Ppm Copper Research Articles

Effects of copper sulphate stress on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa

Plants are subjected to various biotic and abiotic stresses that significantly impact their growth and productivity. To achieve balanced crop growth and yield, including for leafy vegetables, the continuous application of micronutrient is crucial. This study investigates the effects of different concentrations of copper sulphate (0, 75, 125, and 175 ppm) on the morphological and biochemical features of Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa. Morphological parameters such as plant height, leaf area, root length, and fresh and dry weights were optimized at a concentration of 75 ppm copper sulfate. At this concentration, chlorophyll a & b levels increased significantly in Spinacia oleracea (462.9 and 249.8 \U0001d707\U0001d454/\U0001d454), and Avena sativa (404.7 and 437.63\U0001d707\U0001d454/\U0001d454). However, carotenoid content and sugar levels in Spinacia oleracea were negatively affected, while sugar content in Avena sativa increased at 125 ppm (941.6 µg/ml). Protein content increased in Spinacia oleracea (75 ppm, 180.3 µg/ml) but decreased in Avena sativa. Phenol content peaked in both plants at 75 ppm (362.2 and 244.5 µg/ml). Higher concentrations (175 ppm) of copper sulfate reduced plant productivity and health. Plants exposed to control and optimal concentrations (75 and 125 ppm) of copper sulpate exhibited the best health and growth compared to those subjected to higher concentrations. Maximum plant height, leaf area, root length, fresh and dry weights were observed at lower concentrations (75 and 125 ppm) of copper sulfate, while higher concentrations caused toxicity. Optimal copper sulfate levels enhanced chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, protein, and phenol contents but inhibited sugar and carotenoid contents in both Spinacia oleracea and Avena sativa. Overall, increased copper sulfate treatment adversely affected the growth parameters and biochemical profiles of these plants.

Urolithin a Improves Motor Dysfunction Induced by Copper Exposure in SOD1G93A Transgenic Mice Via Activation of Mitophagy.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease pathologically characterized by selective degeneration of motor neurons resulting in a catastrophic loss of motor function. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of copper (Cu) exposure on progression of ALS and explore the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Urolithin A (UA) on ALS. 0.13 PPM copper chloride drinking water was administrated in SOD1G93A transgenic mice at 6weeks, UA at a dosage of 50mg/kg/day was given for 6weeks after a 7-week Cu exposure. Motor ability was assessed before terminal anesthesia. Muscle atrophy and fibrosis, motor neurons, astrocytes and microglia in the spinal cord were evaluated by H&E, Masson, Sirius Red, Nissl and Immunohistochemistry Staining. Proteomics analysis, Western blotting and ELISA were conducted to detect protein expression. Mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were measured using an assay kit. Cu-exposure worsened motor function, promoted muscle fibrosis, loss of motor neurons, and astrocyte and microglial activation. It also induced abnormal changes in mitochondria-related biological processes, leading to a significant reduction in ATP levels and an increase in MDA levels. Upregulation of P62 and downregulation of Parkin, PINK1, and LAMP1 were revealed in SOD1G93A mice with Cu exposure. Administration of UA activated mitophagy, modulated mitochondria dysfunction, reduced neuroinflammation, and improved gastrocnemius muscle atrophy and motor dysfunction in SOD1G93A mice with Cu exposure. Mitophagy plays critical role in ALS exacerbated by Cu exposure. UA administration may be a promising treatment strategy for ALS.

Cold Hydraulic Extraction Optimization and Characterization of Balanites aegyptiaca and Ceiba pentandra Seed Oils

Non-edible vegetable oils have a huge potential for many industrial applications. Most of them are expressed by mechanical pressing, but data on the different operating conditions to achieve optimal extraction yields and high-quality oil are scarce. Hence, the objective of this study was to optimize key hydraulic extraction parameters at ambient temperature (25 °C) of <em>Balanites aegyptiaca</em> and <em>Ceiba pentandra</em> oils by increasing the oil recovery. Optimal holding time, applied pressure, compression speed, and press cage charge were determined for whole and crushed oleaginous material. The results indicate that the <em>B.aegyptiaca </em>kernels and <em>C.pentandra</em> seeds contained 2.7 and 5.7% moisture, as well as 46.3 and 26.2% fat, respectively. Under the optimal operating conditions, the oil recovery (wt.%. d.b.) from whole (crushed) material was 73.4 (69.8) <em>B.aegyptiaca </em>kernels and 38.2 (41.2) <em>C.pentandra</em> seeds.<strong> </strong>The extracted oils have a high content of unsaturated fatty acids including of about 74 wt.% for <em>B. aegyptiaca</em> and 69 wt.% for <em>C.pentandra</em>. They were particularly rich in linoleic ω-6 acid, 45.32 and 38.77 wt.%, respectively. The chemical characteristics of cold-extracted <em>B. aegyptiaca</em> and <em>C.pentandra</em> oils were 10 and 20 ppm phosphorus, 2.8 and 3.5 ppm iron, 0.0 ppm copper, 0.06 and 0.1% water-volatile matter, respectively. These valuable material properties make the <em>B.aegyptiaca</em> and <em>C.pentandra</em> oils an ecological and renewable resource for multipurpose applications.

The gene IFIT1 is associated with dietary copper‐induced yellow fat disease in sheep

AbstractIn the process of rapid fattening and rearing of meat sheep, yellow fat disease of sheep occurs frequently. This study aims to investigate the preliminary pathogenesis of yellow fat disease in sheep. Eighteen healthy sheep (4–5 months old, 34 ± 1 kg) were selected and randomly divided into three groups: the 10 ppm copper group, the 50 ppm copper group, and the 100 ppm copper group. At the end of the experiment, blood, liver, kidney, and adipose tissue samples were taken from all sheep, and measurements of each index were taken. 50 and 100 ppm copper supplementation in the diets did not significantly affect average daily gain, total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and sorbitol dehydrogenase in sheep but significantly increased the effects on gamma‐glutamyltransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and alanine aminotransferase enzyme activities in the liver and increased the accumulation of copper in the liver. 50 and 100 ppm copper supplementation to the feed caused different levels of pathological damage to the liver, the kidney, and fat and significantly affected the brightness, redness, and yellowness of the carcass fat. Sheep in the 50 ppm copper group did not show significant clinical symptoms of yellow fat disease in the later period of the experiment, but those in the 100 ppm copper group showed significant clinical symptoms of yellow fat disease. Transcriptome analysis of sheep livers showed differential genes associated with yellow fat disease, and GO and KEGG analyses associated with yellow fat disease were performed, and further correlation analysis found that the occurrence of copper‐induced yellow fat disease may be closely related to gene IFIT1.

Synthesis of copper nanoparticles by a sonication-mediated method using Malpighia glabra fruit extract and their applications.

This study introduces an environmentally friendly technique for copper nanoparticle synthesis utilizing Malpighia glabra fruit extract under the sonication treatment. The synthesis process and phenol red removal were optimized by a central composite full and response surface design. Highly pure and spherical-shaped copper nanoparticles with an average size of 22.5 nm were formed using 7.4 mL of Malpighia glabra fruit extract and 21.9 mM (AcO)2Cu. Additionally, the extract-mediated nanoparticles opposed the negative charges with a zeta potential of -11.8 mV and high stability of 30 days storage time. The sonication-assisted nanoparticles exhibited the highest inhibition against Gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus), MCF7 human breast cancer cells, and Fusarium solani with 50% inhibition concentrations reaching 12, 0.82, and 80 ppm, respectively. Additionally, the green-synthesized nanomaterials functioned as an effective catalyst to remove phenol red. A conversion of 97% after a 540 seconds reaction was determined on 10 ppm phenol red with the presence of 21.5 ppm copper nanoparticles and 51.8 mM NaBH4. This research highlights the potential of Malpighia glabra fruit extract in the sustainable production of copper nanoparticles, with promising applications in biomedicine, agriculture, and environmental remediation.

Daya Jerap dan Efisiensi Adsorpsi Ion Tembaga Menggunakan Biosorben Serat Daun Nanas (Ananas comosus)

One of the essential heavy metals that living things require in small amounts is the copper ion (Cu2+). However, the presence of dissolved copper metal is toxic to organisms and can pollute the environment if it exceeds a predetermined threshold value. Pineapple leaf waste with high cellulose content can be used as a copper ion biosorbent. This research studied the effect of pineapple leaf fiber particle size and contact time at the adsorption of copper ions on the adsorption capacity and effectiveness of pineapple leaf fiber biosorbents in adsorbing copper ions. The research began with cleaning, drying, and grinding pineapple leaves. Then, the activation process was carried out for 70 minutes using 9% NaOH. The adsorption process of copper ions was carried out using 1 g of pineapple leaf fiber biosorbent based on the varying sizes of the biosorbent particles size of the biosorbent -40/+60; -60/+80; and -80/+100 mesh and contact time 30; 60; 90; and 120 minutes at a stirring speed of 90 rpm and a concentration of 10 ppm copper ion adsorbate to measure the remaining copper ions in solution after the adsorption process. The activated pineapple leaf fiber biosorbent has a water content of 14.3%; 12.4%; and 11.2% for each biosorbent particle size -40/+60; -60/+80; and -80/+100 meshes. The highest adsorption effectiveness was 94.93%, which occurred at a contact time of 90 minutes with a biosorbent particle size of -80/+100 mesh and an adsorption value of 0.94 mg/g.

Effects of Different Zinc and Copper Concentrations in Soil on Morphological and Biochemical Properties of Ipomea aquatica

Zinc and copper pollution in agricultural lands due to anthropogenic activities has become a major environmental problem. While these metals are essential for plant growth, their excessive presence can lead to plant toxicity. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of different concentrations of zinc and copper (0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm) in soil on the morphological and biochemical properties of I. aquatica, commonly known as water spinach. The morphological properties, including plant height, number of leaves, and stem diameter, were assessed, along with soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC). Biochemical properties, specifically the Total Phenolic Content (TPC) and Total Flavonoid Content (TFC) in plant tissues, were measured using colorimetric assays. The results revealed significant morphological changes in plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves at 200 ppm zinc treatment compared to the control. Additionally, the number of leaves significantly increased at the 100 ppm copper treatment, while the stem diameter decreased significantly at 300 ppm. Both zinc and copper treatments slightly reduced soil pH and increased soil EC. At the 300 ppm treatment, substantial changes in phenolic and flavonoid contents were observed in the stems and leaves of I. aquatica. Copper treatment at 200 ppm increased the TPC of leaves, while 100 ppm copper treatment increased the TFC of stems. Furthermore, the 300 ppm zinc treatment significantly increased the TPC and TFC in stems and leaves. These findings indicate that zinc and copper concentrations have notable effects on the morphological and biochemical properties of I. aquatica. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain an appropriate balance of these metal elements to cultivate plants that are morphologically and physiologically resilient.

Low-dose Cu exposure enhanced α-synuclein accumulation associates with mitochondrial impairments in mice model of Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that mainly affects the elder population, and its etiology is enigmatic. Both environmental risks and genetics may influence the development of PD. Excess copper causes neurotoxicity and accelerates the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the underlying mechanisms of copper-induced neurotoxicity remain controversial. In this study, A53T transgenic α-synuclein (A53T) mice and their matching wild-type (WT) mice were treated with a low dose of copper (0.13 ppm copper chlorinated drinking water, equivalent to the copper exposure of human daily copper intake dose) for 4 months, and copper poisoning was performed on human A53T mutant SHSY5Y cells overexpressed with α-synuclein (dose of 1/4 IC50), to test the effects of copper exposure on the body. The results of the open field test showed that the moto function of Cu-treated mice was impaired. Proteomics revealed changes in neurodevelopment, transport function, and mitochondrial membrane-related function in Cu-treated WT mice, which were associated with reduced expression of mitochondrial complex (NDUFA10, ATP5A), dopamine neurons (TH), and dopamine transporter (DAT). Mitochondrial function, nervous system development, synaptic function, and immune response were altered in Cu-treated A53T mice. These changes were associated with increased mitochondrial splitting protein (Drp1), decreased mitochondrial fusion protein (OPA1, Mfn1), abnormalities in mitochondrial autophagy protein (LC3BII/I, P62), decreased dopamine neuron (TH) expression, increased α-synuclein expression, inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α) release and microglia (Iba1) activation. In addition, we found that Cu2+ (30 μM) induced excessive ROS production and reduced mitochondrial ATP production in human A53T mutant α-synuclein overexpressing SHSY5Y cells by in vitro experiments. In conclusion, low-dose copper treatment altered critical proteins involved in mitochondrial, neurodevelopmental, and inflammatory responses and affected mitochondria's ROS and ATP production levels.

Investigation of the Copper Requirements of the Metallophyte Liverworts Cephaloziella nicholsonii Douin and C. massalongoi (Spruce) Müll.Frib.

Former mine sites can provide habitat for many rare specialised bryophyte species that have adapted to metal-rich soil conditions that are toxic to most other plant species. Some of the bryophyte species found in this habitat are facultative metallophytes, and others are regarded as strict metallophytes, the so-called 'copper mosses'. It is a general assumption in the literature that Cephaloziella nicholsonii and C. massalongoi, both categorised as Endangered in the IUCN Red List for Europe, are also strict metallophytes and obligate copper bryophytes. This in vitro experiment investigated the growth and gemma production of these two species from different sites in Ireland and Britain on treatment plates of 0 ppm, 3 ppm, 6 ppm, 12 ppm, 24 ppm, 48 ppm and 96 ppm copper. Results show that elevated copper is not an obligate requirement for optimum growth. Differences in response to the copper treatment levels among populations evident within both species could possibly be due to ecotypic variation. A case is also made for the taxonomic revision of the Cephaloziella genus. Implications for the species' conservation are discussed.

Harnessing of newly tailored poly (acrylonitrile)-starch nanoparticle graft copolymer for copper ion removal via oximation reaction as a calorimetric sensor

Purpose Herein, this study aims to use our recently tailored and fully characterized poly acrylonitrile (AN)-starch nanoparticle graft copolymer having 60.1 graft yield percentage as a starting substrate for copper ions removal from wastewater effluent after chemical modification with hydroxyl amine via oximation reaction as a calorimetric sensor. Design/methodology/approach The calorimetric sensor batch technique was used to determine the resin's adsorption capacity, while atomic adsorption spectrometry was used to determine the residual copper ions concentration in the filtrate before and after adsorption. This was done to convert the copolymer's abundant nitrile groups into amidoxime groups, and the resulting poly (amidoxime) resin was used as a copper ion adsorbent. To validate the existence of amidoxime groups, the resin was qualitatively characterized using a rapid vanadium ion test and instrumentally using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra and scanning electron microscopy morphological analysis. Findings At pH 7, 400 ppm copper ions concentration and 0.25 g adsorbent at room temperature, the overall adsorption potential of poly (amidoxime) resin was found to be 115.2 mg/g. The process's adsorption, kinetics and isothermal analysis were examined using various variables such as pH, contact time, copper ion concentration and adsorbent dose. To pretend the adsorption kinetics, various kinetics models, including pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order, were applied to the experimental results. The kinetic analysis indicated that the pseudo-second-order rate equation promoted the development of the chemisorption phase better than the pseudo-first-order rate equation. In the case of isothermal investigations, a study of observed correlation coefficient (R2) values indicated that the Langmuir model outperformed the Freundlich model in terms of matching experimental data. Originality/value To the best of the author's information, there is no comprehensive study for copper ions removal from waste water effluent using the recently tailored and fully characterized poly (AN)-starch nanoparticle graft copolymer having 60.1 graft yield percentage as a starting substrate after chemical modification with hydroxyl amine via oximation reaction as a calorimetric sensor.

A new targetry system for production of zirconium-89 radioisotope with Cyclone-30 cyclotron

Abstract In this study, an efficient method for targetry and production of zirconium-89 radioisotope (89Zr) with Cyclone-30 cyclotron was developed. The preparation of a highly pure compressed yttrium oxide target material and design of a target made by copper for better heat transfer was performed. Electrodeposition of target with gold was done to prevent the entry of metallic impurities (copper, zinc and other trace metal elements). Nuclear reaction cross sections for optimization of production with new target and irradiation parameters of the target were evaluated. The prepared 89Zr in the form of [89Zr] Zr-oxalate had high radionuclidic purity (>99.9%) and a low chemical impurity concentration (<0.1 ppm for copper and zinc elements). The yield of 89Zr radioisotope production via the reaction of 89Y(p,n)89Zr was measured to be 77 ± 9.5 MBq/μAh (time of irradiation = 3, the current 20–30 µA). [89Zr] Zr-oxalate specific-activity was in the range 2.319641 × 104–3.479443 × 104 MBq/mmol of Oxalate.

Hydraulic pressing optimization and physicochemical characterization of Jatropha curcas seed oil

<em>Jatropha curcas</em> seed oil can be used for numerous purposes including fuel, soap and cosmetics. Better quality oil is obtained by cold pressing, the effectiveness of which is unfortunately limited by a low extraction rate. The objective of this study was to optimize cold hydraulic extraction parameters of <em>Jatropha curcas</em> seed oil by increasing the oil recovery and characterising the extracted oil. The key extraction parameters (dwell time, pressure, compression speed, and press cage charge) were determined using a laboratory hydraulic press. The results show that the unhulled and dehulled seeds contained 5.1 and 2.9% moisture, as well as 33.6 and 51.7% fat, respectively. Under the optimal operating conditions and at ambient temperature (25 °C), the oil recovery from whole (crushed) material was 38.2 (42.5)% unhulled seeds and 71.3 (69.5)% dehulled seeds. The physicochemical characteristics of cold-extracted Jatropha oil were 10ppm phosphorus, 1.9 ppm iron, 0.0 ppm copper, 0.15% water-volatile matter, 0.918 (15 °C) density, and 37.72 cSt (37.8 °C) kinematic viscosity, respectively. In conclusion, the optimized cold hydraulic extraction of jatropha seed oil leads to high oil recovery and good oil quality suitable for industrial applications.

Treatment of industrial effluent to reclaim copper using adsorption technique

ABSTRACT Effluent generated during metal finishing in industries contains large amount of heavy metals, which get discharged into water bodies and creates environmental pollution as well as loss of metal values. Present studies report the adsorption of copper (Cu) from the effluent using Tulsion T-42 resin. Experiments were carried out for the adsorption of Cu from the effluent of Chemical and Mechanical Polishing (CMP) industries using cationic resin Tulsion T-42 (adsorbent). To get the optimized adsorption condition for copper the studies were carried out with varying process parameters i.e., contact time, adsorbent dose, pH, etc. Result of the batch experiments shows that 95% copper was adsorbed from the effluent containing 100 ppm copper using 0.1 g Tulsion T-42 in 50 mL feed solution at pH 4.0 in contact time of 30 min. The obtained data from Cu adsorption studies fitted well with Freundlich adsorption isotherm and followed second-order rate reaction. The 99% copper was found to be eluted from loaded adsorbent using 10% sulfuric acid in 60 min contact time. FT-IR result confirmed that complex with active sulphonic group of Tulsion T-42 was formed. The findings of the studies will be useful for the reclamation of copper from the waste water of metal finishing industries.

Effects of different parenteral iron treatment regimens on hematology characteristics, serum concentrations of hepcidin, and growth performance in pigs fed nursery diets supplemented with copper

Objective: To determine the effects of iron treatments on hematology, hepcidin, and growth in weaned pigs fed copper-supplemented diets. Materials and methods: Pigs were allocated to a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (4 pens/treatment combination, 3 pigs/pen) with factors being intramuscular iron (200 mg at birth; 100 mg at birth and weaning [22.4 days of age]; or 100 mg at birth and 14 days of age) and dietary copper (14 [control] or 250 ppm [supplemented]). Blood was sampled at days 0, 7, and 49 post weaning. Results: Pigs receiving 100 mg iron at birth and weaning, but not pigs in the other groups, had hemoglobin concentrations consistent with iron deficiency at day 0 (iron treatment × day, P < .001). For pigs receiving 100 mg iron at birth and 14 days of age, hepcidin concentrations were greater in control pigs than copper-supplemented pigs (iron treatment × diet, P = .06). A diet × day interaction (P = .07) existed for hepcidin, with concentrations greater in control vs copper-supplemented pigs on day 49. Pigs receiving iron at day 14 of age had the greatest (P = .01) weaning weights. Gain from day 0 to 7 was enhanced (P = .03) by 250 ppm copper but nursery performance (day 0-49) was unaffected by iron treatment. Implications: Pigs receiving 100 mg iron at birth were iron deficient at weaning. Treatment with iron at 14 days of age could improve weaning weights and prevent iron deficiency at weaning. Age-related increases in hepcidin were decreased by additional copper supplementation.

Effect of pH on Adsorption of Cu2+ by Using Composite of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/Kaolin

The existence of copper ions in the aquatic environment at a high level can cause negative repercussions for living organisms due to the toxic effect of bioaccumulation in the food chain. Hence, a profound effort is imperative to remove them from water effectively. Among feasible alternatives, a composite film made of PVA and kaolin is reviewed for copper removal via an adsorption mechanism. In this paper, the removal of copper ions from aqueous solution using PVA/Kaolin composite film has been studied with initial copper ions concentration within the range of 50 and 100 ppm and pH of the aqueous solution being controlled at 4, 7, and 9. The loading of 3 wt% kaolin in PVA shows the best adsorption performance in removing 99.14% of 50 ppm copper with an equilibrium adsorption capacity of 5.379 mg g-1 at pH 7. The composite can maintain the adsorption performance for the removal of 100 ppm copper solution at 96.26%.

Copper sulphate treatment induces Heterozostera seed germination and improves seedling growth rates

Evidence for seed germination and/or seedling recruitment in wild populations of the Southern Hemisphere seagrass H. nigricaulis are lacking. Additionally, seeds of H. nigricaulis , have proven extremely difficult to store and germinate in laboratories, even when using techniques for germination proven successful in other Zosteraceae. Prior studies reveal Zosteraceae seed and seedling failure may be correlated with oomycete infections. Copper sulphate treatments can reduce oomycete and other seagrass infections in laboratory tests. Here, we tested whether copper sulphate seed treatments promote germination and seedling growth in H. nigricaulis . We found treatment with 2.0 ppm copper sulphate solution induced significant seed germination and led to 3 times more photosynthesizing H. nigricaulis seedlings after 3 months. Thus, in addition to reducing disease, copper sulphate appears to be a novel cue for H. nigricaulis germination and improves seedling development and success in H. nigricaulis. This discovery will improve our opportunities to overcome biogeochemical germination cues and bottlenecks for Zosteraceae and improve seed-based seagrass restoration strategies where copper sulphate treatment is available to pre-treat and cue germination and promote seedling development and growth.

One-pot synthesis of block copolymer dispersant by ICAR ATRP with ppm copper catalyst and the dispersibility on pigment

The controlled / living polymerization mechanisms have advantages on synthesizing the dispersant with defined structures and compositions, while encountering with individual drawbacks in industrial application. Based on the initiators for continuous activator regeneration atom transfer radical polymerization (ICAR ATRP) of oligo(ethylene oxide)methyl ether methacrylate (OEEMA) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) monomers, the diblock copolymers POEOMA-b-P(OEOEMA-co-GMA) were prepared. The GMA units were further modified with 3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) agent. The polymerization and modification procedure can be readily realized in a one-pot technology with complete monomer conversion (~100%) and high ring-opening efficiency (~100%), as well as low concentration copper catalyst (100 ppm). Using the MPA modified P(OEOEMA-co-GMA) as anchoring block, POEOMA as stabilizing block, the obtained block copolymers can be used as dispersant to disperse and stabilize the pigment yellow 14. The standing experiment, optical microscope (OM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements reached to a consistent conclusion that the absolute number of carboxyl groups on each chain modulate the dispersibility of the dispersions, rather than the relative content of carboxyl groups. This work provided a feasible one-pot technology to efficient dispersants.

MINERAL PROFILING OF RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY IN CHILLI PEPPER (Capsicum annum L.) AGAINST FUSARIUM WILT DISEASE

Fusarium wilt is one of potential threat to the successful production of chill. Present study was conducted to observe alterations in the biochemical profiling of chilli leaves after attack of fusarium wilt. For this purpose seedlings of three resistant (Fengaio, Glaxy-2 and BPVLC14-1) and three susceptible varieties (Amber F1, Tejal and BSS-410) were grown in pots under Randomized Complete block Design. Both types of varieties were divided into two groups (inoculated and un-inoculated). Samples were collected from resistant and susceptible type of varieties from both groups (inoculated and un-inoculated) and were subjected to analysis to observe alterations in the mineral profiling by using Nested structured analysis.in response to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. capsici. Resistant group showed 45.05% Phosphorus, 2.57 ppm, Potassium, 0.49 ppm Magnesium, 1.48 ppm Calcium (Ca), 0.29 ppm Zinc (Zn), 0.70 ppm Sodium (Na), 2.90 ppm Iron (Fe) and 0.048 ppm Copper while susceptible group showed 38.89, 2.30, 0.43, 1.35, 0.27, 0.56, 2.33 and 0.04 ppm of P, K, Mg, Ca, Zn, Na, Fe and Cu. This experiment showed that resistant varieties expresswd higher mineral contents as compared to susceptible group. Similarly the mineral profile (P, Ca, K, Mg, Zn, Na, Cu and Fe) was greater in un-inoculated lines/varieties (58.58, 2.86, 0.56, 1.63, 0.31, 0.86, 3.71 and 0.056) as compared to inoculated varieties (25.35, 2.01, 0.35, 1.20, 0.25, 0.41, 1.51 and 0.039). These finding are helpful for researchers and scientists not only to develop a strong management strategy toward Fusarium wilt but also supportive to develop biochemical markers to identify source of resistance against Fusarium wilt of chilli.

Nutritive value of azolla as poultry feed-a review

Azolla has great prospective as poultry feed due to its high content of proteins, essential amino acids, vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin B12, a-Carotene), growth promoter intermediaries and minerals. Azolla contains (on DM basis) 20.4–28.5% crude protein, 2.37–6.70% ether extract,12.6–17.5% crude fibre, 15.7–19.9% total ash, 30.0–47.0% nitrogen free extract,48.2–54.8% neutral detergent fibre, 36.5–37.1% acid detergent fibre,0.80–2.22% calcium and 0.35–1.39% total phosphorous. It contains 9.10–26.2 ppm copper, 83.9–2418 ppm manganese, 30.0–225 ppm zinc, 283–1569 ppm iron and 206–632 ppm carotene. The total flavonoid and total phenolic contents (µg/ml) in methanolic extract are 56.2 and 87.3, respectively. It has good potential for imparting rich colour to egg yolk due to presence of a-carotene pigment. It has higher potential to proliferate without inorganic nitrogen fertilization and high rate of growth in water. Azolla on meal basis can be included in broiler ration and pullet chick ration up to a level of 5 and 10%, respectively without any adverse effect on their performance. Fresh azolla at a rate 200g/duck/day in White Pekin duck feeding was economical. Higher levels of inclusion of azolla limit its beneficial effect due to decrease in feed consumption owing to higher level of fibre comprising mostly of ADF and lignin in azolla. Azolla production through low cost technology can be popularised and supplemented in the diets chicken and ducks either in fresh or dried form for economic production of meat and egg.

APPLICATION OF NANOPARTICLES FOR THE CONTROL OF Colletotrichum gloeosporioides CAUSING ANTHRACNOSE DISEASE OF CHILI (Capsicum frutescens L.)

Chili (Capsicum annum L.) was one of the most important seasoning constituents of the cuisines of many countries in the world and it was ranked the fourth major crop cultivated globally. However, Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides has affected chili production worldwide, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. It is necessary to have greatly effective disease management. Therefore, this study had examined the antifungal effect of some nano solutions on C. gloeosporioides in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The results clearly demonstrated that silver nano, copper nano, and silver-copper nano solutions had inhibited the spore germination and the growth of C. gloeosporioides. Inhibitory effects were 100% mycelial diameter at the solutions with concentrations of 125 ppm silver nano or 75 ppm copper nano or 50 ppm mixed silver-copper nano. The medium with the concentration of 75 ppm silver nano or 25 ppm copper nano or 12.5 ppm silver-copper nano solution completely inhibited spore germination of C. gloeosporioides. In vivo experiment, the silver-copper solutions with a concentration of 50 ppm could control the growth of C. gloeosporioides in chili fruits the findings were that there were only 13.3% disease fruits, and the inhibition efficiency was 86.7%.