Ppm For Males Research Articles

Dietary administration of β-caryophyllene and its epoxide to Sprague-Dawley rats for 90 days

Two independent 90-day GLP-compliant studies were conducted in Sprague-Dawley rats with β-caryophyllene or β-caryophyllene epoxide, two common flavoring and fragrance materials. Dietary concentrations of β-caryophyllene were 3500; 7000; and 21,000 ppm for males and 3500; 14,000; and 56,000 ppm for females. Dietary concentrations of β-caryophyllene epoxide were 1750; 10,500; and 21,000 ppm. There were no deaths or clinical toxicity attributable to either substance administration. Statistically significant, dose-dependent reductions in body weight, body weight gain, food consumption, and food efficiency at the highest dietary concentrations of β-caryophyllene, but not of β-caryophyllene epoxide, were attributed to palatability issues. Neither β-caryophyllene nor β-caryophyllene epoxide influenced estrus cyclicity or sperm parameters. Macroscopic and microscopic findings were primarily related to changes in the kidneys of male rats, consistent with α2u-globulin nephropathy, and in the liver of male and female rats, including hepatocyte hypertrophy at the middle and high intake levels. These changes correlated with increased absolute and relative organ weights. Since the kidney findings were a species- and sex-specific effect, the NOAEL in each study was based on hepatocyte hypertrophy at the two highest dietary concentrations and were determined to be 222 mg/kg bw/day for β-caryophyllene and 109 mg/kg bw/day for β-caryophyllene epoxide.

Cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO-1336mzz-Z) (2018).

Cis-1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (HFO-1336mzz-Z) is a clear, colorless liquid that finds uses as a foam-blowing agent, refrigerant, fire extinguishing agent, and solvent. HFO-1336mzz-Z is not an acute dermal or eye irritant and has very low acute toxicity via inhalation exposure (4-h lethal concentration (LC50) > 102,000 ppm). The no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) and lowest-observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) for cardiac sensitization (in epinephrine-challenged dogs) were 12,500 ppm and 25,000 ppm, respectively. In a GLP, subacute (4-week) repeat-dose inhalation study in Crl: CD(SD) male and female rats at exposure concentrations of 0, 2500, 5000, or 10,000 ppm, the only significant observations attributed to exposure were reduced body weight, reduced body weight gain, and reduced food consumption. The study NOAEL was determined to be 2500 ppm. Two separate GLP, 13-week repeat-dose inhalation studies (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 413) have been conducted on HFO-1336mzz-Z using male and female Crl: CD (SD) rats. In the first study, exposure concentrations were 0, 500, 1500, or 10,000 ppm, and in the second study, 0, 3000, 4000, 5000, or 7500 ppm. The only significant exposure-related observations in the first study were reductions in body weights, food consumption, and food efficiency in males and females at 10,000 ppm (study NOAEL = 1500 ppm). In the second study, done in part to better define the NOAEL, reductions in body weight and food consumption were observed in males at 7500 ppm; there were no exposure-related observations on these end points in females. Therefore, the study NOAEL was established at 5000 ppm for males and 7500 ppm for females. HFO-1336mzz-Z has also been examined for its potential to produce developmental toxicity in both Crl: CD(SD) rats (0, 500, 1500, or 10,000 ppm) and New Zealand White rabbits (0, 2500, 5000, 7500, or 15,000 ppm) according to GLP and OECD 414. The NOAEL for both maternal and fetal effects in rats was 1500 ppm and the NOAELs for maternal effects and fetal effects in rabbits were 5000 ppm and 7500 ppm, respectively. A non-GLP, two-generation reproductive pilot study, for a planned multigenerational study noted reduced body weight and body weight gain in males at 1500 ppm and above; the NOAEL for this pilot study was set at 500 ppm. There are no chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity studies available, and HFO-1336mzz-Z was not genotoxic/mutagenic in in vitro and in vivo studies. The NOAEL for male rats of 5000 ppm (based on reductions in body weight and food consumption) from the 13-week inhalation study was selected as the point of departure for the derivation of the 8-h time-weighted average (TWA), health-based workplace environmental exposure level (WEEL) value. This subchronic inhalation NOAEL was adjusted to account for duration of exposure, inter-individual variability, and intra-individual variability. The resulting 8-h TWA WEEL value of 500 ppm is fully expected to provide a significant margin of safety against the production of any potential adverse health effects in workers following long-term inhalation exposure to HFO-1336mzz-Z vapor.

Toxicological and Biochemical Effects of Malathion and Spinosad on the Peach Fruit Fly, Bacterorcera zonata (saunders)

Toxicity of Malathion and Spinosad to pupal and adult (male and female) stages of the peach fruit fly, Bacterorcera zonata (Saunders) was investigated in laboratory. The adult stage was more susceptible than pupal stage and adult females were more tolerant than males to effect the two insecticides. Malathion and Spinosad were more effective by using residual thin film( LC50=4.28 & 4.51 and 1.14 & 2.50 ppm for males & females, respectively) than feeding technique (LC50 = 6.40 & 6.49 and 2.83 & 4.13 ppm for males & females, respectively). The results revealed that the resistance ratio of Spinosad (10.0 &10.9 folds for female & male) in field population was higher than Malathion (5.4 & 4.8 folds for female & male) compared with lab insects. The treatment of lab insects with LC50 of Malathion and Spinosad for five generations produced 16 and 4 folds of resistance ratio. Malathion and Spinosad caused a significant depletion of total protein contents in the whole body tissues of treated and resistant insects. Significant increase in activity of Glutathione-S-Transferase and Acetylch-olinesterase enzymes was detected in treated male & female adults.

Comparative toxicity of certain pesticides to peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata Saunders (Diptera: Tephritidae) under laboratory conditions

Peach fruit fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae), has been a serious pest in the last decade attacking a wide range of fruits in Egypt. The toxicity of Malathion, Diazinon, Methoxyfenozide, and Lufenuron to adult males and females of Bactrocera zonata was studied under laboratory conditions. Diazinon was the most toxic among the tested compounds followed by Malathion, Lufenuron and Methoxyfenozide to Bactrocera zonata at 24 h post treatment, the respective LC<sub>50</sub> values were 0.20 ppm, 0.48ppm, 8.97ppm, and 9.73ppm for males and 0.26 ppm, 0.91ppm, 11.26ppm, and 14.12ppm for females. At 48 h post treatment Diazinon was the most toxic followed by Malathion, Methoxyfenozide and Lufenuron to Bactrocera zonata, LC<sub>50</sub> values were 0.09ppm, 0.34ppm, 1.60ppm, and 1.88 ppm for males and 0.14 ppm, 0.44ppm, 1.68ppm and 2.17 ppm for females. At 72 h post treatment Diazinon was the most toxic followed by Malathion, Lufenuron and Methoxyfenozide to Bactrocera zonata, LC<sub>50</sub> values were 0.02 ppm, 0.13ppm, 0.22ppm and 0.51ppm for males and 0.07 ppm, 0.16ppm, 0.55 ppm and 0.62 ppm for females. It is observed that LC<sub>50</sub> values for treated adult females increased more than in the treated adult males at 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post treatment. It means that the adult males were more susceptible to the tested insecticides than the adult females.

Ethylene oxide: acute four-hour and one-hour inhalation toxicity testing in rats.

Ethylene oxide was tested on groups of rats for either 4-hour or 1-hour inhalation exposure, followed by 14 days of observation. Groups of five Sprague-Dawley rats/sex were exposed, and clinical signs and mortality were recorded. Clinical signs noted included irregular breathing, absence of certain reflexes, and tremors. Rats that died had moderate to severe pulmonary congestion. The calculated LC50 values, reported as ppm by volume (with 95% confidence limits), were as follows. 4-hour LC50 values were 1972 (1887 to 2061) ppm for males; 1537 (1391 to 1698) ppm for females; 1741 (1655 to 1831) ppm for the combined sexes. The 1-hour LC50 values were 5748 (5276 to 6262) ppm for males; 4439 (4034 to 4884) ppm for females; 5029 (4634 to 5459) ppm for the combined sexes.

Exigências nutricionais de zinco para frangos de corte machos e fêmeas na fase inicial

Com o objetivo de determinar as exigências nutricionais de zinco para frangos de corte machos e fêmeas na fase inicial (8 a 21 dias), foram utilizadas 384 aves, metade fêmea e metade macho para cada experimento. Foi formulada uma dieta basal atendendo às exigências nutricionais das aves, com exceção do nível de Zn, que permaneceu deficiente no nível de 12 ppm. Os tratamentos consistiram da suplementação de Zn à dieta basal com óxido de zinco nos níveis de 12,0; 37,0; 62,0; 87,0; 112,0 e 137,0 ppm de Zn. As características avaliadas foram: ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e concentração de Zn no osso, no fígado e no soro. Não houve efeito dos níveis de Zn sobre as características de desempenho e a concentração de Zn no fígado das aves. Houve efeito dos níveis de Zn sobre as concentrações de Zn no soro e no osso. Verificou-se interação entre níveis de zinco e sexo somente para concentração de Zn no osso. As exigências estimadas foram de 86,12 ppm para frangos de corte machos e de 85,70 ppm para fêmeas. Para a concentração de Zn no soro, a exigência estimada foi de 113,55 ppm, entretanto, considerando a importância desse mineral no desenvolvimento ósseo, a exigência de Zn é de 86,12 ppm para frangos de corte machos e de 85,70 ppm para fêmeas de 8 a 21 dias de idade.

Subchronic toxicity studies on perfluorooctanesulfonate potassium salt in cynomolgus monkeys.

This study was conducted to determine the earliest measurable response of primates to low-level perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) exposure and to provide information to reduce uncertainty in human health risk assessment. Groups of male and female monkeys received 0, 0.03, 0.15, or 0.75 mg/kg/day potassium PFOS orally for 182 days. Recovery animals from each group, except the 0.03 mg/kg/day dose group, were monitored for one year after treatment. Significant adverse effects occurred only in the 0.75 mg/kg/day dose group and included compound-related mortality in 2 of 6 male monkeys, decreased body weights, increased liver weights, lowered serum total cholesterol, lowered triiodothyronine concentrations (without evidence of hypothyroidism), and lowered estradiol levels. Decreased serum total cholesterol occurred in the 0.75 mg/kg/day dose group at serum PFOS levels > 100 ppm. Hepatocellular hypertrophy and lipid vacuolation were present at term in the 0.75 mg/kg/day dose group. No peroxisomal (palmitoyl CoA oxidase) or cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunohistochemistry) was detected. Complete reversal of clinical and hepatic effects and significant decreases in serum and liver PFOS occurred within 211 days posttreatment. Liver-to-serum PFOS ratios were comparable in all dose groups, with a range of 1:1 to 2:1. Serum concentrations associated with no adverse effects (0.15 mg/kg/day) were 82.6 +/- 25.2 ppm for males and 66.8 +/- 10.8 ppm for females. Comparison of serum PFOS concentrations associated with no adverse effect in this study to those reported in human blood samples (0.028 +/- 0.014 ppm) indicated an adequate margin of safety.

Relationship between cadmium concentration in rice and renal dysfunction in individual subjects of the Jinzu River basin determined using a logistic regression analysis

We investigated the association between the Cd concentration in rice and renal dysfunction in individuals living in the Cd-polluted Jinzu River basin, using a logistic regression analysis. In the cases of logistic regression analysis for people (1) who had either resided in the present hamlet since birth or who had moved there from a non-polluted area and for those (2) who had resided in the present hamlet since birth, except for glucosuria in males, all partial correlation coefficients between the Cd concentration in rice and occurrence of abnormal urinary findings were statistically significant in both sexes. The allowable level of Cd concentration in rice was calculated by substituting the abnormality rates of urinary findings of the controls in the 40–49, 50–59 and 60–69 year age groups into the logistic regression formula for people (3). The value for subjects aged 50 years was 0.13 and 0.17 ppm for males and females, respectively, with regard to proteinuria and 0.15 and 0.10 ppm for males and females, respectively, with regard to proteinuria+glucosuria.

Induction of cytochrome P-450 in Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rats) exposed to dietary Aroclor 1254.

The induction of immunoreactive cytochrome P-450 protein and associated catalytic activities in 10-wk-old male and female Sigmodon hispidus (cotton rats) exposed for 2 wk to low dietary levels of Aroclor 1254 (0.33, 1.0, 3.3, 10, and 33 ppm), or the prototype P-450 inducers phenobarbital, DDT, clotrimazole, and beta-naphthoflavone was examined. Ethoxy-(ETR), methoxy- (MTR), pentoxy- (PTR), and benzyloxyresorufin (BZR) O-dealkylation activities were significantly increased at 0.33 ppm Aroclor for males and 1.0 ppm for females, when compared to control levels. O-Dealkylation activities peaked at 3.3 ppm for males and 10 ppm for females. ETR and MTR O-dealkylation activities were increased four- to eightfold while PTR and BZR O-dealkylation activities increased only two- to threefold. Liver/body weight ratios also increased, with the maximum ratios observed at the highest Aroclor dose, and were associated with histopathologic hepatocyte lesions. While increases in liver/body weight ratio, immunoreactive CYP2B protein, and BZR O-dealkylation were detected following phenobarbital treatment, no increase in PTR O-dealkylation activity was observed. These results demonstrate that S. hispidus (both males and females) are extremely sensitive to low dietary levels of Aroclor 1254, responding with increases in liver/body weight ratio, immunoreactive P-450 protein, and O-dealkylation activities. The cotton rat would appear to be a sensitive feral target species for detecting exposure to certain environmental contaminants.

The mercury content of hair of Japanese immigrants in various locations in South America

Hair mercury levels in four Japanese immigrant settlements in South America were determined by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry. The levels in the two Bolivian settlements were relatively higher (6.22 and 3.53 ppm for males, 3.66 and 2.23 ppm for females) than those in Brazil (2.19 ppm for males, 1.57 ppm for females) and in Paraguay (2.40 ppm for males, 2.04 ppm for females). The levels in Bolivia were almost the same as recent Japanese levels. Dose-response relationships between frequency of eating fish and hair mercury level were found in all the settlements. However, even in the same fish-eating category, the content varied from place to place. Significant correlations between husbands and wives were demonstrated in three out of four settlements. These results imply that the mercury content of hair is regulated by the life style within each family. That is, inhabitants of Japanese settlements, especially in Bolivia, maintain their Japanese habit of fish eating. This results in a high hair mercury content, even when they live in a rural area and consume only fish from the head rivers of the Amazon.

Interrelationships among hair mercury levels, fish-eating habits and fatty acid composition of serum lipids

Scalp hair and blood samples were collected from 151 persons who were living in several places in Kagoshima-prefecture and supposedly had no abnormal exposures to mercury compounds. Hair was analysed for total mercury and blood was analysed for serum lipid fatty acids. The study subjects were also individually questioned on the amounts of average fish intake in a day. Results obtained were as follows:1) Hair mercury levels were significantly higher in males than in females, the average values being 11.95±9.15ppm with a maximum of 45.5ppm for males and 7.05±5.36ppm with a maximum of 25.8ppm for females. The hair mercury levels increased with increases in the amount of daily fish consumption for both sexes with an indication that such increases might be attributable to the fish consumption.2) Serum concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6, DHA) both of which belong to the ω-3 series of polyunsaturated fatty acid, and the value of EPA/AA (a ratio of 20:5 for arachidonic acid) also increased with an increase of daily fish consumption for both sexes, indicating that these values can give quite valuable information in the assessment of individual fish consumption.3) When comparison was made taking into account of the amount of daily fish consumption, however, there were no significant differences of hair mercury levels between the sexes, particularly for those having a low intake of fish.4) There were no significant differences between the sexes for the serum concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid but the value of EPA/AA was significantly higher in males than in females, suggesting that males have a partiality for a fish diet as compared with females.5) When the serm concentration of eicosapentaenoic acid or docosahexaenoic acid was used as an indicator for evaluation of the amount of fish consumption, the hair mercury levels showed a tendency to increase along with the values of these indicators for both males and females. However, the hair mercury levels were significantly higher in males than in females even when the comparison was made taking into account of the values of these indicators, which could not be explained only by the amount of fish consumption.

The Toxicity of p,p prime -DDT to the Clapper Rail

The LC5o (concentration of toxicant in the diet expected to kill half of the test birds in 5 days) for p,p'-DDT in clapper rails (Rallus longirostris) was found to be 1,612 ppm for males and 1,896 ppm for females. Amounts of DDT + DDD in the brains of birds that died were significantly greater (P < 0.01) than those in the brains of survivors. Thirty ppm DDT + DDD approximated the lower limit of these compounds in the brains of rails diagnostic of death from DDT poisoning. Residues in livers and carcasses are reported. Considering the relatively high resistance of the clapper rail to DDT poisoning, we concluded that exposure to this pesticide in marshes is not likely to be a significant factor in mortality of adult rails. Effects other than direct mortality were not evaluated in this study. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 39(2):305-309 During an 11-year study (1955-65) of the population dynamics of the clapper rail in New Jersey marshes, Ferrigno (1966) noted that a occurred in 1959 and again in 1965. He attributed the severe (62.2 percent) drop in production in 1959 to overpopulation in 1958 which resulted in fighting, in nest and egg destruction, and in greatly increased predation. He could not, however, attribute the observed decline (74.4 percent) in production from 1963 through 1965 to those factors alone and recommended that future investigations be designed to determine whether the poorer survival of young in the crash years was due to weather, other natural conditions, over-harvest, or pesticides. Years of spraying DDT against the salt marsh mosquito in many of the marshes along the eastern coast of the United States have led to very high levels of residues of the compound in the soils of those marshes. For example, Woodwell et al. (1967:821) found that DDT residues in the soil of an extensive salt marsh on the shore of Long Island averaged 15 kg/ha; the maximum was 36 kg/ha. Under such conditions the clapper rail, a salt marsh inhabitant, scarcely could avoid prolonged exposure to that compound. The experiment reported here was designed and conducted in 1967-68 to determine the toxicity of DDT to the clapper rail and residues in the brains diagnostic of death. Toxicity was measured by determining the LCo50 of DDT (defined as the concentration of chemical in the feed expected to kill 50 percent of the test birds in 5 days). We wish to express our appreciation to R. G. Heath for his advice on the statistical treatment of our data.

Differences in trace-element concentrations in hair between males and females

Hair clippings (from the head) from over a hundred persons in and around Orange County of California were analysed for mercury, gold, zinc, and copper by instrumental neutron activation analysis. The results of the study show significant differences in the trace-element distributions between males and females. For mercury, the mode of the distribution occurs at about 1 to 1,5 ppm for males and 4 to 6 ppm for females. A significant difference between the male and female distribution curves was also found for gold, and a less significant one for zinc and copper. This study indicates the possibility that the high levels of mercury and gold in the hair of females are more likely due to external contamination, because of the more frequent and intense exposure of their hair to cosmetics. Moreover, as females usually have longer hair, their hair strands are exposed to such treatment over a longer period of time. Hair being a good ion-exchange material, trace elements are absorbed easily during the process of washing and setting of hair, and accumulation of these over a long period may cause a very high concentration of these elements. The variability of trace-element concentration as a result of external contamination, and the sometimes marked variation along the length of the hair, pose a serious problem in forensic work. Identification criteria should provide for these variations, especially in the case of mercury and gold. This work also indicates that if the evidence hair from the scene of a crime does not contain the root end, its value as an evidence specimen is considerably reduced.

Activation Analysis of Human Head Hair. VII. Characteristics of Trace Elements in Japanese Head Hair

As a representative sample of Japanese population, 996 samples of head hair were collected in 1967. Using nondestructive activation analysis, the concentration of nine elements such as Al, Cl, Na, Br, Mn, Cu, Hg Zn, and Au was determined and their histograms showing the relation between concentration and frequency were established. The distribution histograms were analogous to the so called log-normal type, except Zn and Hg, and converted to the normal type distribution by the logarithmic conversion of the scale of concentration. The concentration of mercury in the samples ranged from 1 to 13 ppm and only one sample showed a very high concentration of 47 ppm. The averages, excluding this exception, were 5.42 ppm for males, 4.62 ppm for females, and 5.02 for total. The correlations among the trace elemens were not markedly high and it is considered that the elements exist independent of each other. The highest correlation was recognized between Na and Cl. The concentration of trace elements in Japanese human head hair was generally low compared with date on other races reported by several workers. Three elements, Hg, Br, and Mn, showed slightly higher concentration and were characteristic to Japanese hair.