Ppm Ca Research Articles

Texture Modification of ‘Van’ Sweet Cherries

Abstract In the paper, Texture Modification of ‘Van’ Sweet Cherries by Postharvest Calcium Treatments by P. D. Lidster, S. W. Porritt, and M. A. Tung (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 103(4):527-530. 1978), the caption for Fig. 1 should read: Fig. 1. Ca penetration into ‘Van’ cherry. Log ppm Ca = 2.920-0.003430 Day + 0.1536 Log Day (P 1%, R2=0.94). Flesh Ca of undipped control = 545 ppm.

Interaction effect of calcium and sulphur on the growth and nutrient composition of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. pers.), using35S

In a pot culture experiment, application of S or Ca alone increased dry matter production, S content and total S removal per pot. With graded levels of applied S, the S in plant derived from the fertilizer as well as from the native soil source increased. Ca content in alfalfa increased with successive levels of applied Ca. A positive significant interaction was found between Ca and S; with increase in level of Ca from 0 to 25 ppm in presence of various S levels, the total S content and its removal, N content and utilization of fertilizer S continued to increase and at 50 ppm Ca, this effect was lost. A combination of 25 ppm Ca and 20 ppm S produced maximum efficiency of applied S with a constant N ∶ S ratio of 11 ∶ 1 in the plants.

Influence of water-borne and dietary calcium on uptake and retention of lead by coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch)

Coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) in fresh water (2.6 ppm of Ca 2+) were exposed to sublethal concentrations (0.13 and 0.21 ppm) of water-borne lead in the presence of increased concentrations of water-borne or dietary calcium. Uptake of lead was greatly reduced in tissues (gills, blood, liver, brain, skin, skeletal, and kidney) of fish each fed 8.4 mg of calcium. Lead uptake was also reduced significantly in gills, blood, skin, and skeleton of fish exposed to higher concentrations of water-borne calcium (6.2 ppm Ca 2+); however, liver and kidney of these fish did not show significant reduction in lead levels compared to the fish exposed to 2.6 ppm of Ca 2+. Apparently, an increased concentration of calcium in the gastrointestinal tract is more effective than an increased concentration of calcium in surrounding water in reducing the uptake of water-borne lead. Retention of lead administered via the caudal vein was not significantly affected by increasing the calcium concentration in water from 2.6 to 11.9 ppm. Moreover, an increase in dietary or water-borne calcium had a less pronounced effect in reducing lead retention in most tissues than their effect in reducing lead uptake; nevertheless, an increase in water-borne or dietary calcium significantly reduced both uptake and retention of lead in skin and skeleton. The results also show that in coho salmon turnover of lead—and perhaps calcium—is greater in skin than in the skeleton. It is concluded from these results that in salmonids the biological fate, and presumably the toxicity, of lead is influenced by the calcium status of the animal.

Phytotoxicity of cadmium inhibited by lime

Height growth and dry weight accumulation of six-week-old soybeans (Glycine max var. Williams) were severely reduced by 4 ppm CdCl2 in quartz sand culture. This reduction in growth was eliminated by application of 40 ppm Ca(OH)2 (90 kg/hectare plow depth equivalent). CaCO3 at 500 ppm was not effective in preventing cadmium phytotoxicity. re]19760525

Influence of Variety and Soil Applications of Ca on Development of Ca Deficiency in Tobacco1

AbstractSome commercial varieties of the flue‐cured class of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) develop abnormalities of the buds and upper leaves which are typical of Ca deficiency. Utilizing varieties ‘Coker 254’ (susceptible) and ‘North Carolina 2326’ (slightly susceptible), a greenhouse experiment was conducted to study varietal differences in Ca accumulation and distribution, and six field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of source and level of soil Ca applications on degree of symptom development. In the greenhouse, seedlings were transplanted in sand and supplied for 31 days with solutions containing 1, 75, or 150 ppm Ca. In the field experiments, rates of 0, 28, 84, or 168 kg/ha Ca (as CaSO4) were band‐applied at transplanting; at one location and for two successive years, the variety and CaSO4 treatments were superimposed on rates of 0 and 1,121 kg/ha dolomitic limestone broadcast 2 months prior to transplanting. The soils used were classified as Typic and Aquic Paleudults and Typic Hapludults. In both the greenhouse and field, symptom expression of Ca deficiency was more pronounced on ‘C‐254’ than on ‘NC 2326’ plants, but reduction of symptom expression with increasing levels of Ca was obtained only in the greenhouse. Maximum dry weight for ‘C‐254’ was obtained with the 150 ppm Ca treatment, while the 75 ppm Ca treatment was sufficient for maximum growth of ‘NC 2326’. Conclusive evidence of varietal differences in Ca absorption was not obtained, but Ca concentrations in the apical tissues of ‘C‐254’ were substantially lower than those in apical tissues of ‘NC 2326’, indicating that absorbed Ca was distributed less effectively in ‘C‐254’ than that in ‘NC 2326’. Failure of ‘C‐254’ to maintain adequate Ca concentrations in apical tissues may be associated with its comparatively greater accumulation of dry weight and absorbed Ca in leaf than stalk tissue. In field experiments, Ca deficiency symptom development was not related to level of exchangeable soil Ca, and was not influenced by the rates of CaSO, and/or dolomitic limestone used. Rather, symptom development was less pronounced at locations where plants were subjected to prolonged periods of moisture stress during vegetative growth, indicating that Ca deficiency is more likely to develop on immature plants that undergo periods of rapid growth.

Leaching of Phosphate and Selected Cations from Sandy Soils as Affected by Lime1

AbstractIt is important to determine if and to what extent P moves through some acid sandy soils and, in view of the high cost of fertilizer P and the problems associated with pollution of ground water, what can be done to prevent or reduce the movement when it occurs.Segmented columns, 25 cm in length and 5 cm in diam., were used to study P leaching in five mineral and one organic soil. A total of 25 or 50 cm H2O was passed through the columns, containing soil from various depths, after treatment in the top 2 cm with 0 to 600 ppm P tagged with 32P. Phosphorus and other ions were measured in the leachates and at the end of the leaching period in 5 cm segments of the soil columns. For those soils where leaching of P occurred, lime effects on its reduction were investigated by repeating the experiment with the addition of Ca(OH)2 at rates to supply 0 to 800 ppm Ca in the soil.Movement of P from the column was nil in Red Bay fine sandy loam but occurred for the other soils as follows: Leon fine sand > Oldsmar fine sand > Eustis loamy fine sand > Lakeland fine sand > Tomoka muck. Leaching was positively related to rates of applied P and negatively related to rates of applied P and to the level of organic matter, Fe and Al contents, pH, and rate of liming. The degree to which these factors affected leaching varied with the soil as well as the location in the profile from which the sample was collected.Leaching of K, Ca, and Mg occurred in all soils. The amount was generally related to the CEC or the levels present in the extractable form before the leaching began. Leaching of Fe and Al was determined only on soils where P leaching was appreciable. These ions generally leached with P but there was a direct relationship between leached and 0.1 N HC1 extractable ions. These data are of value in evaluating and determining P and lime requirements.

Trifluoperazine dihydrochloride as a new reagent for the spectrophotometric determination of osmium(VIII)

Os(VIII) was detd. spectrophotometrically by measuring the absorbance of its 1:1 complex with trifluoperazine dihydrochloride at 502 nm (molar absorptivity 1.67 A� 104). The Sandell sensitivity was 0.0114 I¼g Os/cm2. The reproducibility was ±1.5%. Beer's law was obeyed for 0.2-5.6 I¼g Os/ml. Os 3 ppm can be detd. in the presence of 1000 ppm Zn, Mg, Ca, Ba, Sr, F-, Cl-, NO3-, sulfate, oxalate, acetate, and citrate; 200 ppm Ni, Co, Cu, UO22+, Br-, phosphate, CN-, and EDTA; 20 ppm Pt(IV), Rh(III), and Ir(III); and 3 ppm Ru(III) and Fe(III). Pd(II), Au, Ag, V(V), Ce(IV), dichromate, ClO4-, MnO4-, S2O32-, and I- interfered. The interferences of Fe, U, and Au can be masked by using phosphate, F-, and CN-. [on SciFinder(R)]

Dietetically provoked general and alveolar osteopenia in rats and its prevention or cure by calcium and fluoride.

Male rats, 21‐100 days old at the start of different experiments, were kept for several weeks on synthetic diets, either adequate, or deficient in calcium (Ca) and at the same time low in protein and high in sucrose.For varying parts of the experimental periods the rats were given either dist. water, or water supplied with 2000 ppm Ca, 40 ppm fluoride (F), or both in a compatible form.Assessment was made of several parameters of the femoral bone density and of two histometric parameters of the alveolar bone density.The bone density in animals on Ca‐deficient diet was greatly improved by supplying either Ca or Ca+F with the drinking water. There was a tendency to higher mineral density with Ca+F supply than with Ca alone. Rats that had been on a high F, adequate diet were much more resistant to bone mineral depletion by a subsequent Ca‐deficient diet than were control rats that had been on the same diet without F.The alveolar bone generally reacted more strongly than the femoral bone to both deprivation and supplementation, and the tissue between the roots of one molar (M 2) more than the tissue between two molars (M 1–2).The correlations of alveolar bone parameters to femoral weight, ash, Ca and P content were all positive, in most cases statistically significant, and generally stronger for the M 2 than for the M 1–2 tissue. In an experiment where the deficient diet was supplied either as powder or as bread the results seemed to support the concept of an influence of masticatory force, particularly on the interdental bone septa.The connection between generalized osteopenia and alveolar bone loss and the roles of Ca and F are discussed.

Calcium Concentration of ‘Spartan’ Apple in Relation to Amount of Senescent Breakdown in Individual Fruits1

Abstract The concentration of Ca in the flesh was closely related to the amount of breakdown in individual apples in 5 lots of ‘Spartan’ apple (Malus sylvestris Mill.) collected over 2 years. Correlation coefficients of 0.9 were obtained using log Ca and linear breakdown or log Ca and log breakdown. The amount of breakdown calculated for the 5 lots by the 2 equations was 100 percent at 70 ppm Ca, from 46 to 100 percent at 100 ppm Ca, from 3 to 12 percent at 150 ppm Ca and less than 2 percent at 200 ppm.

Alkali- und erdalkalispurenanalyse in Wolfram und wolfram-verbindungen nach wolframmatrixabtrennung an DEAE-sephadex

A new column-chromatographic method is described, for the separation of tungsten on DEAE-Sephadex, enabling trace amounts of alkali and alkaline earth metals in tungsten to be determined quantitatively by AAS without matrix interference. Mean relative S.D. for < 50 ppm Na, K, Mg, are 5–10%, and for < 50 ppm Ca 10–20%, and for >50 ppm, 2–5% and 5-10% respectively, Limits of detection in tungsten are 10 ppm Na and K, 1 ppm Mg, and 20 ppM Ca. Time for a determination is about 90 min. By appropriate changes in pH and other conditions, the method can be used for the separation of molybdenum from traces of alkali metal ions.

OXYGEN IN WATER CULTURE INFLUENCES GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF JACK PINE, BLACK SPRUCE AND WHITE SPRUCE SEEDLINGS

Seedlings of white spruce (Picea glauca [Moench] Voss), black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) showed significant reductions in all measures of growth and vitality at the 2.0 ppm O2 level (27% saturation), and relatively low values for root lengths and root length/shoot length ratios at the 3.3 ppm O2 level (44% saturation). Nitrogen was marginally deficient in white spruce needles in the 2.0 ppm treatment. Foliar N and K attained lower values for all species in the 2.0 ppm O2 treatment, whereas Mg, Ca and Fe generally attained highest values at 2.0 ppm O2. Similar measures of growth, vitality and foliar nutrient concentrations were obtained for 4.5, 5.4 and 7.5 ppm O2 (60, 72 and 100% saturation), indicating that all these levels provided optimal aeration. Differences in measures of growth, vitality and foliar nutrient concentration suggest that the order of species tolerance to poor aeration from greatest to least is black spruce, jack pine and white spruce.

Calcium Concentration in Apple Fruit Resulting from Calcium Chloride Dips Modified by Surfactants and Thickeners1

Abstract Fruits of ‘Spartan’ apple were dipped in solutions of commercial CaCl2 after harvest to increase their Ca concentration. Fruits were stored until the following June, then the flesh was analyzed for Ca. Undipped fruit contained 203 ppm Ca and fruit dipped in 4% CaCl2 (wt/vol) contained 278 ppm Ca, dry weight basis. When surfactants were added to the CaCl2 solution, the Ca concentration in dipped fruit was 230 to 250 ppm. When thickeners and surfactants were added, the Ca concentration in dipped fruit was 373 to 825 ppm. These results indicate that surfactants reduce the uptake of Ca by fruit from dips but thickners with surfactants increase it

Calcium Nutrition of Peach and Prune Relative to Growth, Fruiting, and Fruit Quality1,2

Abstract ‘Redhaven’ peach and ‘Stanley’ prune trees budded on dwarfing Prunus besseyi Bailey rootstocks were grown and fruited in greenhouse sand culture under 2, 90, 180 (control), 270, and 400 ppm Ca to study growth, fruiting, and fruit quality, 1970-72. Peach fruits were smaller, greener, and firmer and had less soluble solids and red blush at 2 and 90 ppm than at higher concentrations, and had poorer flavor at 2 ppm. Peach leaf Ca increased and fruit Ca decreased (except at 2 ppm) as Ca treatment levels increased. Optimum peach fruit quality was obtained when the Ca supply was 180 to 270 ppm and leaf Ca was above 2.00% dry weight. Prunes were little affected by Ca treatments, except that at 2 ppm most fruits dropped after fruit set and the few that remained were smaller and misshapen. Calcium accumulated to a higher level at a given treatment in prune leaves than in peach leaves.

Yields and Magnesium Uptake by Plants as Affected by Soil pH and Calcium Levels1

AbstractLiming of acid soils may influence Mg uptake either because of associated pH factors or because of Ca level as the result of liming. This study was conducted to determine the effect of Ca levels and soil pH on the yield and uptake of Mg by oats (Avena sativa, cultivar ‘Gary’).Treatments in one experiment included a control, 118 ppm Al as Al2(SO4)3, 506 ppm Ca as CaCO3, 506 ppm Ca as CaCO3 plus 506 ppm Ca as CaSO4, and 1,012 ppm Ca as CaCO3. In a second experiment two Mg levels (0 and 12 ppm Mg as MgSO4·7H20) were applied in combination with two Ca sources at two Ca levels (0 ppm Ca, 800 ppm Ca as CaSO4, and 800 ppm Ca as CaCO3).Uptake of Mg was not increased by the addition of CaSO4 either in combination with Al2(SO4)3 or CaCO3. Uptake of Mg was significantly greater (5% level) when 800 ppm Ca as CaCO3 was applied than when 800 ppm Ca as CaSO4 was applied.Application of Mg significantly (5% level) increased Mg uptake regardless of Ca level or source.These results suggest that soil pH level affected Mg uptake more than did Ca level.

Flocculation of Bentonite Suspension under Suppression of Swelling with Inorganic Electrolyte

The flocculation behavior of particles iR two kinds of bentonite suspensions has been studied in the presence and the absence of polymer flocculants. Suspension A was prepared by dispersing bentonite in pure water and subsequent addition of iRorganic electrolytes such as Ca(OH)2 and CaCI2. Suspension B was prepared by dispersing bentonite directly in inorganic electrolyte solution.Both the settling and the filtration rates of B were higher than those of A. An extreme difference of settling rate was found between A and B, The addition of polymer flocculant greatly increased settling and filtration rates, but the difference in flocculation behavior between A and B still remained. High settling rate (7 cm/min) was obtained with the addition of Ca(OH)2to 250 ppm Ca and Separan NP 20 to 2 ppm in the case of B (Fig, 7), When kaolin, silica powder, pettery clay or silt rich clay containing no montmorillontite was substituted for bentonite, no appreciable difference was observed in the flocculatioR behavior between two kinds of suspensions. On the other hand, the flocculation behavior of suspensions of coal debris which contained considerable amounts of montmorillonite changed according to the preparation method of suspensions as was the case for bentonite (Fig.2 and Fig.3), Above experimental results suggest that the addition of an adequate amount of inorganic electrolyte such as Ca(OH)2 to the water for dressing or washing of coal, gravel and the like containing montmorillonite facilitates the flocculation treatment of the waste eMuent from these processes through the resultant suppression of the swelling of montmorillonite.

Fluxes of P and Ca into intact corn roots and their dependence on solution concentration and root age

Fluxes of Ca and P through intact corn roots growing in flowing, well stirred nutrient solutions, were determined. The flux of Ca increased linearily when the Ca concentration in the nutrient solution was raised up to 250 ppm Ca. An increase in the P concentration from 0.02 ppm to 0.4 ppm P resulted in a higher Ca flux at each Ca concentration. A P concentration of about 0.15 ppm was found to be the saturation concentration above which the P flux through the roots increased only slightly. A Ca concentration range of 100 to 200 ppm had no apparent effect on the P flux.

Extraction of Anions and Cations from Recent Volcanic Ash

AbstractWater extracts of ash from Mt. Arenal, Costa Rica's most recently active volcano, contained up to 32 ppm Ca, 3.3 ppm Mg, 4 ppm K, 4 ppm Na, and 0.4 ppm Mn. No phosphates were extracted by water, but sulfates reached 35 ppm and silicates 1.6 ppm in the extracts. The sample farthest away from the volcano gave extracts of lowest Ca and Mg content. The pH of diluted NaOH suspension of ash decreased on standing by up to 1.5 pH units.

Oxygen Grain‐Boundary Diffusion in MgO

Proton activation and autoradiography were combined to measure 18O grain‐boundary diffusion in undoped and Fe‐doped MgO bicrystals. Additions of 7000 ppm Fe enhance O grain‐boundary diffusion at 1700°C by at most a factor of 5 over that in samples that contain 1000 atomic ppm total Al and Ca. From these results, the relative importance of grain‐boundary and volume diffusion to O transport in dense polycrystalline MgO at 1700°C was estimated.

Cork Spot (Pit) of ‘Anjou’ Pear Related to Calcium Concentration in Fruit1

Abstract Normal fruits of ‘Anjou’ pear and fruits with cork spot (pit) symptoms collected at harvest time from trees of various ages, were peeled, cored, and halved and the calyx ends analyzed for mineral nutrient concentration. Pitted fruits were significantly lower in Ca concentration, but there were no differences in Mg, K, Zn, Fe, Mn or Cu. Pitted fruits had a mean of 219 ppm Ca (dry-weight basis) with a range from 187 to 255 ppm. Normal fruits had a mean of 319 ppm with a range of 244 to 453 ppm.

Cork Spot (Pit) of ‘Anjou’ Pear Related to Calcium Concentration in Fruit1

Abstract Normal fruits of ‘Anjou’ pear and fruits with cork spot (pit) symptoms collected at harvest time from trees of various ages, were peeled, cored, and halved and the calyx ends analyzed for mineral nutrient concentration. Pitted fruits were significantly lower in Ca concentration, but there were no differences in Mg, K, Zn, Fe, Mn or Cu. Pitted fruits had a mean of 219 ppm Ca (dry-weight basis) with a range from 187 to 255 ppm. Normal fruits had a mean of 319 ppm with a range of 244 to 453 ppm.