Ppm In Tissue Research Articles

Concentrations of the Genotoxic Metals, Chromium and Nickel, in Whales, Tar Balls, Oil Slicks, and Released Oil from the Gulf of Mexico in the Immediate Aftermath of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Crisis: Is Genotoxic Metal Exposure Part of the Deepwater Horizon Legacy?

Concern regarding the Deepwater Horizon oil crisis has largely focused on oil and dispersants while the threat of genotoxic metals in the oil has gone largely overlooked. Genotoxic metals, such as chromium and nickel, damage DNA and bioaccumulate in organisms, resulting in persistent exposures. We found chromium and nickel concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 8.46 ppm in crude oil from the riser, oil from slicks on surface waters and tar balls from Gulf of Mexico beaches. We found nickel concentrations ranged from 1.7 to 94.6 ppm wet weight with a mean of 15.9 ± 3.5 ppm and chromium concentrations ranged from 2.0 to 73.6 ppm wet weight with a mean of 12.8 ± 2.6 ppm in tissue collected from Gulf of Mexico whales in the wake of the crisis. Mean tissue concentrations were significantly higher than those found in whales collected around the world prior to the spill. Given the capacity of these metals to damage DNA, their presence in the oil, and their elevated concentrations in whales, we suggest that metal exposure is an important understudied concern for the Deepwater Horizon oil disaster.

Profiling and Imaging of Lipids on Brain and Liver Tissue by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry Using 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole as a Matrix

2-Mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT) is employed for the first time as a matrix for the analysis of lipids from tissue extracts using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We demonstrate that the performance of MBT is superior to that of the matrixes commonly employed for lipids, due to its low vapor pressure, its low acidity, and the formation of small crystals, although because of the strong background at low m/z, it precludes detection of species below approximately 500 Da. This inconvenience can be partly overcome with the formation of Cs adducts. Using a polymer-based dual calibration, a mass accuracy of approximately 10 ppm in lipid extracts and of approximately 80 ppm in tissues is achieved. We present spectra from liver and brain lipid extracts where a large amount of lipid species is identified, in both positive and negative ion modes, with high reproducibility. In addition, the above-mentioned special properties of MBT allow its employment for imaging mass spectrometry. In the present work, images of brain and liver tissues showing different lipid species are presented, demonstrating the advantages of the employment of MBT.

Discrimination of lichen genera and species using element concentrations

Abstract:The importance of organic chemistry in the classification of lichens is well established, but inorganic chemistry has been largely overlooked. Six lichen species were studied over a period of 23 years that were growing in 11 protected areas of the northern Great Lakes ecoregion, which were not greatly influenced by anthropogenic particulates or gaseous air pollutants. The elemental data from these studies were aggregated in order to test the hypothesis that differences among species in tissue element concentrations were large enough to discriminate between taxa faithfully. Concentrations of 16 chemical elements that were found in tissue samples from Cladonia rangiferina, Evernia mesomorpha, Flavopunctelia flaventior, Hypogymnia physodes, Parmelia sulcata, and Punctelia rudecta were analyzed statistically using multivariate discriminant functions and CART analyses, as well as t-tests. Genera and species were clearly separated in element space, and elemental discriminant functions were able to classify 91–100 of the samples correctly into species. At the broadest level, a Zn concentration of 51 ppm in tissues of four of the lichen species effectively discriminated foliose from fruticose species. Similarly, a S concentration of 680 ppm discriminated C. rangiferina and E. mesomorpha, and a Ca concentration of 10 436 ppm discriminated H. physodes from P. sulcata. For the three parmelioid species, a Ca concentration >32 837 ppm discriminated Punctelia rudecta from the other two species, while a Zn concentration of 56 ppm discriminated Parmelia sulcata from F. flaventior. Foliose species also had higher concentrations than did fruticose species of all elements except Na. Elemental signatures for each of the six species were developed using standardized means. Twenty-four mechanisms explaining the differences among species are summarized. Finally, the relationships of four species based on element concentrations, using additive-trees clustering of a Euclidean-distance matrix, produced identical relationships as did analyses based on secondary product chemistry that used additive-trees clustering of a Jaccard similarity matrix. At least for these six species, element composition has taxonomic significance, and may be useful for discriminating other taxa.

Determination of putrescine and cadaverine in seafood (finfish and shellfish) by liquid chromatography using pyrene excimer fluorescence

A liquid chromatography (LC) method is described for the easy determination of the biogenic diamines putrescine (PUT) and cadaverine (CAD) in canned tuna, frozen tuna loin, fresh mahimahi fillet, frozen raw shrimp, cooked lump crabmeat, and fresh and cold-smoked salmon. The method is also a useful screen for histamine (HTA). The method involves homogenization of fish tissue, extraction of biogenic amines into borate-trichloroacetic acid solution, centrifugation, and derivatization of supernatant with 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester. The derivatized diamine species allow for the intramolecular excimer fluorescence of the pyrene moiety at a higher emission wavelength than is possible for the endogenous tissue monoamines, thus providing visual specificity of detection. All seafood species were fortified with 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0 μg/g (ppm) of PUT and CAD. Determination was based on standard graphs for PUT and CAD using peak areas with standard solutions equivalent to 0.375, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 20.0 ppm in tissue. A set of five matrix controls (unfortified seafood tissue) were also analyzed; endogenous PUT was found in all samples except the canned tuna, and CAD found only in the shrimp, crab, and cold-smoked salmon. The background amines were thus subtracted prior to determining spike recovery. The intra-assay average recoveries ranged from 71 to 94% across species and spike levels.

Determination of oxytetracycline in salmon by liquid chromatography with metal-chelate fluorescence detection.

A liquid chromatography (LC) method is described for the determination of oxytetracycline (OTC) in farmed Atlantic salmon muscle tissue. The method involves homogenization of salmon tissue, extraction of OTC into Mcllvaine-EDTA buffer, acid precipitation of proteins, cleanup through tandem solid-phase extraction cartridges (Strata-X and aminopropyl), elution with mobile phase containing slightly alkaline buffer and Mg2+, and LC separation with metal-chelate induced fluorescence detection. Salmon tissue was fortified with 0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0 microg/g (ppm) oxytetracycline. Average absolute recoveries were 84, 76, 70, 76, and 85%, respectively, with relative standard deviation (RSD) values all less than 9%. The interassay average recovery was 78%, with a 4.2% RSD. Determination was based on a standard graph using peak areas with standard solutions equivalent to 0.0625, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50, and 1.0 ppm in tissue. A set of 5 matrix controls (unfortified salmon tissue) were also analyzed, in which no OTC was detected. The lowest standard was used as the limit of quantitation.

Determination of Residual Cephalexin in Chick Tissues by Bacillus stearothermophilus Paper Disc Assay

A paper disc method is described for determination of residual cephalexin (CEX) in chick tissues. A trichloroacetic acid extract of plasma and tissues is chromatographed on a macroreticular resin (Diaion HP-20) column to remove endogenous antibacterial substances interfering with the assay. The eluate is evaporated to dryness and the residue, dissolved in methanol-water (1 + 2), is subjected to a paper disc assay using Bacillus stearothermophilus var. calido-lactis C953 NIZO as a test organism. The detection limit was 0.0375 ppm in tissue; the average recovery of CEX ranged from 72.4% in skin to 90.4% in plasma. Water containing 200 or 500 mg/L of CEX was given ad libitum to 2-week-old chicks for 10 days; the highest levels of CEX were found in the kidney, and the lowest were found in muscle at 0 h of withdrawal. CEX disappeared from most tissues at 24 h after withdrawal except from skin of chicks given 500 mg/L. However, the drug was not detected in the skin at 48 h after withdrawal.

Determination of Olaquindox Residues in Swine Tissues by Liquid Chromatography

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for determination of olaquindox residues in swine tissues. The drug is extracted from tissues with acetonitrile, and the extract is evaporated to dryness. This residue is cleaned up by alumina column chromatography. LC analysis is carried out on a Nucleosil C18 column, and olaquindox is quantitated by ultraviolet detection at 350 nm. The average recoveries of olaquindox added to tissues at levels of 0.2, 0.1, and 0.05 ppm were 74.0, 68.6, and 66.3%, respectively. The detection limit was 2 ng for olaquindox standard and 0.02 ppm in tissues.

Determination of Ampicillin Residues in Fish Tissues by Liquid Chromatography

A liquid chromatographic (LC) method is described for determination of ampicillin residues in fish tissues. The drug is extracted from tissues with methanol, and the extract is evaporated to dryness. This residue is cleaned up by Florisil cartridge chromatography. LC analysis is carried out on a Nucleosil C18 column, and ampicillin is quantitated by ultraviolet detection at 222 nm. Recoveries of ampicillin added to tissues at levels of 0.2 and 0.1 ppm were 73.2 and 61.5%, respectively. The detection limit was 3 ng for ampicillin standard, and 0.03 ppm in tissues.

Chemical Analysis of Tetracycline Residues in Animal Tissues

Abstract The common tetracyclines (TCs) which are used in agriculture, tetracycline, oxytetracycline, and chlortetracycline, are analyzed in animal tissues by using chemical-physical methods. Tissue from chicken, beef, pork, or fish is blended in aqueous HC1 and centrifuged. The supernate is adsorbed on an Amberlite X AD-2 column, the column is washed with water, and the TCs are eluted with methanol. For levels of TCs greater than 0.5 ppm in tissues and milk, the concentrated residue is spotted on a thin layer plate coated with kiesclguhr. The amount of TCs present on the developed plate is estimated by comparison of the fluorescence with standards spotted concurrently. Recovery of all 3 TCs from samples fortified at levels of 0.5-2 ppm is 45-80%. For levels less than 0.5 ppm, the residue from the Amberlite column is dissolved in pH 9 aqueous solution containing calcium ions and barbital, TCs are extracted into chloroformethanol, and the concentration is estimated on thin layer plates. Recoveries of TCs from various tissues at levels of 0.1–0.5 ppm are 10–35%.

Mergamma DB and phenylmercuric acetate: their effect on the reproduction of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica Temminck and Schlegel).

A commercial seed fungicide–insecticide, Mergamma DB, and one of its constituents, phenylmercuric acetate, were fed to Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in the laboratory. Five levels of mercury (1.25, 2.50, 12.50, 25.00, and 50.00 ppm) mixed with laying meal were fed to birds during four 16-week experiments. Survival of female quail, egg production, and egg weight were significantly reduced at 50 ppm mercury (Mergamma DB as mercury source). Fertility, embryo viability, and hatchability were each significantly reduced at levels of 12.5 ppm mercury for both mercury compounds. Results showed that the Mergamma DB treatments produced more pronounced reproductive failure than phenylmercuric acetate. Breast muscle from treated birds and egg con tents contained significantly higher levels of mercury residue than in control birds, up to a maximum of 8.9 ppm in tissue and 2.3 ppm in eggs. Accumulation of mercury in male birds may have contributed to the significant decline m fertility of treated birds. Possible serious environmental implications of mercury seed treatments are discussed.

A simple method for combusting tissues for chlorine-Cl 36 analysis

A simple apparatus and method is described for the combustion of biological samples containing Cl 36-labeled compounds. The samples are combusted in a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids and the liberated chloride trapped as silver chloride, which can be dissolved and counted in a scintillation counting system. With these techniques it is possible to detect chlorine-labeled compounds with specific activity of 0.02 mmole in concentrations of 0.02 to 0.05 ppm in tissue.