and evaluate the effects of sublethal doses of pollutants that are found in very small quantities in the aquatic environment.

The effects of bayluscide and malathion on the mortality and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae

AbstractLaboratory experiments were conducted to assess the effects of bayluscide and malathion on the mortality and infectivity of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. Mortality of cercariae varied with time of exposure and concentration of tested chemicals. The LC5, LC50, and LC95 for bayluscide were 0.04, 0.07, and 0.10 ppm after 2 h of exposure; 0.03, 0.04, and 0.06 ppm after 4 h of exposure; and 0.02, 0.03, and 0.05 ppm after 6 h of exposure, respectively. Malathion gave LC5, LC50, and LC95 values of 59.16, 107.07, and 193.78 ppm after 2 h of exposure; and 39.79, 69.36, and 120.89 ppm after 4 h of exposure, respectively. Sublethal concentrations of bayluscide and malathion significantly reduced the rate of infection of laboratory mice by S. mansoni cercariae (p &lt; 0.01). Approximately 1.50 and 0.00% of adult worms were recovered by autopsy of mice whose cercariae were preexposed for only 1 h to 0.04 ppm of bayluscide and 50.00 ppm of malathion, respectively. These results clearly show that bayluscide is much more toxic to cercariae than to snail intermediate hosts cited in the literature, and that malathion possesses some cercaricidal properties at concentrations expected to be achieved in the field.

RESIDUE LEVELS IN TOMATO PRODUCTS PROCESSED FROM FRUIT IN CONTACT WITH INSECTICIDE TREATED HAMPERS

AbstractResidue analyses for insecticides were conducted when whole tomatoes and tomato juice were processed from damaged tomatoes that had been in contact with the surfaces of wooden hampers treated with malathion or diazinon. There were 0.18–0.21 and 0.59–0.64 ppm of malathion in whole tomatoes and juice, respectively. No diazinon residues could be detected in whole tomatoes and only traces in juice. The data show that it should be safe to treat tomato hampers with these insecticides in an attempt to control nitidulid beetles that infest damaged processing tomatoes during the period between picking and delivery to the factory.

Standard curves for nuvacron, malathion, sevin, DDT and kelthane tested against the mosquito Culex pipiens L. and the microcrustacean Daphnia magna Straus

The fourth instar larvae of Culex pipiens L. and adults of microcrustacean Daphnia magna Straus were reared under standarized conditions and used as bioassay test organisms for the preparation of the standard log concentration-probit (lc-p) regression lines for each of the following pesticides: nuvacron, malathion, sevin, DDT and kelthane. When the above pesticides were tested against the larvae of C. pipiens, the LC 50 values (in ppm) ranged as follows: nuvacron 0.0014–0.0019, malathion 0.0027–0.0043, sevin 0.059–0.095, DDT 0.233–0.525, kelthane 0.17–0.24 and a mixture of malathion, DDT and kelthane (3 : 10 : 5) 0.1805–0.2451, based on 24-h readings. The corresponding LC 50 values (in ppm) for D. magna were 0.00018–0.00032, 0.000074–0.00013, 0.00063–0.00069, 0.0061–0.0064, 0.071–0.090 and 0.022–0.028 for the aforementioned pestcides. D. magna proved to be more sensitive to all tested pesticides than C. pipiens larvae: it succumbed to concentrations ranging from 0.000032 to 0.004 ppm of nuvacron, from 0.000032 to 0.0016 ppm of malathion, from 0.000032 to 0.02 ppm of sevin, from 0.0008 to 0.1 ppm of DDT, from 0.03 to 0.3 ppm of kelthane and from 0.007 to 0.075 ppm of the mixture. C. pipiens larvae were affected by concentrations ranging from 0.0005 to 0.008 ppm of nuvacron, from 0.0005 to 0.04 ppm of malathion, from 0.008 to 1.0 ppm of sevin, from 0.05 to 2.5 ppm of DDT, from 0.06 to 0.5 ppm of kelthane and from 0.07 to 0.75 ppm of the mixture.